This thesis revolves around the subject of fake news, a phenomenon that has been highly discussed with the advent of the internet-based media. It aims to shed light on the problem of fake news and its implications in the Turkish mainstream media by mainly departing from the discourse theory, as well as by using additional theoretical approaches over fake news and media in polarized settings. In that sense, five research questions were developed to understand how fake news items disseminate in the Turkish media ecosystem, and what this could mean for the Turkish mainstream media specifically from the contexts of political partisanship and polarization. In order to answer the research questions, a total number of 687 fake news items have been analyzed in three different data sets. After providing an overall picture of the problem of fake news in the Turkish media ecosystem, the thesis specifically focuses on fake news items that circulate within the Turkish mainstream media. Overall, 77 fake news items are further subjected to an analysis of discourse activity schema in order to find out the narratives that the fake news items are connected to the Turkish political and social context. The research shows that the use of fake news items in the Turkish mainstream media indicates divergent and conflicting epistemologies over certain social and political themes, which are government- opposition divide, secular religious divide, economy, and education. Moreover, the research also indicates that certain social and political themes are under the discursive hegemony of certain groups within the Turkish mainstream media organizations. These themes are found to be anti-immigration, anti-US, anti-Israel, and FETO. Eventually, two main points are discussed in relation to the given theoretical background. First, the problem of fake news in the Turkish mainstream media indicates a damaged understanding of journalism in the country, which requires a reorientation and reexamination. Second, media in polarized settings may increase partisan alignments and divergent epistemologies, which can lead to the use of fake news items in order to empower certain agendas.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a difusão do rap no cenário cultural, a partir da influência de um dos principais mediadores culturais presentes nesse processo, a mídia hegemônica. Dessa maneira, buscou-se identificar as consequências desse fenômeno nos processos de produção, difusão e recepção cultural, a partir da análise da cobertura midiática sobre o rap e o hip-hop no Brasil, entre os anos 1980 e 2000. Partindo da premissa de que o rap figura como uma ferramenta de instrumentalização da luta pelo reconhecimento de direitos das minorias políticas, além de revelar uma linguagem estética relevante, que rompe com os padrões tradicionais de produção artística, a presente pesquisa foca no processo de mediação do rap pelo agente midiático, especificamente, a partir da veiculação de seu conteúdo no jornal Folha de S.Paulo, nas revistas Veja e BIZZ e na programação da emissora MTV. Considerando o fato de que o rap se constitui em uma expressão inovadora, tanto no campo cultural quanto social, durante a trajetória da pesquisa ficou evidente o seu apelo mercadológico e o crescente interesse com que a mídia acompanhou a evolução desse fenômeno. Considerando a aproximação da mídia à cena rap, foi possível verificar a influência exercida da primeira sobre a segunda, revelando as relações simbióticas e recíprocas entre as esferas de mediação, produção e de circulação no campo cultural. A análise também revelou que a abordagem da mídia tradicional sobre o rap mobiliza códigos que o associam a três perspectivas: moda, movimento e mercado. A alternância do predomínio de uma dessas abordagens se alinha às transformações sociais e à emergência de novos discursos que ecoam em um determinado contexto. Contudo, a partir da ocupação de um espaço definitivo do rap na mídia hegemônica e da consolidação de um mercado próprio, o rap passa a contar com uma nova frente dentro do movimento que se mobiliza a partir dos recursos materiais e simbólicos em voga para elaborar estratégias alternativas de produção, difusão e comercialização cultural. / This work presents an analysis about the rap diffusion in the cultural scene, starting from the influence of one of the main cultural mediators present in this process, the mainstream media. Therefore, it was identified the consequences of this phenomenon in production processes, dissemination and cultural reception, from the analysis of media coverage of the rap and hip-hop in Brazil, between the years of 1980 and 2000. Considering that rap figures as tool of instrumentalization of the struggle for recognition of rights of political minorities, besides proves itself a relevant aesthetic language, which breaks with traditional patterns of artistic production, the following research focuses on the process of mediation by rap media agent, specifically, based on the diffusion of their content in Folha de S.Paulo newspaper, in the magazines Veja and BIZZ and on MTV station. Considering the fact that rap constitutes an innovative expression, both in the cultural field as social, while devoloping this research, it became clear its marketing appeal and the growing interest that the media followed the evolution of this phenomenon. Considering the approach of the media to rap scene, it was possible to identify the influence exerted from media to rap, revealing the symbiotic and reciprocal relationship between mediation spheres, production and circulation in the cultural field. The analysis also revealed that the approach and influence of traditional media over the rap mobilizes codes that combines it into three perspectives: fashion, moviment and market. The alternation of the predominance of one of these approaches is aligned with the social changes and the emergence of new discourses that echo in a determinated context. However, from the occupation of a definitive rap space in the mainstream media and the consolidation of its own market, the rap now has a new front in the movement that is mobilized from the material and symbolic resources in vogue to develop alternative strategies production, dissemination and cultural marketing.

This thesis aims to describe and compare how the securitization of the Arctic is represented in mainstream media of Norway and Canada. As two Arctic nations part of the likeminded group in international relations it is interesting to see how national media frames respective nations’ Arctic interests and strategy. Based on securitization and framing theory this thesis identifies themes and trends surrounding the Arctic by using three different security concepts: economic security, traditional security and environmental security. The data for study will be in total 189 full-text articles from both nations’ mainstream media, where search terms relating to a security grammar will be used. A qualitative content analysis will be employed on articles from Norwegian media, specifically Aftenposten, and Canadian media, The Globe and Mail. The analysis will show that both Norwegian and Canadian mainstream media thematically framed the securitization of the Arctic predominantly through the same security concepts. Yet there were differences in relation to attitudes towards Arctic securitization where Canadian media showed a more assertive disposition towards other nations involvement. Norwegian media, on the other hand was more inclined towards regional cooperation.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a difusão do rap no cenário cultural, a partir da influência de um dos principais mediadores culturais presentes nesse processo, a mídia hegemônica. Dessa maneira, buscou-se identificar as consequências desse fenômeno nos processos de produção, difusão e recepção cultural, a partir da análise da cobertura midiática sobre o rap e o hip-hop no Brasil, entre os anos 1980 e 2000. Partindo da premissa de que o rap figura como uma ferramenta de instrumentalização da luta pelo reconhecimento de direitos das minorias políticas, além de revelar uma linguagem estética relevante, que rompe com os padrões tradicionais de produção artística, a presente pesquisa foca no processo de mediação do rap pelo agente midiático, especificamente, a partir da veiculação de seu conteúdo no jornal Folha de S.Paulo, nas revistas Veja e BIZZ e na programação da emissora MTV. Considerando o fato de que o rap se constitui em uma expressão inovadora, tanto no campo cultural quanto social, durante a trajetória da pesquisa ficou evidente o seu apelo mercadológico e o crescente interesse com que a mídia acompanhou a evolução desse fenômeno. Considerando a aproximação da mídia à cena rap, foi possível verificar a influência exercida da primeira sobre a segunda, revelando as relações simbióticas e recíprocas entre as esferas de mediação, produção e de circulação no campo cultural. A análise também revelou que a abordagem da mídia tradicional sobre o rap mobiliza códigos que o associam a três perspectivas: moda, movimento e mercado. A alternância do predomínio de uma dessas abordagens se alinha às transformações sociais e à emergência de novos discursos que ecoam em um determinado contexto. Contudo, a partir da ocupação de um espaço definitivo do rap na mídia hegemônica e da consolidação de um mercado próprio, o rap passa a contar com uma nova frente dentro do movimento que se mobiliza a partir dos recursos materiais e simbólicos em voga para elaborar estratégias alternativas de produção, difusão e comercialização cultural. / This work presents an analysis about the rap diffusion in the cultural scene, starting from the influence of one of the main cultural mediators present in this process, the mainstream media. Therefore, it was identified the consequences of this phenomenon in production processes, dissemination and cultural reception, from the analysis of media coverage of the rap and hip-hop in Brazil, between the years of 1980 and 2000. Considering that rap figures as tool of instrumentalization of the struggle for recognition of rights of political minorities, besides proves itself a relevant aesthetic language, which breaks with traditional patterns of artistic production, the following research focuses on the process of mediation by rap media agent, specifically, based on the diffusion of their content in Folha de S.Paulo newspaper, in the magazines Veja and BIZZ and on MTV station. Considering the fact that rap constitutes an innovative expression, both in the cultural field as social, while devoloping this research, it became clear its marketing appeal and the growing interest that the media followed the evolution of this phenomenon. Considering the approach of the media to rap scene, it was possible to identify the influence exerted from media to rap, revealing the symbiotic and reciprocal relationship between mediation spheres, production and circulation in the cultural field. The analysis also revealed that the approach and influence of traditional media over the rap mobilizes codes that combines it into three perspectives: fashion, moviment and market. The alternation of the predominance of one of these approaches is aligned with the social changes and the emergence of new discourses that echo in a determinated context. However, from the occupation of a definitive rap space in the mainstream media and the consolidation of its own market, the rap now has a new front in the movement that is mobilized from the material and symbolic resources in vogue to develop alternative strategies production, dissemination and cultural marketing.

The role of local Chinese media has become more important as the size of the Chinese community in New Zealand has increased rapidly in recent years. The function of local Chinese media could be like a bridge connecting the Chinese community and the mainstream society. This was an exploratory study which examined the current situation of local Chinese media to determine such issues as to whether they are the main source of information for the Chinese community, what if any difficulties they are facing and how they may develop in the future. A general research was conducted for the local Chinese media in Auckland, which covers brief introductions for some local Chinese newspapers, radio, websites, and the sole Chinese television company-World TV. Meanwhile, the researcher collected 102 questionnaires and conducted 10 in-depth interviews from the local Chinese residents and the staff working in local Chinese media companies. The findings of research suggest that most local Chinese residents utilize Chinese language media as a tool to collect daily information either from local society or their original countries. The local Chinese media not only provides information for the local community, but also has social value as a means for self-representation of the Chinese community in New Zealand and better adaptation to the mainstream society. On the other hand, the funding shortage as well as the tough competition became the obstacles for the future development for the local Chinese media. The results of this research may point to what the government’s role should be.

This study examined how mainstream and black press newspapers framed the phenomena of "racial profiling" three years before and three years after the September 11 terrorist attacks. It looked particularly at frames, ethnic groups, source selection and article emphasis. Results indicate that even in the face of a tragedy, black press reporters did not waiver in their position and continued to cover issues from a "black perspective." On the other hand, mainstream newspapers altered their coverage during the high-stress period and began to portray racial profiling as an anti-Arab/terrorist tactic that is acceptable in some cases. This study helps answer the question of whether black press newspapers are necessary in today's society. The answer is yes. They still carry a unique viewpoint. Until the gap that divides African American and other readers ceases to exist, the black press will remain an important staple in the black community. / text

There are potentially negative health impacts of women's internalization of representations of women of color in mainstream on body esteem and weight. This study explores the relationships between mainstream hip hop, body satisfaction and body mass index (BMI) in Mexican descent college-age women. The study predicts that women who regularly listen to mainstream hip hop will be more likely to internalize the images of women. Internalization will predict body satisfaction and body satisfaction will predict BMI. Sixty-five participants completed a self-report survey with these measures. Regularly listening to mainstream hip hop was associated with higher hip hop internalization. Higher internalization was associated with less body satisfaction which, in turn, was associated with a higher BMI. Thus, women who regularly listen to mainstream hip hop and who internalize the images of women seem more critical of their body, which negatively affects their weight.

Since its inception in April 2011, “SlutWalk” has grown from a Toronto-based rally and march against victim-blaming and sexual violence into a globalized movement spanning six continents. Given that its mainstream visibility is unprecedented for any contemporary feminist movement, SlutWalk represents a unique opportunity to examine representations of feminist politics in the Canadian mainstream news media. Drawing on the theoretical and methodological tools of feminism and cultural studies, I offer a contextualized reading and discourse analysis of the representations of SlutWalk across print, radio, and televisual media during its first nine months of press. On the surface, the media portrays SlutWalk in a fair and positive light, taking seriously its messages about police accountability, victim solidarity, and women’s liberation as key tenets for ending victim-blaming. Nonetheless, these “fair” messages are constituted by and constitutive of neoliberal, white supremacist, and postfeminist discourses of the “reality” of sexual violence, which undermine intersectional feminist efforts to eradicate sexual violence. I argue that mainstream media representations of SlutWalk reproduce a watered-down version of feminism and a decontextualized understanding of sexual violence that resonates most with white, heteronormative, educated women. Overall, I suggest that the mainstream visibility of SlutWalk is possible only insofar as its representations steer clear of any substantive critique of patriarchal violence as it articulates with racism, heterosexism, and institutional violence. Average media consumers of stories about SlutWalk are most likely afforded a sense that “managing” sexual violence and “liberating” women might be achieved within the existing status quo and through a sole focus on (white) women. In conclusion, I reiterate the need for intervention and engagement with the mainstream reproduction of discourses about feminism, and offer suggestions for how this might be achieved. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-18 16:05:33.045

The role of local Chinese media has become more important as the size of the Chinese community in New Zealand has increased rapidly in recent years. The function of local Chinese media could be like a bridge connecting the Chinese community and the mainstream society. This was an exploratory study which examined the current situation of local Chinese media to determine such issues as to whether they are the main source of information for the Chinese community, what if any difficulties they are facing and how they may develop in the future. A general research was conducted for the local Chinese media in Auckland, which covers brief introductions for some local Chinese newspapers, radio, websites, and the sole Chinese television company-World TV. Meanwhile, the researcher collected 102 questionnaires and conducted 10 in-depth interviews from the local Chinese residents and the staff working in local Chinese media companies. The findings of research suggest that most local Chinese residents utilize Chinese language media as a tool to collect daily information either from local society or their original countries. The local Chinese media not only provides information for the local community, but also has social value as a means for self-representation of the Chinese community in New Zealand and better adaptation to the mainstream society. On the other hand, the funding shortage as well as the tough competition became the obstacles for the future development for the local Chinese media. The results of this research may point to what the government’s role should be.

The final months of 2017 have witnessed the birth of a movement, the #Metoo movement, which started after several Hollywood actresses have accused famed producer Harvey Weinstein of sexual harassment. The movement is an ongoing prevalent phenomenon on social media where its aim is to demonstrate the frequency and widespread of sexual harassment in all sectors of work, whereas the movement Media has been widely reporting on the movement and has given a platform to several women to speak their truths. In my research, I aim to conduct a comparative study of how three mainstream media outlets have covered the moment on their websites. The media outlets chosen are Aljazeera, BBC and CNN. The theoretical framework for the study will revolve around theories of representation, power, and to help in understanding how mainstream media represents the #Metoo movement on their news websites A total of 15 articles will be analyzed through a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis. The study concluded that the #Metoo movement is represented through a constructionist approach, and there are minor differences between the three distinctive international mainstream media news websites.