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While experiencing childhood maltreatment (CM) increases the risk for negative lifetime outcomes, protective factors can lessen the harmful impact of stressful experiences and contribute to one's overall resilience. Musical engagement may operate as a protective factor by facilitating creative expression, increasing feelings of mastery, and providing a sense of belonging. It may also present stressors due to the unique demands of music performance (e.g., time constraints, competitiveness, scarce career opportunities). Due to the limited current research looking at musicians that have experienced trauma, we used a constructivist grounded theory approach to understand how the experience of engaging in music education and performance as children influenced resilience among adult survivors of CM. We invited thirteen students from prestigious music performance programs to participate based on their demonstrated resilience to perform at elite levels, despite reports of severe CM. Participants reflected on their experiences with CM, music education and performance, their identities as musicians, and the concept of resilience. Our analysis of interview transcripts supported the positive influence of social support, self-efficacy, and time and space away from their primary perpetrators of CM. Participants also consistently noted challenges present within organized music education, including ineffective instructors, pressure to perform well, and music used as a form of maltreatment which hindered their abilities to cope with CM. Implications based on key findings support making trauma-informed music instruction available equitably to all children and increased awareness among professionals of instructors' influence to facilitate or impede the coping process.

The current study examines psychological correlates of childhood maltreatment, including adult attachment, attributional style, perceived family environment, and current social support and demonstrates their main effects and interactions for predicting long-term psychological distress. Further, this study expands upon past research by broadly defining childhood maltreatment to include sexual, physical, and psychological aspects of maltreatment. This perspective enables the examination of abuse main effects as well as the interactional effect of the various types of abuse. Three hundred and twenty college women completed the Family Experiences Survey, Conflict Tactics Scale, Childhood Maltreatment Interview - Revised, Social Support Questionnaire, Insecure Attachment Inventory, Bell Object Relations Reality Testing Inventory, Mental Health Inventory, and Brief Symptom Inventory. One hundred and twenty eight women reported a history of maltreatment. / Ph. D.

Prior research has suggested that children are at a greater risk of maladjustment in cases where a parent has experienced childhood maltreatment. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of parent's childhood maltreatment in its effects on parenting behavior, parent characteristics, and child adjustment. The multiple pathways through which parent's childhood maltreatment can be both directly and indirectly linked to child maladjustment were explored. Further, risk and protective factors, such as early age of becoming a parent or high parent education, which may play a role were examined as both potential moderators and mediators of the relation between parent's childhood maltreatment and children's maladjustment. Overall, several of the hypothesized pathways were supported. In particular, parent depression and parent's socio-demographic factors were found to act as mediators and moderators of the relations between parent's childhood maltreatment and child maladjustment. There was lesser evidence of child maltreatment behaviors and parenting behaviors mediating or moderating the relations between parent's childhood maltreatment and child maladjustment. Recommendations for future research directions as well as directions for intervention and prevention efforts for at-risk families and children will be suggested. / Ph. D.

This thesis focuses on the skills necessary to detect children being at risk from the adults in their surroundings based on the signals that the children manifest. The specific signs are described in the theoretical part, for example, different child expressions (on psychological, physical or behavioural level etc.) which can accompany risk exposure. The thesis also focuses on analysis of different environments in which these signals can be detected (family, school, medical examination etc.). Risk factors of children being exposed to danger in their own families are also analysed. Knowledge of these factors can facilitate the detection by surrounding people. The empirical part examines the signals most frequently used for the detection of children at risk by the adults in their proximity, as well as signs which don't get much attention (the adults are unable to perceive those signals, or they don't consider them as important). This analysis uses the data from "Children Crisis Center" (Dětské krizové centrum). Quantitative content analysis was used for the data survey. The quantity of signals registered by the family carers was compared to the quantity of signals only discovered by psychological examination. The conclusion reached by this analysis suggests, that family carers are not yet very...

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