A new rotor dynamic wake distortion model, which can be used to account for the rotor transient wake distortion effect on inflow across the rotor disk during helicopter maneuvering and transitional flight in both hover and forward flight conditions, is developed. The dynamic growths of the induced inflow perturbation across the rotor disk during different transient maneuvers, such as a step pitch or roll rate, a step climb rate and a step change of advance ratio are investigated by using a dynamic vortex tube analysis. Based on the vortex tube results, a rotor dynamic wake distortion model, which is expressed in terms of a set of ordinary differential equations, with rotor longitudinal and lateral wake curvatures, wake skew and wake spacing as states, is developed. Also, both the Pitt-Peters dynamic inflow model and the Peters-He finite state inflow model for axial or forward flight are augmented to account for rotor dynamic wake distortion effect during helicopter maneuvering flight. To model the aerodynamic interaction among main rotor, tail rotor and empennage caused by rotor wake curvature effect during helicopter maneuvering flight, a reduced order model based on a vortex tube analysis is developed. Both the augmented Pitt-Peters dynamic inflow model and the augmented Peters-He finite state inflow model, combined with the developed dynamic wake distortion model, together with the interaction model are implemented in a generic helicopter simulation program of UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter and the simulated vehicle control responses in both time domain and frequency domain are compared with flight test data of a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter in both hover and low speed forward flight conditions.

This thesis concerns the design and development of neural network based predictive algorithms to predict approaching aircraft limits. Therefore, approximate dynamics of flight envelope parameters such as angle of attack and load factor are constructed using neural network augmented dynamic models. Then, constructed models are used to predict steady state responses. By inverting the models and solving for critical controls at the known envelope limits, critical control inputs are calculated as well. The performance of the predictor algorithm is then evaluated with a different neural network online adaptation law which uses a stack of recorded data. It is shown that using a stack of recorded data online, constructed models become much more representative of limit parameter dynamics compared to adaptation using instantaneous measured data only. The benefits of recording data online and using it for weight adaptation are presented in the scope of dynamic trim and control limit predictions.

This dissertation presents the development of electrically-powered, lamination-based microactuators for the realization of large arrays of high impulse and short duration micro-jets with potential applications in the field of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Microactuators offer unique control opportunities by converting the input electrical or chemical energy stored in a propellant into useful mechanical energy. This small and precise control obtained can potentially be applied towards aerodynamic control and transdermal drug delivery applications. This thesis discusses the development of both chemical and physical microactuators and characterizes their performance with focus towards the feasibility of using them for a specific application. The development of electrically powered microactuators starts by fabricating an array of radially firing microactuators using lamination-based micro fabrication techniques that potentially enable batch fabrication at low cost. The microactuators developed in this thesis consist of three main parts: a micro chamber in which the propellant is stored; two electrode structures through which electrical energy is supplied to the propellant; and a micro nozzle through which the propellant or released gases from the propellant are expanded as a jet. The fabricated actuators are then integrated with MEMS-process-compatible propellants and optimized to produce rapid ignition of the propellant and generate a fluidic jet. This rapid ignition is achieved either by making the propellant itself conductive, thus, passing an electric current directly through the propellant; or by discharging an arc across the propellant by placing it between two closely spaced electrodes. The first concept is demonstrated with chemical microactuators for the application of projectile maneuvering and the second concept is demonstrated with physical microactuators for transdermal drug delivery application. For both the actuators, the propellant integrated microactuators are characterized for performance in terms of impulse delivered, thrust generated and duration of the jet. The experimentally achieved results are validated by comparing with results from theoretical modeling. Finally, the feasibility of using chemical microactuators for maneuvering the path of a 25 mm projectile spinning at 500 Hz is discussed and the feasibility of applying the physical microactuators for increasing skin's permeability to drug analog molecules is studied.

Modelos de Simulador de Manobras de Navios em Tempo Real vem se tornando cada vez mais comuns e necessários na análise de viabilidade de portos e canais de acesso. O aumento do porte das embarcações, não acompanhado por equivalente aumento das dimensões dos portos, faz com que cada vez mais os efeitos de águas rasas e interação com margens e estruturas portuárias se tornem relevantes durante uma manobra. Com o intuito de aumentar a gama de aplicação desse tipo de simulador, o presente trabalho aborda uma modelagem matemática para estimar as forças hidrodinâmicas de interação com as margens e outros navios para aplicação em simuladores de manobras. O modelo usa, como base, dados oriundos de um método numérico validado experimentalmente, o Método dos Elementos de Contorno. Baseado nesse método, alguns casos tipo foram selecionados para gerar um banco de dados e um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido para estimar as forças de interação, extrapolando as respostas obtidas para casos não previstos anteriormente. A obtenção das forças através do modelo é baseada em alguns parâmetros de entrada, tais como velocidade de avanço da embarcação e as distâncias relativas entre o navio e o meio. Assim, aplica-se uma série de medidas para determinar geometrias aproximadas do meio e/ou posição de outros navios em um dado instante. Foi realizada uma verificação do modelo para casos não previstos, avaliando os erros associados à modelagem e sua aplicabilidade. Os erros foram considerados aceitáveis para as condições impostas, visto as aplicações existentes em simuladores de manobras. Além disso, o modelo desenvolvido foi executado no simulador de manobras, no qual foram realizados alguns testes de sensibilidade ao movimento, além de algumas comparações com outros trabalhos, quando possível. / Real-time Ship Maneuvering Simulator models are becoming more common and necessary in the feasibility analysis of ports and access channels. The constant increase in the length and draught of vessels, not followed by equivalent ports development, makes the effects of shallow water, ship-bank and ship-port interaction with other structures more relevant during a maneuver. In order to increase the application range of this kind of simulator, the present work develops a mathematical model to estimate ship-bank and ship-ship hydrodynamic interaction forces and moments during a maneuver. The model uses, as a reference, data derived from an experimentally validated numerical method, the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Based on this method, some reference cases were selected to generate a database which would be used by our mathematical model to extrapolate results and estimate the interaction forces for any unexpected scenario. The forces obtained through the model are based on some input parameters, such as the vessel forward speed and the relative distances between the ship and bank and other ships. Thus, a series of measurements were developed to determine approximate geometries of the port and/or position of other ships at a given time slot. A model verification was performed for some unexpected scenarios, evaluating the errors associated with the model and its application. By taking similar works developed in maritime simulators as a comparison point, the errors obtained in our mathematical model were considered acceptable. The developed model was implemented in the ship maneuvering simulator located at TPN-USP, where some movement sensitivity tests were performed as well as some comparisons with other works, whenever possible.

O presente trabalho aborda análises de sistemas de propulsão e manobra para comboios fluviais, e seus efeitos na manobrabilidade dos comboios. Analisam-se o sistema de propulsão convencional (propulsor mais leme), o sistema azimutal e o equipamento de proa auxiliar combinado com cada um destes sistemas de propulsão. Apresenta-se a modelagem matemática dos sistemas de propulsão e manobra citados, os quais serviram de base para implementação de um simulador computacional utilizado para obtenção dos resultados desta dissertação. As forças e momentos hidrodinâmicos são obtidos através do método das derivadas hidrodinâmicas para as simulações próximas à velocidade de serviço do comboio, enquanto para simulações em baixa velocidade utilizou um método semi-empírico baseado no princípio de cross-flow. Inicialmente, efetuou-se a validação do simulador com resultados da literatura para o caso do comboio com propulsão convencional. Em seguida, o modelo foi adaptado para os demais tipos de sistemas de propulsão e manobra propostos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há uma maior eficiência do sistema de propulsão azimutal e do equipamento na proa para manobras em baixas velocidades, o que se torna adequado sua aplicação em comboios fluvial, pois essas embarcações navegam em velocidades menores se comparadas a outros tipos de embarcações. / The present work deal with analysis of propulsion and maneuvering systems for pusher-barge system, and results on the maneuverability of convoys. It analyzes the conventional propulsion system (rudder plus propeller), the azimuth system and combined auxiliary equipment bow with each of these propulsion systems. Presents the mathematical modeling of propulsion and maneuvering systems mentioned, which served as the basis for implementation of a computational simulator used to obtain the results of this dissertation. The hydrodynamic forces and moments are obtained by the method of hydrodynamic derivatives for simulations about service speed, while for simulations at low speed used a semi - empirical method based on the principle of cross-flow. Initially, performed the validation of the simulation results with the literature for the case of pusher-barge system with conventional propulsion. Then the model was adapted to other types of propulsion and maneuvering systems proposed. The results show that there is a greater efficiency of azimuth propulsion system and equipment in the bow to maneuver at low speeds, which makes it suitable for application in river transport, because these vessels navigate slower speeds compared to other types of vessels.

O aumento do uso de códigos numéricos baseados em dinâmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) atrelado a problemas de engenharia naval e a necessidade de se estabelecer a proximidade dos resultados obtidos nas simulações com os experimentos físicos serviu de motivação para execução deste trabalho. O tema do presente trabalho é pertinente uma vez que o número de trabalhos publicados que simulam com precisão ensaios de embarcações em condição de manobra e obtêm as derivadas hidrodinâmicas que caracterizam o movimento é muito pequeno, atendendo assim a uma demanda existente por novas confrontações numérico/experimentais. Com isso, um conjunto de ensaios de PMM (Planar Motion Mechanism), mais especificamente os ensaios de sway e yaw puros e yaw com drift, e arrasto oblíquo foram executados na embarcação KVLCC2, nas condições de manobra, similares aos ensaios realizados pelo laboratório italiano ISEAN que tinha por objetivo fornecer uma base de comparação para trabalhos em CFD. Os resultados das forças e momentos das simulações foram comparados com os obtidos nos ensaios, bem como as derivadas hidrodinâmicas que caracterizam a embarcação estudada. De maneira geral, os resultados obtidos nas simulações mostraram-se muito próximos aos obtidos a partir do ensaio, fornecendo assim um bom resultado nas derivadas hidrodinâmica, principalmente com relação às derivadas em função das velocidades de translação e rotação. Na expectativa de ampliar a aplicação do método de solução proposto, um novo conjunto de simulações foi realizado na escala real da embarcação. As dificuldades encontradas devido às incompatibilidades nos números de Reynolds mostraram-se presentes, de maneira similar às encontradas nos ensaios físicos evidenciando inclusive que o fator de forma está diretamente atrelado ao número de Reynolds, contrariando a hipótese clássica e alinhando-se com trabalhos mais recentes publicados sobre o tema. Os resultados encontrados a partir da aplicação da metodologia mostram coerência em relação às respostas encontradas nos ensaios, fornecendo uma alternativa ao método clássico de obtenção das características hidrodinâmicas de uma embarcação de superfície em condição de manobra. Ainda fornece uma opção de cálculos, que ainda necessita de melhorias e validação mais elaborada, nas condições da escala real, fato impossível sem o uso de simulações. / The growing use of numerical codes based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in problems related with marine engineering and the need to establish the reliability of the results from the simulations with those derived from physical tests served as the motivation for performing the work. The subject of this work is relevant since the number of published works that accurately simulate and test the conditions of vessels in maneuvering and obtains the hydrodynamic derivatives that characterize the movement is very small, thus meeting an existing demand for the new numeric confrontations / experimental. Therefore, a set of PMM tests (Planar Motion Mechanism), more specifically: pure sway, pure yaw and yaw whit drift, and static drift, were performed on the vessel KVLCC2 under conditions of maneuver, similar to tests conducted by the Italian laboratory ISEAN which was intended to provide a basis of comparison for work with CFD. The results of the forces and moments of simulations were compared with those from the tests, as well as the hydrodynamic derivatives which characterize the vessel studied. In general, the results from simulations were very close to those from the experiment, thus providing a good result in hydrodynamic, derived primarily related to derivatives, depending on the speed of translation and rotation. Expecting to expand the application of the proposed method, a new solution set of simulations was carried out in a full-scale vessel. The difficulties encountered due to incompatibilities in the Reynolds numbers were similarly found in the physical testing. This included demonstrating the form factor directly linked to the Reynolds number, contrary to the classical hypothesis and aligning with the latest publications on the subject. The results from the application of the methodology show consistency with the solutions found in the tests, providing an alternative to the classical method of obtaining the hydrodynamic characteristics of a surface vessel in a condition of maneuver. We also provide an option of calculations, which still needs improvement and a more elaborate validation under full-scale conditions, which would be impossible without the use of simulations.

Socialstyrelsen, i sin roll av tillsynsmyndighet för den läkemedelsassisterade opiatvården, utfärdar riktlinjer för detta arbete. Av dessa framkommer vissa skyddsfaktorer av särskild vikt, vilka har operationaliserats i en factorial survey med en randomiserad och en standardiserad vinjettkomponent. Dessa bedömdes av yrkesverksamma inom underhållsbehandling, totalt 38 personer. Materialet bearbetades genom multipel regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade att tre av variablerna - psykosocial intervention, boendesituationen samt familjen/nätverkets stöd, har ungefär lika stor påverkan på bedömningar. Variabeln för sysselsättning hade ytterst marginell påverkan. Vidare visade materialet att den arbetsplats som respondenten var yrkesverksam på var viktigare för att förstå påverkan av bedömningar än någon av ovan nämnda variabler. Detta diskuteras med hjälp av de teoretiska modellerna för återhämtningskapital, handlingsutrymme och judgement theory. / The swedish national board of health and welfare is the regulatory body for the medically assisted opiate care. As such, the board issues guidelines for this field. Theese guidelines contain several recommendations concerning salutogen factors, namely housing, the role of the family and network, work and psychosocial care. These are incorporated in vignettes using the factorial survey approach, and distributed to 38 swedish opiate care professionals. The results show that while the variables family/network, housing and psychosocial care have a relatively coherent influence on professional judement, work does not. However, the single most relevant factor is the clinicians workplace to understand influence om professional judgement. The results are discussed using a framework of recovery capital and judgement theory.

A supercavitating vehicle, a next-generation underwater vehicle capable of changing the paradigm of modern marine warfare, exploits supercavitation as a means to reduce drag and achieve extremely high submerged speeds. In supercavitating flows, a low-density gaseous cavity entirely envelops the vehicle and as a result the vehicle is in contact with liquid water only at its nose and partially over the afterbody. Hence, the vehicle experiences a substantially reduced skin drag and can achieve much higher speed than conventional vehicles. The development of a controllable and maneuvering supercavitating vehicle has been confronted with various challenging problems such as the potential instability of the vehicle, the unsteady nature of cavity dynamics, the complex and non-linear nature of the interaction between vehicle and cavity. Furthermore, major questions still need to be resolved regarding the basic configuration of the vehicle itself, including its control surfaces, the control system, and the cavity dynamics. In order to answer these fundamental questions, together with many similar ones, this dissertation develops an integrated simulation-based design tool to optimize the vehicle configuration subjected to operational design requirements, while predicting the complex coupled behavior of the vehicle for each design configuration. Particularly, this research attempts to include maneuvering flight as well as various operating trim conditions directly in the vehicle configurational optimization. This integrated approach provides significant improvement in performance in the preliminary design phase and indicates that trade-offs between various performance indexes are required due to their conflicting requirements. This dissertation also investigates trim conditions and dynamic characteristics of supercavitating vehicles through a full 6 DOF model. The influence of operating conditions, and cavity models and their memory effects on trim is analyzed and discussed. Unique characteristics are identified, e.g. the cavity memory effects introduce a favorable stabilizing effect by providing restoring fins and planing forces. Furthermore, this research investigates the flight envelope of a supercavitating vehicle, which is significantly different from that of a conventional vehicle due to different hydrodynamic coefficients as well as unique operational conditions.

In this study, the implementation of modern control techniques, that can be used both for the stable recovery of the aircraft from the undesired high angle of attack flight state (stall) and the agile maneuvering of the aircraft in various air combat or defense missions, are performed. In order to accomplish this task, the thrust vectoring control (TVC) actuation is blended with the conventional aerodynamic controls. The controller design is based on the nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI) control methodologies and the stability and robustness analyses are done by using robust performance (RP) analysis techniques. The control architecture is designed to serve both for the recovery from the undesired stall condition (the stabilization controller) and to perform desired agile maneuvering (the attitude controller). The detailed modeling of the aircraft dynamics, aerodynamics, engines and thrust vectoring paddles, as well as the flight environment of the aircraft and the on-board sensors is performed. Within the control loop the human pilot model is included and the design of a fly-by-wire controller is also investigated. The performance of the designed stabilization and attitude controllers are simulated using the custom built 6 DoF aircraft flight simulation tool. As for the stabilization controller, a forced deep-stall flight condition is generated and the aircraft is recovered to stable and pilot controllable flight regimes from that undesired flight state. The performance of the attitude controller is investigated under various high angle of attack agile maneuvering conditions. Finally, the performances of the proposed controller schemes are discussed and the conclusions are made.

Economic violence is a relatively unexplored societal problem even though it often occurs in intimate relationships. In accordance with Swedish legislation different municipalities have the power to freely adjust support based on conditions and needs at a local level. The duty and responsibility of the Swedish social services is to promote people's economic and social security, and thereby contribute to active participation in society.  Therefore, our aim with this study is to understand how the Swedish social services are paying attention to and handling women who have been subjected to men's financial violence in close relationships and have applied for financial assistance. The study is based on 6 semi-structured interviews in three different-sized municipalities with social workers that work within financial assistance. Our study has shown similarities and differences between the municipalities and the individual social workers. All the social workers found economic violence to be invisible. Our study also showed that the social workers room for maneuvering was perceived differently and was in fact also different in terms of several factors. Further the study shows the need to reflect upon gender. All social workers were aware of gender norms and discussed who in the relationship, between a man and a woman, would retain the financial assistance. To a small extent the social workers were even part of maintaining traditional gender norms by giving the financial assistance to the man.