The aim of this essay is to investigate how a demarcation is made between employees’ right to religious freedom next to employers’ interest in running their enterprise in an efficient way. Case law shows that the Arrowsmith-principle forum internum and forum externum could be used when a demarcation has to be made. Furthermore, case law shows that that the employee—when accepting a contract of employment—have accepted certain restrictions of his or her religious freedom. When the employee later on isn’t willing to fulfill duties stated in the contract—due to his or her religious beliefs—it has been defined as labor refusal. However, it seems as though The Court has come to develop a nuanced view on the matter, arguing in the case of Eweida v the United Kingdom for restrictions—when made on employee’s freedom of religion—to be proportionate. Case law further shows that religious beliefs are not protected when they’re challenging other fundamental rights such as protection from discrimination due to sexual orientation. Conflict has surfaced when religious employees were unable to shake hands with employers of the opposite sex, asked for time to pray during working hours and requested to wear a headscarf or a turban at work. The essay also investigates the Swedish legal case ”handskakningsfallet” where the religious manifestation was decided on the basis of direct discrimination. However, the essay finds strong reasons for such manifestations to be assessed in relation to indirect discrimination, which would enable for proportionate assessments. Furthermore, such assessments would pave way for fair and correct judgements when investigating if one has been discriminated or not.   Lastly the essay highlights the importance of making such proportionate assessment stated above when deciding if religious interests should be protected or not on the labour market to enable a fair balance between all interests. / Uppsatsen undersöker hur gränsdragningen görs när arbetstagare vill nyttja sin religionsfrihet i relation till arbetsgivares intresse att på ett effektivt sätt leda och fördela arbetet. Arrowsmith-principen vad gäller forum internum och externum kan användas vägledande vid sådana gränsdragningar. Rättspraxis visar vidare att anställningsavtalet tillmäts stor betydelse och att arbetstagaren vid ingående av avtal får anses sig ha underkastat sig de regler och krav avtalet ställer. När arbetstagaren sålunda har vägrat att utföra de arbetsuppgifter som faller inom ramen för anställningen med hänvisning till sin religiösa tro har detta bedömts vara arbetsvägran. Europadomstolen synes dock ha utvecklat en mer nyanserad syn i frågan och motiverar i fallet Eweida mot Storbritannien för vikten av en proportionalitetsbedömning när religionsfriheten begränsas i anställningsförhållandet. Vidare visar rättspraxis att religiösa åskådningar inte skyddas när de utmanar andra mänskliga rättigheter, såsom exempelvis skyddet mot diskriminering p.g.a. sexuell läggning.  Konflikt har uppstått när religiösa arbetstagare inte kunnat ta arbetsgivare av det motsatta könet i hand, velat be på arbetstid samt velat bära slöja eller turban på arbetsplatsen. Uppsatsen undersöker också ”handskakningsfallet” och övervägande skäl talar för att frågan om religiösa manifestationer torde bedömas utifrån indirekt diskriminering. Proportionalitetsbedömningar torde på ett rättvist och korrekt sätt avgöra om diskriminering ligger för handen eller inte.  Avslutningsvis betonar uppsatsen vikten av proportionalitetsbedömningar i varje enskilt fall för att avgöra om religiösa intressen ska skyddas respektive inte skyddas på arbetsmarknaden för att sålunda uppnå en balans mellan samtliga intressen.

Thesis (Ph.D.)(Chemistry)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Title from opening screen (viewed March 18th, 2005). Includes summaries in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1948.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 331889 bytes, checksum: 2683f213b895f32f2e4531525f79f280 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The object of this study was to determine the frequency of stomatological manifestations, as well as their correlation with the immunological classification of pediatric patients infected by HIV, followed up at the Hospital Complex of Infectious-Contagious Diseases ( Complexo Hospitalar de Doenças Infecto-Contagiosas ) Dr. Clementino Fraga, in the city of João Pessoa-PB. The sample consisted of 21 children, there being 12 boys and 9 girls, ranging in age from 2 to 12 years of age, with an average age of 6.4 years (± 2.8). A single examiner performed the clinical examination of the children, at the same time at which the CD4 lymphocyte counting examination was requested by the doctor responsible for these patients at the above-mentioned hospital. Data about their medical history was collected from their medical charts. All the patients were making use of antiretroviral therapy, and 95.2% (n=20) were infected via vertical means. Fifteen patients (71.4%) presented at least one stomatological lesion at the time of examination, the most prevalent of these being cervical facial lymphadenopathy (28.5%), followed by hypertrophy of the parotids (23.8%), pseudomembranous candidiasis (19%), angular cheilitis (19%) and linear gingival erythema (4,7%). A statistically significant correlation (p=0.039) was observed between the presence of buccal manifestations and the degree of immunosuppression. It was, therefore, concluded that stomatological manifestations were frequent among the studied children and that their presence was associated with the patient s immunological status. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a freqüência de manifestações estomatológicas, bem como sua correlação com a classificação imunológica de pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo HIV, acompanhados no Complexo Hospitalar de Doenças Infecto-Contagiosas Dr. Clementino Fraga, na cidade de João Pessoa-PB. A amostra se constituiu de 21 crianças, sendo 12 do gênero masculino e 9 do gênero feminino, na faixa etária de 2 a 12 anos, com média de idade de 6,4 anos (± 2,8). Um único examinador realizou o exame clínico das crianças, no mesmo momento em que o exame para contagem de linfócitos CD4 foi solicitado pela médica responsável por estes pacientes no referido hospital, dados sobre a história médica foram colhidos dos seus prontuários médicos. Todos os pacientes faziam uso de terapia anti-retroviral, e 95,2% (n=20) infectaram-se por via vertical. Quinze pacientes (71,4%) apresentaram pelo menos uma lesão estomatológica no momento do exame, sendo a mais prevalente delas a linfadenopatia cérvico-facial (28,5%), seguida pela hipertrofia de parótidas (23,8%), candidíase pseudomembranosa (19%), queilite angular (19%) e eritema gengival linear (4,7%). Observou-se uma correlação estatisticamente significante (p=0,039) entre a presença de manifestações bucais e o grau de imunodepressão. Concluiu-se, portanto, que as manifestações estomatológicas foram freqüentes entre as crianças estudadas e que sua presença esteve associada ao estado imunológico do paciente.

In my diploma thesis I focused on above-average musically gifted children. Through interviews with extremely talented children, I try to look into their personal life. The aim is to find out to what extent they are disadvantaged by their talents compared to the average gifted pupils. The thesis is divided into the theoretical part in which I deal with definitions of musical talent, types of musical talent, musically talented children and their educational opportunities or ways of working with a gifted pupil. For the practical part, I chose interviews with gifted children, possibly with their parents and teachers. The subject of my interest was mainly pupils whose exceptional talent is in part a gift, but also a burden for their personal lives to face difficult situations.

This thesis deals with the issue of extremist manifestations of youth and the impact of these occurrences on the societal climate in the class. The first part of this thesis defines the terms and analyzes the current situation of the problem. It displays the intolerant attributes typical to extremist attitudes, the main current extremist streams and ways of disseminating extremist ideas. The aim of the second part is a case study conducted on the sample of a class. At first there is a selection of a sample class and a choice of the methodology of the study. Subsequently the thesis explains the obtained results. These results are then analyzed, interpreted and compared with expectations.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe systemic illness and early case management is important for the avoidance complications and control of the disease. Improving health workers’ knowledge on leishmaniasis is essential in improving the control programme. A quantitative, retrospective study of patient records and descriptive, explorative study of health care professionals’ knowledge on leishmaniasis were conducted. Data was collected from patient records (n=299) using a structured audit tool and from health care professionals (n=55) by means of a structured questionnaire. The study findings highlight that the commonest clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis are fever and splenomegaly. Severe malnutrition and HIV co-infection contribute to mortality. The findings indicate the need for training to improve health care professionals’ awareness of visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis disease surveillance and support by the regional and district heath offices should be improved / Health Studies / M.A. Public Health (MPH)

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-05T18:21:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nanci Derevtsoff Munford Alterações... 2016.pdf: 3140719 bytes, checksum: 5a6dfaa344823e60c8a3fa04f9a40b45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-05T18:28:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Nanci Derevtsoff Munford Alterações... 2016.pdf: 3140719 bytes, checksum: 5a6dfaa344823e60c8a3fa04f9a40b45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T18:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nanci Derevtsoff Munford Alterações... 2016.pdf: 3140719 bytes, checksum: 5a6dfaa344823e60c8a3fa04f9a40b45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-20 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / INTRODUÇÃO: Leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose grave que acomete uma gama de animais. O cão é considerado o principal reservatório urbano da Leishmania infantum e pode ser clinicamente assintomático ou sintomático na infecção. Poucos estudos abordam os aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos na leishmaniose visceral, sobretudo estudos sistemáticos, que fazem descrição detalhada dos achados de histopatologia e façam a correlação desses aspectos na doença. A hipótese da pesquisa é que cães naturalmente infectados com L. infantum apresentam alterações histopatológicas distintas que se relacionam com as manifestações clínicas, tendo significados diagnóstico e prognóstico. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do trabalho foi a descrição sistemática das alterações histopatológicas encontradas nos diversos órgãos de cães com leishmaniose visceral naturalmente infectados, correlacionando com diferentes manifestações clínicas. MÉTODOS: Para este estudo foram coletados amostras e dados provenientes de 58 cães do município de Jequié-Ba, área endêmica para leishmaniose. Os cães foram submetidos a exame clínico, eutanásia e coleta de material para PCR, ELISA e cultura, além de fragmentos de fígado, baço, linfonodo, pele, intestino, rins e pulmões. Os animais foram classificados em assintomáticos, quando apresentaram até dois sinais, e sintomáticos, quando exibiram mais de dois sinais. Cães com positividade simultânea nos testes de cultura esplênica, ELISA e PCR tiveram cortes dos tecidos submetidos a procedimento imunoistoquímico para avaliação da carga parasitária em linfonodo, baço e fígado. Lâminas dos fragmentos obtidos foram avaliadas sob microscopia óptica para análise das alterações. RESULTADOS: Ao todo, nove animais foram classificados como assintomáticos e 49 sintomáticos. Os 58 cães da pesquisa foram positivos em pelo menos um dos testes realizados para diagnóstico da infecção: PCR (n=91,38%), ELISA (n= 84,48%) ou cultura esplênica (n= 34,48%). No fígado, a linfocitose intrassinusoidal moderada se mostrou mais frequente no grupo dos sintomáticos (p=0,008). Nos demais parâmetros hepáticos, os grupos não obtiveram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. No baço, linfonodo, intestino, pele, rins e pulmões, as alterações se comportaram de forma semelhante entre as manifestações clínicas. A maior carga parasitária foi encontrada no baço. CONCLUSÃO: As alterações histopatológicas não mostraram diferenças entre as manifestações clínicas. / INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious zoonosis that affects a range of animals. The dog is considered the main urban reservoir of Leishmania infantum and may be clinically asymptomatic or symptomatic in infection. Few studies address the clinical and histopathological aspects in visceral leishmaniasis, especially systematic studies, which are detailed description of histopathology findings and making the correlation of these aspects of the disease. The hypothesis of the research is that dogs naturally infected with L. infantum have distinct histopathologic changes that relate to the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and prognosis. OBJECTIVE: The objective was the systematic description of histopathology found in the various organs of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis naturally infected, correlated with different clinical manifestations. METHODS: For this study were collected samples and data from 58 dogs in the city of Jequié-Ba, endemic area for leishmaniasis. The dogs underwent clinical examination, euthanasia and collection of material for PCR, ELISA and culture, as well as fragments of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, intestine, kidneys and lungs. The animals were classified as asymptomatic when presented two signs, and symptomatic when exhibited more than two signals. Dogs with positive symptomatology for splenic culture, ELISA and PCR were subjected to cuts tissue immunohistochemical procedure for evaluating the parasite load in the lymph node, spleen and liver. Blades fragments obtained were evaluated by optical microscopy for analysis of changes. RESULTS: In all, nine animals were classified as asymptomatic and 49 symptomatic. The 58 dogs of the survey were positive in one of the tests for the diagnosis of infection: PCR (n = 91.38%), ELISA (n = 84.48%) or splenic culture (n = 34.48%). In the liver, moderate sinusoidal intra lymphocytosis was more frequent in the symptomatic group (p = 0.008). In other hepatic parameters, the groups no revealed statistically significant differences. In spleen, lymph nodes, intestines, skin, kidneys and lungs, the changes are similarly between the clinical manifestations. The largest parasitic load was found in the spleen. CONCLUSION: The histopathological changes showed no differences between the clinical manifestations

Abnormal behaviour of horses is a problematic behaviour that occurs mainly in horses domesticated or held in captivity due to the effect of incorrect breeding methods or improper handling with these animals. A part of abnormal behaviour is also stereotyped behaviour which is main target of this thesis. There are many causes of stereotyped behaviour. It could be a trauma during early weaning, lack of physical activity, an impact of nutrition, genetics and other factors. It is difficult to find out the true cause of stereotyped behaviour and it is even harder to remove these stereotypes. However the reduction of symptoms is almost always possible. The aim of the thesis was explanation, based on literature review, of the concept of stereotyped behaviour of horses, describe its symptoms, causes and suggest possible ways of removing. Another aim of the thesis was monitoring of stereotyped behaviour using a questionnaire survey within the Czech Republic. The information gathered from survey consisted of causes of stereotyped behaviour ? e.g. age, rearing, use (work, riding etc.), breed, temperament, attendance of other horses etc. The aim was not only the evaluation of occurrences of horse?s stereotyped behaviour, but with the help of gathered information in the literature review, propose the possibilities of reducing unwanted behaviour and suggest precautions in horses who do not have evident manifestations of unwanted behaviour yet.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-19T14:26:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Hugo Luciano de Almeida.pdf: 1172796 bytes, checksum: 9c0975c9c6f7cc479c0aa477d23d2b47 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-26T12:35:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Hugo Luciano de Almeida.pdf: 1172796 bytes, checksum: 9c0975c9c6f7cc479c0aa477d23d2b47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-26T12:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Hugo Luciano de Almeida.pdf: 1172796 bytes, checksum: 9c0975c9c6f7cc479c0aa477d23d2b47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-26 / A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma doença de caráter sistêmico cujas manifestações orais são bastante frequentes e muitas vezes o primeiro sinal da doença constituindo, portanto infecção fúngica de bastante interesse para a Odontologia. Foram coletados dados sobre gênero, idade, ocupação e procedência dos 230 pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário Júlio Muller (HUJM) e Laboratório Público do Estado de Mato Grosso (MT Laboratório), sobre a sintomatologia, localização anatômica das lesões, hábitos associados como tabagismo, etilismo e uso de drogas ilícitas, comorbidades, métodos diagnósticos, o tratamento instituído, tipo de entrada se caso novo, recidiva ou reentrada após abandono, sazonalidade e o encerramento de cada caso. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a PCM é endêmica em Mato Grosso sendo mais frequente nas mesorregiões Norte e Centro-Sul do estado acometendo em sua maioria, indivíduos adultos do sexo masculino que tem ou tiveram sua atividade laboral relacionada ao meio rural ou que pela natureza do trabalho estão mais expostos à inalação de poeira. As lesões orais foram as mais frequentemente encontradas. Como conduta terapêutica a associação sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim continua sendo a droga mais empregada devido ao baixo custo e disponibilidade no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no estado de Mato Grosso. Há alto índice de abandono e descontinuidade de tratamento dos pacientes atendidos no HUJM. O índice de tabagismo e etilismo associado a PCM foi bastante elevado. Observou-se que a maioria dos Cirurgiões Dentistas (CDs) não se sente apta para o diagnóstico da PCM e desconhecem os serviços de referência. / The paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease whose oral manifestations are quite common and often the first sign of the disease and, thus constituting fungal infection of great interest in dentistry. Data such as gender, age, occupation and origin of 230 patients seen in Public Laboratory of Mato Grosso and Julio Muller University Hospital (JMUH), about symptoms, anatomical location of the lesions, associated habits like smoking, drinking and illicit drug use, comorbidities, laboratory diagnosis, treatment instituted, the type of entry if new case, relapse or re-entry after abandonment, seasonality and closure of each case were collected. The results showed that the PCM is endemic in Mato Grosso being more frequent in North and Central South mesoregions of state and affecting mostly adult males who have or have had their work activities related to rural areas or that the nature of work are more exposed to inhalation of dust. Oral lesions were most frequently found. As therapeutic conduct to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the most used drug due to the low cost and availability in the Unified Health System – SUS (the public health system in Brazil) in the state of Mato Grosso. There is high rate of abandonment and discontinuance of treatment of patients seen at JMUH. The rate of smoking and alcohol consumption associated with PCM was quite high. It was observed that most dentists do not feel able to diagnose PCM and they ignore the reference services.