The thesis focuses on mistakes and problems in manipulations with the algebraic expressions occurring to pupils at the second level of Elementary school. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part contains description of manipulations with algebraic expressions, selected results of international comparative surveys, and an analysis of related foreign research. Analysis of three series of textbooks, according to which pupils involved in the experimental project are taught, is essential for understanding of possible origins of their mistakes. The classification of mistakes in manipulations with algebraic expressions is included. At the core of the work is the experimental part aiming to identify problems and mistakes of pupils when manipulating and working with algebraic expressions. The participants of the research consisted of six third-grade pupils of an eight-year Grammar school (13-14 years old) and eight ninth-grade pupils of an Elementary school (14-15 years old). Test used for my experiment came from the GA ČR project Critical parts of mathematics in primary school. The investigation was carried out individually with each pupil by the method of monitoring clinical interviews over the solution of the test tasks. The obtained data was qualitatively...

Research has demonstrated that function-based interventions are most effective for addressing problem behavior. However, many function-based interventions, such as differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA), rely on extinction procedures. Extinction is not feasible in all cases and can be counter-therapeutic if implemented without optimal treatment integrity. Researchers have successfully implemented DRA without extinction when various parameters of reinforcement (rate, quality, magnitude, immediacy) have been manipulated to favor alternative behavior; that is, participants engaged in higher rates of alternative behavior when reinforcement was delivered contingent on both alternative and problem behavior, but the alternative response produced better reinforcement in terms of rate, quality, magnitude, or immediacy. Parameter sensitivity, however, has been found to be idiosyncratic and therefore warrants individual assessment. Previous researchers have assessed individual sensitivities to parameters of reinforcement in the context of problem behavior; however, this resulted in problem behavior occurring during assessment, which could be problematic given severe problem behavior. The purpose of this study was to use arbitrary responses to assess individual sensitivities to quality, magnitude, and immediacy of reinforcement maintaining problem behavior and use the results to implement an intervention for problem behavior without extinction. The results indicate that arbitrary responses may be used to identify individual sensitivities to parameters of reinforcement that maintains problem behavior. Additionally, interventions were more effective when parameters for which participants were most sensitive were manipulated than when parameters for which participants were least sensitive were manipulated.

As a contemporary photographer, I focus most on light and color to bring out the uniqueness of my images. Photography is about lighting and I manipulate lights to raise questions in my viewers. Manipulating light is my way of being curious about how it may change mood physically and emotionally. Inspired by classical paintings, I have developed a body of photographs that can be admired by anyone. Although the main focus of my work is light and color, this body of work is also intended to empower those with little confidence in themselves and those who have been rejected, abused, or mistrusted.

The diploma with the help of algebraic tiles thesis focuses on teaching expressions with variables in the eighth grade in middle school. It is divided into theoretical and experimental parts. A particular chapter is devoted to an analysis of selected textbooks. First of all, the aim of this thesis was to analyse mathematics textbooks from the perspective the algebraic expressions. Some knowledge acquired thanks to the textbook analysis was used for my own educational experiment, whose preparation, realisation and assessment were the second objective of this thesis. The theoretical part provides a look at expressions with variables in curricular documents. Thereafter the pillars of teaching algebraic expressions are presented. This part is completed by the classification of errors made by students in relation to the topic. An analysis of selected textbooks follows the theoretical part. The core of this thesis is the experimental part, where teaching is based on constructivist principles. The preparation of the course explains the manipulation of the algebra tiles used during the lessons. After the teaching experiments, we may conclude that the application of algebra tiles helps students get into the environment of algebraic expressions, improves the understanding of the rules of manipulations with...

M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / The use of conventional culture-based approach results in vast majority of microbes (90 - 99%) unaccounted for. However, over the past years, the use of metagenomics, which is a culture-independent comprehensive approach has enabled researchers to access nearly 100% of the microbiome. In this study, three hot springs (44 – 70 oC) in Limpopo province of South Africa were investigated as potential sources of genes encoding for DNA-manipulating enzymes (DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and endonuclease), which are central in genetic engineering. They are usually grouped into four broad classes (nucleases, ligases, polymerases and modifying enzymes) depending on the type of the reaction they catalyze. Accordingly, hot spring metagenomic DNA was successfully extracted using modified SDS-CTAB method involving gel purification and electroelution. Consequently, a portion of the extracted metagenomic DNA was used for sequencing and another for fosmid library construction. Sequencing was done using Illumina MiSeq next generation sequencing platform and sequence data analyzed and de novo-assembled using CLC Genomic Workbench, which resulted in 5 681 662 reads and 7 338 contigs. A metagenome expression fosmid library of approximately 2.16 x 103 clones was also constructed using CopyControl™ HTP Fosmid Library Production Kit with pCC2FOS™ Vector. A BLAST algorithm in NCBI revealed 57 distinct genes for DNA polymerase, 29 genes for DNA ligase and more than 100 genes for endonuclease II enzymes. Hence, three genes related to thermophiles representing genes for DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and endonuclease II were selected. Accordingly, the three genes were codon-optimized, synthesized and successfully cloned into pET- 30a (+) and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by inducing with 0.5 mM IPTG and incubating overnight at 16ºC. The cells were lysed using B-PER Reagent, protein extracted and purified using AKTA start protein purification system and purity of 85- 95 % was achieved. From this study, it can be concluded that metagenomics as an approach, can be used to mine for putative DNA-manipulating enzymes from hot spring metagenome. Besides, further study should be conducted to formulate the developed DNA-manipulating enzymes and study the practical application and chart way for commercialization. Moreover, the constructed fosmid library could also be screened for potentially novel thermo-stable biomolecules of industrial and therapeutic importance.

The aim of this thesis was to formulate a questionnaire for respondents who were students of the first and second degrees from randomly selected primary schools in the municipality of Prostějov with extended powers, and thus evaluate the pupils' awareness of treatment with chemicals commonly used in the home. This issue is related mainly to parents of minor children. Most of them do not even know how many hazardous substances are stored at home, and how fatal accidents may be associated with them. Children are often said false information, for example, that drugs are sweeties. Nevertheless it would be sufficient to inform children about danger of chemicals. It is also necessary to think about storage of gasoline or other solution, because pet-bottle of Kofola is not a good choice. The first section of the theoretical part is devoted mainly to compulsory school system and things connected with the study at elementary schools. It describes the Framework educational programme for elementary education, curriculum and its layouts associated (connected) with the issue of human protection in emergencies. Next section focuses on the administrative districts of municipalities with extended powers. It defines basic terms such as administrative district. It describes the administrative district of municipalities with extended powers of Prostejov in detail. Another section is devoted to dangerous chemical substances. It defines basic terms such as toxicology, acute exposure, chronic exposure and more. It describes all the features according to physical security and also features of substances that are dangerous to our health. Thus the reader is aware of what information is on chemicals normally used at home. The following subsections describe dangerous chemicals used in everyday life,especially safe dealing with them. It defines the Toxicology Information Centre. In which cases people call there, what is the telephone number, what to say first and what question they ask. The most important subsection deals with storing chemical substances at home and the first aid in case of poisoning of children by individual funds. In the second part of the thesis the hypothesis of low awareness of chemicals used in households among pupils from schools in the municipality of Prostějov was formulated. The aim of the research part of the thesis was to find out if the awareness of chemicals used in ordinary households among pupils are high or low. The research was conducted at 1st and 2nd grade of primary schools. Pupils fill in the questionnaire with 13 closed questions. From the results we can see, that the awareness of chemicals used in ordinary households among pupils at 1st grade is low. The results were compiled in Excel program and were evaluated in graphs. The statistical analysis of the results was conducted in R program, where all graphic outputs were exported directly from this program and all the values were copied from the output of the program. Kruskal-Wallis test was used at the end of the statistical survey to verify hypotheses. Based on the results, we can confirm the null hypothesis, we can say that both grades have reached the same results in the questionnaire. In conclusion the thesis proposes precautions that could improve the knowledge of pupils of compulsory school attendance in manipulating with dangerous chemicals commonly used at home, and thus to prevent accidents, which continue to rise.

The dissertation deals with the dilemma of ethics in advertisement; it is divided into six chapters. The first chapter concerns communication and advertisement{\crq}s function in it. In the second part, I focus on the targets and methods of advertisement (they can be positive and negative). I describe the following processes: influence, manipulation, persuasion, suggestion, motivation and purpose of advertisement in the sectors of the market. The third part is directed at the principles of regulation and self-regulation (I explain their differences). How does self-regulation work in practice I showed in the practical example. The fourth chapter describes the most frequently forbidden commercials and in the practical examples, I show how the consumer{\crq}s protection works. In the fifth part,. I stress the importance of media literacy and the problems in media education. In the sixth chapter I focus on the advertisements and at different attitudes and opinions related to it.

A wall might appear as basic, a clean surface without an identity of its own, nothing but a clean slate upon which to leave any impression. Though the walls surrounding us are all but anonymous. They are built with a structure making them stand tall and strong. They are filled with insulation to keep us warm and sheltered. They are hard and they are soft. They can allow us to isolate ourselves from each other or they are fragile enough to let us know someone is on the other side. They cover the basic necessities of our houses, and we in return cover them to make our spaces less anonymous. There is softness hidden in your walls mainly aims to highlight the textile components of architecture which we usually never see. While we tend to view textiles mostly as decoration, they constantly perform in a lot of various ways all around us. In this project I have worked with prefabricated building materials that according to me have textile qualities, but they aren’t viewed as textile. Or I have tried to adapt textile techniques to non-textile materials to test them in new ways. The wall as the leading actor has first and foremost been used as a conversation partner for the material exploration and contextualization. The main material used is wool sheep insulation though many other materials have been put to the test throughout the process.

My thesis concentrates on the game, the playfulness and the toy. At first, I was searching for where these topics were most common and how they effected our lives generally. I presented some of the definitions. Then I worked more with these definitions and I put them into a connection with the art and the padegogy. Later I made a separated point of the role of the game, the playfulness and the toy in the visual art. I introduced some artist, who have been using the topics of mainly the game and the playfulness in their art work. The toy was presented more like the theme of the art works. The final part concentrates on the visual art project, which is prepared for children at age eight to ten years. One of the range was introduced deeply. n this range present individual lessons, one of them is showed in detail. This lesson is named The painting by the soap bubbles and I had been taught it at The basic art school Na Proseku. After this lesson I wrote reflection of it. Whole thesis is ilustrated by the pictures. In the conclusion I try to summarize knowledge I reached.

Tato práce se věnuje vylepšení současného stavu formalní analýzy a verifikace založené na automatech a zaměřené na systémy s nekonečnými stavovými prostory. V první části se práce zabývá dvěma rozhodovacími procedurami pro logiku WS1S, které jsou založené na korespondenci mezi formulemi logiky WS1S a konečnými automaty. První metoda je založena na tzv. antiřetězcích, ale, je limitována pouze na formule v prenexním normálním tvaru. Následně je tento přístup zobecněn na libovolné formule, jsou zavedeny tzv. jazykové termy a na jejich základě je navržena nová procedura, která pracuje za běhu a zpracovává tyto termy "líným" způsobem. Abychom získali efektivní rozhodovací proceduru, je dále navržena sada optimalizací (přičemž některé nejsou limitovány pouze pro naše přístupy). Obě metody jsou srovnány s ostatními nástroji implementujícími různé známé rozhodovací procedury. Získané výsledky jsou povzbuzující a ukazují, že použitelnost logiky WS1S je možno rozšířit na širší třídu formulí. V druhé části se práce zabývá analýzou mezí zdrojů programů manipulujících s haldou. Je zde navržena nová třída tzv. tvarových norem založených na délkách cest mezi význačnými místy na haldě, které jsou automaticky odvozovány z analyzovaného programu. Na základě této třídy norem je dále navržen kalkul, který je schopen přesně odvodit změny odvozených normů a použít je k vygenerování odpovídající celočíselné reprezentace vstupního programu, která je následně využita pro následovanou dedikovanou analýzou mezí zdrojů. Tato metoda byla implementována nad analýzou tvaru založenou na tzv. lesních automatech, implementovanou v nástroji Forester, a dále byl použit dobře zavedený analyzátor mezí zdrojů, implementovaný v nástroji Loopus. V experimentální evaluaci bylo ukázáno, že je opravdu takto získán silný analyzátor, který je schopen odvodit meze programů, které ještě nikdy plně automatizovaně odvozené nebyly.