The diploma thesis is about the design of an automatic application system of edge protection corners to palletized material. As the first the diploma thesis briefly discusses actual principles and solutions in area of palletization. After that, there are 4 potential solutions described and measured by multicriteria evaluation method where the most suitable solution is being chosen. Then the actual act of designing of the chosen solution is described and also there are solved necessary calculations. In the end there is risk analysis of new workplace and the drawing documentation of selected nodes is attached. The diploma thesis’ assignment has been made in cooperation with company PHATEC s.r.o. in Litomyšl.

This diploma project drala with the solution of manipulation with plywood for the Iveco Czech Republic a.s. bus floor production. Project considers just a manipulationby the CNC cutter. Evaulating of the recent Metod of manipulation, the suggestion of the new Metod of manipulation and the preparation of the possible variants. Evaulating of the variants and probably the suggestion of the new workplace arrangement.

This thesis describes the design of a special manipulator, driven by a special mechanism with a pushed chain. The chain is conducted from the bottom branch of a horizontal guide slot via a chain wheel to the upper branch of a guide slot. To the end of the chain there is connected a frame manipulator via a tap connection. In this work there are described and suggested the most important component units of a manipulator, including a drive.

This master thesis deals with the design of a two-axis manipulator according to entered parameters. In the first chapter provides description of kinematics structures of industrial robots and manipulators and their workspaces. Next parts focus on search in the used components, producers of manipulators and of current design manipulators at JCEE s.r.o. Lanškroun. The practical part deals with the design and construction of custom manipulator and its price calculation.

Ein Haupteinsatzgebiet der Großraummanipulatoren stellen Betonverteilermasten dar. Aufgrund der langen schmalen Armkonstruktionen fällt bei diesen Maschinen der Trend zum Leichtbau bezüglich der Dynamik besonders ins Gewicht. Um die Vorteile leichter Konstruktionen wie geringere Achslasten, geringerer Kraftstoffverbrauch und kleinere Antriebe nutzen zu können, werden Regelungen benötigt, die die Struktur stabilisieren und ein Schwingen der Mastspitze verhindern. Zur Systemanalyse und Regelungsauslegung wurde ein Mehrkörpermodell aus starren und elastischen Körpern sowie den notwendigen Hydraulikzylindern erstellt und durch Messungen validiert. Am Modell konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Regelung im letzten Gelenk die Schwingung an der Mastspitze maßgeblich beeinflusst und zur Schwingungstilgung eingesetzt werden kann. Hierfür wird die Bewegung des Verteilermastes durch eine Ausgleichsbewegung im letzten Gelenk kompensiert, sodass die Mastspitze keine starken Schwingungen ausführt. Die Schwingungen werden über Beschleunigungsmessung detektiert und nach entsprechender Filterung kann die Bewegung bestimmt werden. Mittels Sliding Mode Control erfolgt die Berechnung der schwingungsmindernden Zylinderkraft und garantiert somit Robustheit gegenüber Modellierungsungenauigkeiten und äußeren Störungen. Die Kraftregelung des Hydraulikzylinders wird anschließend über eine Integrator-Backstepping Regelung realisiert. Die resultierende Schwingungsminimierung beträgt in unterschiedlichsten Maststellungen bis zu 95%. / A special case of multi-link manipulators are truck mounted concrete pumps. Due to the lightweight design of the long and slender boom, it is vulnerable to vibrations. The advantages are smaller masses and therefore less actuation power which results in smaller actuators with less fuel consumption. In order to retain the advantages of lightweight design, special controllers are needed to stabilize the overall system and result in a vibration free motion of the boom tip. A multibody system with flexible bodies has been built in order to analyse the system's behaviour and to test and design appropriate control strategies. It could be demonstrated, that controlling only the last joint of the boom decisively effects the motion of the boom tip and is therefore suitable to suppress vibrations. The idea is to compensate the boom's motion by adjusting the last joint angle in a way, so that the boom tip stays at its initial position. In order to implement these findings and obtain a robust control three steps are necessary: the boom's motion must be measured and a vibration reducing force defined which has to be applied by the hydraulic actuator. The vibrations are detected by acceleration measurement and after appropriate filtering a joint angle trajectory can be determined. The cylinder force is found using Sliding Mode Control which guarantees robustness against modeling inaccuracies and external disturbances. A mathematical description of the last segment is necessary for the design of this nonlinear control strategy. The force control of the hydraulic cylinder is then implemented via backstepping control. The resulting vibration is minimized by this control by up to 95% at different boom positions.

No description available.

Redundantly actuated manipulators have only recently aroused significant scientific interest. Their advantages in terms of enlarged workspace, higher payload ratio and better manipulability with respect to non-redundantly actuated systems explain the appearance of numerous applications in various fields: high-precision machining, fault-tolerant manipulators, transport and outer-space applications, surgical operation assistance, etc. The present Ph.D. research proposes a unified approach for modeling and actuation of redundantly actuated parallel manipulators. The approach takes advantage of the actuator redundancy principles and thus allows for following trajectories that contain parallel (force) singularities, and for eliminating the negative effect of the latter. As a first step of the approach, parallel manipulator kinematic and dynamic models are generated and treated in such a way that they do not suffer from kinematic loop closure numeric problems. Using symbolic models based on the multibody formalism and a Newton-Euler recursive computation scheme, faster-than-real-time computer simulations can thus be achieved. Further, an original piecewise actuation strategy is applied to the manipulators in order to eliminate singularity effects during their motion. Depending on the manipulator and the trajectories to be followed, this strategy results in non-redundant or redundant actuation solutions that satisfy actuator performance limits and additional optimality criteria. Finally, a validation of the theoretical results and the redundant actuation benefits is performed on the basis of well-known control algorithms applied on two parallel manipulators of different complexity. This is done both by means of computer simulations and experimental runs on a prototype designed at the Center for Research in Mechatronics of the UCL. The advantages of the actuator redundancy of parallel manipulators with respect to the elimination of singularity effects during motion and the actuator load optimization are thus confirmed (virtually and experimentally) and highlighted thanks to the proposed approach for modeling, simulation and control.

Manipuladores paralelos são aqueles que possuem mais de uma cadeia cinemática que liga a base ao efetuador final. Esta característica proporciona vantagens sobre os manipuladores em série, como maior robustez, maior carga útil e maior velocidade. Por outro lado, as singularidades presentes nos manipuladores paralelos diminuem a área de trabalho prejudicando o desempenho dos mesmos. Uma técnica para evitar as singularidades é a redundância cinemática, que consiste em adicionar atuadores às cadeias cinemáticas possibilitando a reconfiguração do manipulador. Além disso, a redundância cinemática pode melhorar também a rigidez, a robustez, a precisão do sistema, entre outras características, provando ser uma boa alternativa para melhorar o desempenho de manipuladores. Entretanto, alguns dos problemas encontrados em manipuladores paralelos com níveis de redundância altos são os modelos com dinâmica acoplada, que dificultam a implementação de simulações, e o controle ainda mais complexo do que manipuladores paralelos não redundantes. Portanto, esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre o controle de um manipulador paralelo versátil redundante e o impacto dos níveis de redundância cinemática sobre seu desempenho dinâmico. O protótipo consiste de um manipulador paralelo planar atuado por três motores rotacionais e três guias lineares acionadas por motores rotacionais. O acionamento ou não do movimento da guia linear define a redundância do sistema garantindo a versatilidade do protótipo, que pode apresentar de nenhum a três níveis de redundância cinemática. Essa variação permite a avaliação do impacto de diferentes níveis de redundância cinemática no manipulador. Além disso, dois controles baseados no modelo do manipulador, o controle torque calculado e o controle com linearização por retroalimentação, foram implementados para minimizar o impacto da dinâmica acoplada e não linearidades. Estes controles foram comparados com um controle tradicional como referência de comparação. Os resultados demonstraram que o desempenho do manipulador é melhorado utilizando três níveis de redundância e o controle torque calculado em termos de erro de posição e torques executados. / Parallel manipulators are those that have more than one kinematic chain linking the base to the end-effector. This feature provides advantages over serial manipulators, such as greater robustness, higher payload and higher speed. On the other hand, the singularities present in the parallel manipulators decrease the workspace and impair their performance. One technique to avoid the singularities is the kinematic redundancy, which consists of adding actuators to the kinematic chains allowing the reconfiguration of the manipulator. In addition, kinematic redundancy can also improve stiffness, robustness, accuracy, and other features proving to be a good alternative to improve the performance of manipulators. However, some of the problems encountered in parallel manipulators with high levels of redundancy are models with coupled dynamics, that hamper simulations, and even more complex control than non-redundant parallel manipulators. Therefore, this thesis presents a study on the control of a versatile redundant parallel manipulator and the impact of kinematic redundancy levels on its dynamic performance. The prototype consists of a parallel planar manipulator actuated by three rotational motors and three linear guides driven by rotational motors. Whether or not linear motion is triggered defines the redundancy of the robotic system, ensuring the versatility of the prototype, which can vary from no to three levels of kinematic redundancy. This variation allows the impact evaluation of different levels of kinematic redundancy in the manipulator. In addition, two controls based on the manipulator model, the computed torque control and the feedback linearization control were implemented to minimize the impact of coupled dynamics and nonlinearities. These controls were compared with a traditional control as reference. The results demonstrated that the manipulator performance is improved by using three levels of redundancy and the computed torque control in terms of position error and executed torques.

Propõe-se, com este trabalho, estudar numericamente se a redundância cinemática e a redundância de atuação podem ser boas alternativas para que manipuladores planares de cinemática paralela atinjam altas acelerações. Sabe-se que estes tipos de redundância promovem uma redução de singularidades do sistema robótico entre outros benefícios. No entanto, a avaliação comparativa do desempenho dinâmico de manipuladores redundantes ainda é pouco estudada. Este estudo não é trivial pois a redundância significa não somente o aumento do torque disponível, mas também que a inércia do sistema foi aumentada. A avaliação numérica deste trabalho se dará por meio do desenvolvimento de modelos cinemáticos e dinâmicos das possíveis configurações de manipuladores paralelos planares com redundância cinemática e redundância de atuação. Esta avaliação pode ser feita pela comparação entre os manipuladores redundantes e o não-redundante para desenvolver uma mesma trajetória do end-effector. Entretanto, esta avaliação é dependente da trajetória, logo esse trabalho também propõe uma avaliação através de um índice dinâmico em toda a área de trabalho dos manipuladores. / The aim of this work is to study numerically if the kinematic redundancy and the actuation redundancy can be good alternatives for parallel planar manipulators to achieve high accelerations. It is known that types of redundancy promote, among other benefits, a significant reduction in the singularities. However, the evaluation of the redundancy as a good solution to increase the dynamic performance was not studied. This study is not trivial because the redundancy means not only that there is more torque available, but also that the inertia of the system has been considerably increased. Different configurations of the redundant manipulator will be evaluated numerically through kinematic and dynamic models. This evaluation can be performed by the comparison among the non redundant manipulator and the redundant manipulators to execute the same task. This evaluation is task dependent, so this work proposes a dynamic index to desing dynamic maps over the workspace.

Com o crescimento populacional e a demanda energética crescente, a sociedade contemporânea têm enfrentado novos desafios para se manter. A aplicação da robótica em diversas áreas está cada vez mais comum, contribuindo para suprir estes novos desafios. Contudo, ainda existem casos em que o uso da robótica convencional é proibitivo, como em ambientes com campos elétricos e/ou magnéticos intensos, encontrado, por exemplo, nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica e em máquinas de ressonância magnética. Isto porque os componentes condutores e ferromagnéticos utilizados podem oferecer perigos, causando queimaduras, curtos-circuitos e até lançamento de componentes. Em vista destas dificuldades, este trabalho propõe a construção de um manipulador robótico capaz de atuar nestas condições de campos elétricos e magnéticos elevados. Na construção de tal dispositivo, entretanto, é necessário o estudo da estrutura mecânica, dos atuadores, dos sensores e do controlador. No caso da estrutura mecânica e dos sensores, existem alternativas não condutoras disponíveis. O controlador geralmente é um microcomputador ou um dispositivo eletrônico, portanto condutor. Uma alternativa é manter o controlador distante e isolado do ambiente de risco. Mas para que esta hipótese seja testada, é necessário um atuador não condutor e não ferromagnético. Por isso, este trabalho propõe a construção de um atuador livre de materiais ferromagnéticos e condutores baseado no músculo artificial pneumático de McKibben. Músculos artificiais pneumáticos são disponíveis comercialmente, entretanto possuem materiais metálicos. Além disso, o controle preciso destes atuadores é dificultado pela sua alta não linearidade. Para verificar a viabilidade da aplicação de músculos artificiais em um manipulador não condutor, foram realizados testes com protótipos de músculos artificiais construídos com materiais compatíveis. O projeto e o dimensionamento do músculo artificial é abordado. Finalmente, é realizado o controle PID do músculo para avaliar sua controlabilidade e viabilidade de aplicação para tarefas de precisão em posicionamento. / With the population growth and the evergrowing energy dependency, the contemporary society have been facing new challenges to maintain yourself. The use of robotics in various fields is each time more common, contributing to surpass these new challenges. However, there are still cases where applying conventional robotics is prohibitive, such as in high electric and magnetic field environments, found, for example, in electric energy distribution systems and in magnetic resonance imaging machines. That\'s because conductive and ferromagnetic components can cause serious problems, like burns, short-cuts and even be throwed at high velocities. Knowing these difficulties, this work proposes the construction of a robotic manipulator capable of acting in these high electric and magnetic field environments. To build such manipulator, however, it\'s necessary to study the mechanic structure, the actuators, the sensors and the controller. In the case of the mechanic structure and sensors, there exists non-conductive and non-magnetic alternatives available. The controller is, in general, a microcomputer or an electric device, therefore, conductive. One alternative is to keep the controller far away from the risk environment. But to test this hypothesis, it\'s necessary to have a non-conductive and non-ferromagnetic actuator. Because of that, this work proposes the construction of an actuator free of conductive and magnetic materials, based on the McKibben pneumatic artificial muscle. Pneumatic artificial muscles are available commercially, but they have metallic components. Besides, the accurate control of these actuators is difficult for their high non-linearities. To verify the viability of applying artificial muscles on a non-conductive manipulator, tests were conducted with artificial muscle prototypes built with compatible materials. The design and dimensioning of the artificial muscle are covered. Finally, the PID controller is implemented to evaluate the muscle\'s controllability and its viability for tasks that need position accuracy.