Durement touchée par la guerre de Cent Ans, la Normandie connaît une telle renaissance à partir de la fin du XVe siècle qu’elle devient le premier gisement fiscal du royaume, ce qui conduit le roi à accroître sa tutelle sur elle au cours du siècle suivant. Cette thèse se compose de deux parties distinctes, d’égale importance. La première offre une synthèse sur les demeures campagnardes de la petite et moyenne noblesse dans ce climat hautement favorable à l’activité architecturale. La seconde analyse de manière approfondie près de 80 ensembles manoriaux, qui constituent la base sur laquelle repose les observations synthétiques de la première partie. Si la méthode adoptée privilégie (au-delà des renseignements archivistiques, lorsqu’ils existent) l’analyse archéologique des bâtiments, elle y associe une approche comparative avec les réalisations nationales, les modèles graphiques et les traités « rustiques » contemporains (Androuet Du Cerceau, Estienne, Liébault), qui proposent souvent des usages déjà répandus. L’enquête ainsi menée permet non seulement de comprendre le fonctionnement, les particularismes et l’évolution des manoirs haut-normands entre 1450 et 1600, mais elle révèle aussi une capacité des architectes œuvrant dans la province à innover, avec l’apparition précoce du plan double en profondeur, du vestibule à l’antique ou encore de la fenêtre à meneau en bois, expérimentations qui, en raison des guerres civiles, ne seront pleinement exploitées qu’au siècle suivant. Après l’étude pionnière sur Le Manoir en Bretagne, 1380-1600 (Inventaire général, Paris, 1993), cette thèse offre un nouveau point de comparaison solide pour d’autres études régionales des « maisons aux champs » de la noblesse française. / Seriously affected by the Hundred Years War, Normandy experienced such a renaissance from the end of the XVth century that it became the major source of revenue for the kingdom, causing the king to tighten its control over it during the following century. This thesis offers a study in two distinct parts of equal importance. The first, a synthesis on the country houses of the small and medium nobility in the context of a period highly favourable to the architectural activity. The second, a deeper analysis of about eighty manorial domains, which constitutes the basis upon which rests the larger interpretative account in the first part. If the method adopted stresses archaeological analysis of the buildings, more than archives often missing, it also uses an approach comparing them with structures in other regions of France and with contemporary rural treatises (Estienne, Liébault) and “maisons pour les champs” models (Androuet Du Cerceau), who often suggest forms already widespread. The enquiry conducted in this manner allows us not only to understand the function, the individuality and the evolution of the manors of upper Normandy between 1450 and 1600, but it reveals also the ability of the architects working in the province to innovate, with the early appearance of the compact plan with double rows of rooms, the vestibule “à l’antique” or the window with a wooden mullion, experiments which, because of the civil wars, would not be fully exploited until the next century. Following the pioneering study on Le Manoir en Bretagne, 1380-1600 (Inventaire général, Paris, 1993), this thesis offers an additional firm bench mark for comparison in future regional studies.

The thesis is about what the buildings at manor estates, vicarages and farms looked like and how they changed during the agrarian revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. Through new clearings, mechanisation, land partition, and increased work distribution and specialisation, production increased vigorously during the period, which generally caused an increase in prosperity and lay the foundation for the subsequent industrial revolution. The aim was to study how houses and outbuildings were affected by changes in agriculture, household composition and work organisation, an area which to date has been relatively unexplored. The study, which was based on conditions in Lagunda, a flat-country town in central Sweden, shows that there has been both change and continuity in building developments. The buildings became increasingly larger as arable land acreage and livestock numbers increased, and they were also gradually rendered more efficient to facilitate production. The increase in profit led in turn to an increase in the standard of living and both houses and outbuildings were increasingly lavishly built. However the increasingly larger and better buildings were not only a product of improved economy but also a response to the increasing need for manifestation felt by the manor owners, clergymen and farmers whereby they could clearly mark their positions in relation to each other and to a growing class of non-propertied people. The boundaries between family and employee, as well as between ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ functions, were all the more clearly demarcated, both indoors and outdoors. Even if the changes were considerable on the whole, there was a clear line of continuity. Household reproduction was the primary aim and providing for the family could not be jeopardised, which explains why most changes took place in small steps at a time.

The history of English rural society in the Middle Ages generally is written on the basis of records produced by manorial lords which register the dues and obligations of tenants as well as changes in holdings, fines and other legal transactions which touch on the lives of the villagers. This thesis is a critical study of the potential uses of a group of such sources for an historical "reconstruction" of medieval rural conditions. The records under review refer to Ombersley, a Midlands manor belonging to the Benedictine abbey of Evesham, and cover the period of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. While by no means complete, they have survived to an extent that a special study of their value and the problems connected with them is warranted. A brief introduction on the geographic and settlement conditions of the manor (Ch. 1) is followed by a survey of the quality and quantity of the collection of Ombersley account rolls, court records and rentals, summarized in a calendar (Ch. 2 and Appendix). Recent works on the "reconstitution" of medieval rural communities have raised a number of questions on the use of such records; the present thesis attempts to focus this discussion to the use and misuse of rentals (surveys). The importance of this type of document in the study of population trends, land distribution and related aspects of manorial life derives from its wealth of detail. However, owing to their seigneurial point of view and "static" character, rentals are not as reliable as often assumed. The problems connected with them are discussed and illustrated by an analysis of two extensive rentals of Ombersley, presented in an annotated tabulation, combining their data with those extracted from court rolls and other manorial records (Ch. 3). These juxtapositions enable us to date these and other surveys correctly and to identify the "careers" of a good number of individuals and families on the manor. Based on the critical evaluation of these interrelated sources, a summary of the major demographic and economic trends is offered for the two centuries under review, including calculations of the manor's population, mortality rate, reproductive capacity and its economic development as reflected in the payment of different seigneurial dues. Bearing in mind some of the common pitfalls of generalization, I plan to use these data as a basis for monographic treatment of social stratification and other details in Ombersley's history. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This thesis deals with a person of Karl Eusebius of Liechtenstein in a field of architecture. Karl Eusebius from Liechtenstein was interested in Architecture in many different poits of view. Firstly, he wrote a theoretical work, which is excerpted and analysed in first chapter. Second chapter summarises buildings (or interventions), which are shown in more detailed form in appendix. Chapter is divided in three parts. In first part are representative buildings at the areas, they traditionaly belonged to House of Liechtenstein, principal seat Valtice and summer residence in Lednice. The building activities are brought together in second part, taken through in manors he was not so strongly interrested. Last but not least, the chapter is about his one and only architectonical work, castle of Plumlov, where is very intensive connection with his theoretical work . This thesis aims to describe relations between theoretical work of Karl Eusebius from Liechtenstein and architecture donated or build by himself and aims to investigate different levels of his interrest.

L'étude porte sur l'abbaye de Stavelot-Malmedy, de sa fondation au XIVe siècle. Elle analyse les interactions entre les communautés et leur environnement social et matériel. Une première partie reprend de manière critique l'histoire de l'abbaye, du milieu du VIIe au XIVe siècle. La seconde partie aborde les seigneuries de Stavelot-Malmedy comme des cadres de pouvoir et d'organisation économique. Les rapports avec l'aristocratie laïque sont également analysés. Enfin, une troisième partie envisage l'inscription des seigneuries des monastères dans l'espace, les conditions de géographie physique et l'impact des seigneuries sur les paysages et l'environnement. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette étude s’attache à comprendre ce qu’est un habitat seigneurial secondaire en Hainaut à la fin du Moyen Age et aux Temps Modernes. La disparition de la plupart des résidences de la haute noblesse en Hainaut, nous a amenée à nous pencher sur l’étude des habitats de la petite noblesse, dont le manque de reconnaissance, entrainant la démolition ou les transformations irréversibles de ces habitats, rend ces édifices sujets à l’oubli. Ajoutons à cela que, victimes d’une tradition castrale héritée du 19e siècle, archéologues et historiens de l’art ont bien souvent eu leur attention d’abord attirée par les grands châteaux et donc la haute noblesse, laissant de côté toute une tranche de la population noble et de leurs possessions. Notre étude a comme objectif majeur de comprendre comment ces habitats ont fonctionné comme structures de vie, mais aussi comme des architectures à travers lesquelles et par lesquelles les habitants pouvaient exprimer leurs identités. Dans cette optique, après avoir considéré les différents types architecturaux (types de plans, types de corps de logis, types de tours), suivant une typo-chronologie, nous considérons les matériaux utilisés et la distribution intérieure de ces édifices. <p>Ce sont ensuite les entourages de l’habitat en tant qu’espace construit, leur situation dans le paysage, et par rapport au relief, à l’hydrographie, aux villages, aux terres de cultures, et aux réseaux de communication, qui occupent une grande partie de l’étude. Les liens avec leurs habitants, ces membres de la « petite noblesse » sont ensuite considérés. Leurs fonctions, leurs origines et leurs zones de déplacements sont abordés, afin de mieux percevoir le rôle et la détermination de ce groupe social, qui s’avère être en rupture avec la haute noblesse. L’opposition traditionnelle entre villes et campagnes est dépassée, de même que la question des maisons principales et secondaires, au profit d’une approche plus fluide, favorisant une interaction entre villes et campagnes, et considérant les mouvements de population émergeant de l’un ou l’autre milieu. <p>La partie interprétative suit ensuite, permettant d’aboutir à une caractérisation de ce type d’habitat. Le but est notamment de mettre en lumière la relation entre les aspects défensifs et résidentiels des édifices. Pour ce faire, les éléments de défense active et passive sont examinés, ainsi que le degré d’efficacité de ces structures. <p>La suite de cette partie a pour but de replacer les habitats de la petite noblesse dans le contexte des types architecturaux des campagnes, de la haute noblesse et des villes du Hainaut et des anciens Pays-Bas, afin de mieux dégager les liens ou les ruptures entre les différents groupes sociaux et architecturaux. Les rapports avec les habitats ruraux sont établis en ce qui concerne les diverses composantes que sont les douves, les pont-levis, les orifices de tir, les espaces verts et les aménagements hydrographiques d’agrément, la basse-cour, les tours, les typologies des plans et de maisons, les matériaux et leur qualité de mise en œuvre, les intérieurs, les ouvertures et les styles, les armoiries et les millésimes. La catégorie intermédiaire que sont les habitats des élites rurales, est également abordée, puisqu’elle développe des types architecturaux ambigus et se rapprochant davantage des habitats de la petite noblesse que des autres ruraux. Cette catégorie est examinée d’un point de vue architectural et social./This research is aiming at understanding what is a gentry’s settlement in the County of Hainault at the end of the Middle Ages and during the Modern Times. The disappearance of most of the castles of the high nobility in Hainault, led us to study the gentry’s settlement. The lack of recognition of this kind of building is often leading to their destruction and irreversible transformations. There is also the fact that the archaeologists and art historians often inherited from the 19th century tradition, whose attention was mostly attracted by the main castles and the high nobility, forgetting by the same occasion a side of the nobility –the gentry- and his settlement.<p>The main objective of this research is to understand how these settlements were linked with their inhabitants, expressing their identities, ways of living and behaviours. In this framework, we first analyse the architectural typologies (plans, residential buildings, towers) in connection with the chronology, the materials, and the inner organisation of these buildings.<p>Afterwards, we consider the surroundings of the buildings, the location in the landscape, the relief, hydrography, the village, the lands, the communication net. The lesser nobility is also studied, through its functions, origins, movement areas, in order to have a better understanding of the role and definition of this social group which is distinctly separated from the high nobility. The traditional opposition between cities and countryside, and between the main and secondary housing, is overstepped, in order to reach a more flexible approach. We therefore consider the topic through an interaction between cities and countryside, and their inhabitants.<p>The rest of the research is dedicated to the interpretations, in order to draw the characterists of the gentry’s settlement. First, the relationships between the defensive and residential aspects are considered. The active and passive defensive elements are studied, as well as the efficiency of these structures.<p>Secondly, we replace the gentry’s settlement in the context of the other architectural types of the countryside, high nobility and cities of the county of Hainaut and the Southern Low Countries, in order to have a better understanding of the links and breaks between the different social and architectural groups. The link with the rural settlement is established concerning the following elements :drawbridges, moats, arrow slits, green spaces and water structures, farms, towers, plans and houses typologies, materials and their quality, interiors, openings and styles, coats of arms. The intermediate category of the settlement of the rural elites is also considered, as the architectural types are close to the gentry’s settlement. This category is examined on an architectural and social point of view.<p>The link with the settlement of the cities and the high nobility is also studied, allowing to see a lack of link between the different categories at least until the end of the 17th century. <p>In the last chapters, the gentry’s settlement of Hainault is replaced in the context of the Southern Low Countries, through a comparative approach. We also consider the link with this kind of settlement and the tradition and the modernity, as well as the link with the social status of their inhabitants and builders.<p>The conclusion is the occasion to remind all the characteristics of the gentry’s settlement in Hainault, and the evolution of the architectural types through the centuries. Some comparisons with the same kind of settlement in surroundings countries are also established, opening new research perspectives. In the epilogue, we consider the buildings on a conservation, restoration and preservation point of view. The state of the art of the legislative situation is given, and prescriptions for a better future conservation are drawn, in order to avoid a disappearance of the architectural information, together with an important part of the history.<p><p> / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished