Doctor Legum - LLD / Anti-dumping measures, safeguards and countervailing measures are trade remedies within the context of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). More specifically, the imposition of anti-dumping measures is a remedial measure, which may be evoked when dumped imports cause or threaten to cause injury to the domestic market. Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) defines dumping as a situation where products of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products, and causes or threatens material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially retards the establishment of a domestic industry. In such a situation, the WTO allows countries to take action, if there is a causal link between injury to the domestic market and dumping. Zimbabwe has been a Member of the GATT since July 1948 and subsequently it became a Member of the WTO in March 1995. It also has anti-dumping legislation since 2002 namely Competition (Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty) (Investigation) Regulations, 2002 (Statutory Instrument 266 of 2002). Despite this, dumping remains a challenge in Zimbabwe. Different stakeholders in Zimbabwe have lobbied for anti-dumping laws to be strengthened and applied, to protect the domestic industry from dumped imports. Regardless of the lobbying, the Competition and Tariff Commission (CTC) which is the institution that deals with unfair trade practises in Zimbabwe, has to date not conducted any investigation in dumping. This study ascertains what the shortfalls in Statutory Instrument 266 of 2002 are, and the measures to be taken, to develop a sound framework that paves way for effective anti-dumping regime in Zimbabwe. The study highlights the need for an overhaul in Zimbabwe’s anti-dumping system. This study also engages in a discussion of anti-dumping laws in the European Union (EU) and South Africa, both whom have developed anti-dumping systems, which Zimbabwe can learn from. In addition, EU used to be Zimbabwe’s largest trading partner, but has since been replaced by South Africa.

Thesis advisor: John E. Ebel / Large magnitude offshore passive margin earthquakes are rare, making small magnitude events (M < 4) the predominant data available to study the mechanisms of seismicity along passive margins. This study is focused on a swarm of events (M2.1-M3.9) that occurred from 2012-2013 located in the Gulf of Maine (GM) along the Atlantic Passive Margin (APM) shelf break, a region with previously minimal recorded seismic activity. Relative locations were calculated for the earthquakes of the GM swarm and a moment tensor inversion method was used to calculate focal mechanisms for the two largest events in the swarm. The results of the relative location method constrained a fault orientation to a strike of 243° ± 3° and a dip of 25° ± 3°. The focal mechanisms for the two largest events were determined to be oblique normal faults with steeply dipping planes at depths between 12-18 km. For the largest event (M3.9), the strike is 235° ± 1°, with a dip of 77.7° ± .8° and a rake of -116.5° ± 3°, and for the second largest event (M3.7) the strike is 259° ± 3°, with a dip of 78° ± 2° and a rake of -58.8° ± 7°. By mapping the spatial extent of the relative hypocenters, I infer a potential fault size of 2.7 km by 2.4 km. If this entire area were to rupture at once in the future, an earthquake of M4.9-M5.0 could occur, a magnitude not large enough to be tsunamigenic in the GM. Based on Gutenberg-Richter relations from the eastern APM, if a M7 can occur in the GM, its estimated mean repeat time is 2,120-22,800 years, and it could be tsunamigenic depending on the event’s proximity to the continental slope. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

A análise batimétrica e sísmica de alta resolução realizadas na Plataforma Continental Externa e Talude ao largo da Ilha de São Sebastião permitiu elaborar um modelo morfológico e sedimentar para região. A Plataforma Continental Externa apresenta uma morfologia extremamente irregular, com presenças de montiformas, escarpas e depressões erosivas. Estas feições e os seus sedimentos superficiais são de origem carbonáticas. Na região da quebra da Plataforma e Talude superior ocorre um intenso processo erosivo, causada pela ação da Corrente do Brasil ao longo do tempo, formando canais e escarpas na região. Ao longo do Talude observam-se inúmeras feições que estão distribuídas por faixas de profundidade. Nos setores mais rasos observam-se há presença de ondas de sedimento e pockmarks ativos e inativos. Abaixo dos 1000 metros as feições predominantes são os canais e depósitos contorníticos, como o Canal de Santos, que possui expressão regional, localizado paralelamente ao talude. Esses depósitos e canais contorníticos são formados e retrabalhados pela incidência das Correntes de Contorno Intermediária (CCI) e da Corrente Contorno Profunda, que sofreram variações ao longo do tempo. / The analysis of high-resolution bathymetric and seismic data from the Outer Continental Shelf and Slope in front of São Sebastião\'s Island allowed us to elaborate a morphological and sedimentary model for the region. The Outer Continental Shelf has an extremely irregular morphology, with the presence of montiforms, scarp and erosive depressions. These features and surface sediments are carbonate. In the shelf break and upper slope occurs an intense erosion, caused by the action of the Brazil Current through time, forming channels and scarps in the area. It was observed that the features over the slope are distributed by depth ranges. In shallower sectors was found active and inactive feature such as sediment waves and pockmarks. Below 1000 meters the predominant features are channels and contourite deposits such as Santos\'s Channel, which has a regional expression and is located parallel to the slope. The formation and rework of these features occurs by the incidence of intermediate boundary current (IBC) and deep boundary current (DBC) and their variation through time.

A análise batimétrica e sísmica de alta resolução realizadas na Plataforma Continental Externa e Talude ao largo da Ilha de São Sebastião permitiu elaborar um modelo morfológico e sedimentar para região. A Plataforma Continental Externa apresenta uma morfologia extremamente irregular, com presenças de montiformas, escarpas e depressões erosivas. Estas feições e os seus sedimentos superficiais são de origem carbonáticas. Na região da quebra da Plataforma e Talude superior ocorre um intenso processo erosivo, causada pela ação da Corrente do Brasil ao longo do tempo, formando canais e escarpas na região. Ao longo do Talude observam-se inúmeras feições que estão distribuídas por faixas de profundidade. Nos setores mais rasos observam-se há presença de ondas de sedimento e pockmarks ativos e inativos. Abaixo dos 1000 metros as feições predominantes são os canais e depósitos contorníticos, como o Canal de Santos, que possui expressão regional, localizado paralelamente ao talude. Esses depósitos e canais contorníticos são formados e retrabalhados pela incidência das Correntes de Contorno Intermediária (CCI) e da Corrente Contorno Profunda, que sofreram variações ao longo do tempo. / The analysis of high-resolution bathymetric and seismic data from the Outer Continental Shelf and Slope in front of São Sebastião\'s Island allowed us to elaborate a morphological and sedimentary model for the region. The Outer Continental Shelf has an extremely irregular morphology, with the presence of montiforms, scarp and erosive depressions. These features and surface sediments are carbonate. In the shelf break and upper slope occurs an intense erosion, caused by the action of the Brazil Current through time, forming channels and scarps in the area. It was observed that the features over the slope are distributed by depth ranges. In shallower sectors was found active and inactive feature such as sediment waves and pockmarks. Below 1000 meters the predominant features are channels and contourite deposits such as Santos\'s Channel, which has a regional expression and is located parallel to the slope. The formation and rework of these features occurs by the incidence of intermediate boundary current (IBC) and deep boundary current (DBC) and their variation through time.

A complexidade da avaliação de segurança em sistemas de potência vem se tornando elevada, principalmente devido ao aumento por demanda de energia elétrica. Diariamente são inseridas cargas de forma sucessiva nos sistemas elétricos, podendo este fato conduzir o sistema ao colapso, caso não haja um planejamento adequado que evite tal ocorrência. Visando evitar um cenário de instabilidade, metodologias de estudo relativas à determinação de máximo carregamento para sistemas elétricos de potência vem sendo estudadas e desenvolvidas. Apesar de apresentarem avanços, este trabalhos possuem limitações que os impedem de serem utilizados em estudos de pré-operação e até em tempo real nos centros de operação. Considerando estas limitações, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia direta e combinada para determinar o ponto de perda de estabilidade do sistema (a máxima transferência de potência, ou o aparecimento de bifurcações de Hopf), a partir de um sistema de equações diferenciais-algébricas. Esta metodologia engloba características fundamentais para os estudos supracitados como velocidade e robustez. Desta forma, um aplicativo computacional para a avaliação de segurança de um sistema de potência baseado na metodologia proposta foi desenvolvido contemplando a determinação da margem de estabilidade devido a bifurcações no sistema de forma eficiente e robusta. Para tanto, esta tese apresenta uma contextualização da necessidade desta ferramenta, realiza modificações na metodologia direta de determinação da margem de estabilidade devido a oscilações no sistema coma finalidade de elevar sua faixa de convergência e desenvolve uma metodologia direta para determinação de bifurcações Sela-Nó. Por fim, o aplicativo final foi validado, utilizando a ferramenta Organon, em diversos sistemas incluindo o sistema interligado nacional modificado, juntamente com a avaliação de uma lista de contingências para o mesmo. / Security assessment complexity in power systems is becoming higher primarily due to increased demand for electricity. Daily, loads are successively connected to the power grids, which can actually lead the system to the collapse, if there is no adequate planning to avoid it. To avoid an instability scenario, methodologies for the determination of maximum loading for a power system have been studied and developed. Inspite of their progress, these works have limitations that prevent them from being used in pre-operation studies and even in real time in operation centers. Considering these limitations, this work presents the development of a direct and combined methodology to determine the operating point where the system stability is lost (the maximum power transfer or the oscillations appearance due to Hopf bifurcation), through differential-algebric equations. This methodology includes fundamental characteristics for the aforementioned studies such as speed and robustness. Thus, a computer application for power system security assessment based on the proposed methodology was developed with the objective of determining efficiently the stability margin due to bifurcations in the system. Therefore, this thesis presents an overview of the need for this tool, as well as changes to the direct method of determining the systems stability margin due to oscilations, with the purpose of increasing its convergence range and develops a methodology for direct determination of saddle-node bifurcations points. Finally, the final developed application is validated, using the Organon tool, in several systems including the national interconnected system modified in which a list of contingencies are evaluated for this system.

A complexidade da avaliação de segurança em sistemas de potência vem se tornando elevada, principalmente devido ao aumento por demanda de energia elétrica. Diariamente são inseridas cargas de forma sucessiva nos sistemas elétricos, podendo este fato conduzir o sistema ao colapso, caso não haja um planejamento adequado que evite tal ocorrência. Visando evitar um cenário de instabilidade, metodologias de estudo relativas à determinação de máximo carregamento para sistemas elétricos de potência vem sendo estudadas e desenvolvidas. Apesar de apresentarem avanços, este trabalhos possuem limitações que os impedem de serem utilizados em estudos de pré-operação e até em tempo real nos centros de operação. Considerando estas limitações, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia direta e combinada para determinar o ponto de perda de estabilidade do sistema (a máxima transferência de potência, ou o aparecimento de bifurcações de Hopf), a partir de um sistema de equações diferenciais-algébricas. Esta metodologia engloba características fundamentais para os estudos supracitados como velocidade e robustez. Desta forma, um aplicativo computacional para a avaliação de segurança de um sistema de potência baseado na metodologia proposta foi desenvolvido contemplando a determinação da margem de estabilidade devido a bifurcações no sistema de forma eficiente e robusta. Para tanto, esta tese apresenta uma contextualização da necessidade desta ferramenta, realiza modificações na metodologia direta de determinação da margem de estabilidade devido a oscilações no sistema coma finalidade de elevar sua faixa de convergência e desenvolve uma metodologia direta para determinação de bifurcações Sela-Nó. Por fim, o aplicativo final foi validado, utilizando a ferramenta Organon, em diversos sistemas incluindo o sistema interligado nacional modificado, juntamente com a avaliação de uma lista de contingências para o mesmo. / Security assessment complexity in power systems is becoming higher primarily due to increased demand for electricity. Daily, loads are successively connected to the power grids, which can actually lead the system to the collapse, if there is no adequate planning to avoid it. To avoid an instability scenario, methodologies for the determination of maximum loading for a power system have been studied and developed. Inspite of their progress, these works have limitations that prevent them from being used in pre-operation studies and even in real time in operation centers. Considering these limitations, this work presents the development of a direct and combined methodology to determine the operating point where the system stability is lost (the maximum power transfer or the oscillations appearance due to Hopf bifurcation), through differential-algebric equations. This methodology includes fundamental characteristics for the aforementioned studies such as speed and robustness. Thus, a computer application for power system security assessment based on the proposed methodology was developed with the objective of determining efficiently the stability margin due to bifurcations in the system. Therefore, this thesis presents an overview of the need for this tool, as well as changes to the direct method of determining the systems stability margin due to oscilations, with the purpose of increasing its convergence range and develops a methodology for direct determination of saddle-node bifurcations points. Finally, the final developed application is validated, using the Organon tool, in several systems including the national interconnected system modified in which a list of contingencies are evaluated for this system.

For a long time determining the stability issue of characteristic polynomials has played avery important role in Control System Engineering. This thesis addresses the traditionalcontrol issues such as stabilizing a system with any certain controller analyzingcharacteristic polynomial, yet a new perspective to solve them. Particularly, in this thesis,Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is considered for a fixed structuredcontroller. This research aims to attain controller gain set satisfying given performancespecifications, not from the exact mathematical model, but from the empirical data of thesystem. Therefore, instead of a characteristic polynomial equation, a speciallyformulated characteristic rational function is investigated for the stability of the systemin order to use only the frequency data of the plant. Because the performance satisfactionis highly focused on, the characteristic rational function for the investigation of thestability is mainly dealt with the complex coefficient polynomial case rather than realone through whole chapters, and the mathematical basis for the complex case is prepared.For the performance specifications, phase margin is considered first since it is avery significant factor to examine the system’s nominal stability extent (nominal performance). Second, satisfying H norm constraints is handled to make a more robustclosed loop feedback control system. Third, we assume undefined, but bounded outsidenoise, exists when estimating the system’s frequency data. While considering theseuncertainties, a robust control system which meets a given phase margin performance, isattained finally (robust performance).In this thesis, the way is explained how the entire PID controller gain setssatisfying the given performances mentioned in the above are obtained. The approachfully makes use of the calculating software e.g. MATLAB® in this research and isdeveloped in a systematically and automatically computational aspect. The result ofsynthesizing PID controller is visualized through the graphic user interface of acomputer.

The LRIG1 gene (leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains-1) at chromosome 3p14 is a proposed tumour suppressor gene whose gene product negatively regulates various receptor tyrosine kinases. This function has been the basis for classifying LRIG1 as a potential tumour suppressor gene (TSG). The ERBB receptor family is important in malignant cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration and differentiation. In breast cancer, amplification of the ERBB2 proto-oncogene is an important negative prognostic factor. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1), is expressed in colorectal cancer and has been correlated to a worse prognosis. Until recently, immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR expression was used to select patients suitable for treatment with EGFR targeted antibodies. This thesis characterizes LRIG1 in breast and colorectal cancer to gain further knowledge of the gene and its expression. Also, the EGFR expression in metastases and the invasive margin of colorectal cancers was investigated to correlate changes to clinical factors. Breast cancer samples and matched normal tissues were evaluated for LRIG1 and the ERBB receptors at gene, RNA and protein levels. An increase in copy number of the LRIG1 gene was evident. Also, increased LRIG1 copy number was associated with high levels of ERBB2 mRNA. Another set of breast cancer tumours were analysed for LRIG1 by FISH analysis. The results were coherent with the previous results. To further analyze the correlation to ERBB2, tumours with LRIG1 increased copy number were analysed for ERBB2. The data showed that 89% of tumours with increased LRIG1 copy number were either ERBB2 amplified or had an increased copy number of ERBB2. To investigate LRIG1 and the EGFR in colorectal cancer, the gene and protein expression was analysed by several methods in tumours and corresponding normal tissues. There were no significant changes at gene level found, but at the protein level, both over- and under expression were seen. No evident correlation between LRIG1 and EGFR expression was detected. The ERBB receptor family expression in colorectal cancer tumours and corresponding metastases was investigated to explore if the expression was altered in the metastatic lesion. The results showed that the EGFR expression was lost in the corresponding metastases in 33% of the tumours and that the same percentage of tumours gained expression in the metastases. Co-expression of the ERBB family members was also analysed; there was a significant increase of ERBB3/ERBB4 co-expression in late stage tumours. EGFR expression at the invasive margin of colorectal cancers was analysed to clarify whether expression correlated to the patient’s prognosis. Significant correlation to survival and the presence of budding was seen. In conclusion, 34% of the breast cancer tumours studied had an increased copy number of LRIG1 with a significant co-incidental increase in ERBB2 copy number. This raises the question of a functional correlation between LRIG1 and ERBB2, a finding that might be of clinical importance. The studies of EGFR and the ERBB receptors in colorectal cancer reflect the heterogeneity of EGFR expression in tumours. In addition, these findings suggest that survival of the patients correlates to an increasing EGFR expression at the invasive margin.

This thesis is analysing the housing market situation in Malmö. The reason for the research is the always equally relevant choice between two types of housing- cooperative apartments and rentals. Cost and risk is compared between the two in order to see what accommodation is preferable from cost and risk aspects. A theoretical framework dealing with cost and risk associated to housing is the starting point of the thesis. Theory on different cost associated to the two types of housing is presented as well as risk aspects, such as market risk, credit risk and fluctuations in interest rates. The data used in the research is individual data from 993 households living in Malmö, providing the possibility to map out the cost and risk for the two types of housing and compare it to the housing market situation in Sweden.   At first glance it seems slightly more expensive to live in a rental compared to a cooperative apartment. However, when return on capital, risk premium and value change is included this first statement changes. The risk is slightly higher when living in a cooperative apartment than in a rental, due to higher risk associated to fluctuations in interest rate. However, the current initial economic situation is better for households in cooperative apartments than for households in rentals, implying that these households on average are more capable to handle the higher risk associated to changes in housing cost.

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