Les organisations possédant des infrastructures pour le calcul à haute performance rencontrent des difficultés dans la gestion de leurs ressources. Ces difficultés sont dues au fait que des applications de différents types doivent pouvoir accéder concurremment aux ressources tandis que les utilisateurs peuvent avoir des objectifs de performance variés pour leurs applications. Les nuages informatiques apportent plus de flexibilité et un meilleur contrôle des ressources qui laissent espérer une amélioration de la satisfaction des utilisateurs en terme de qualité de service perçue. Cependant, les solutions de nuage informatique actuelles fournissent un support limité aux utilisateurs pour l'expression ou l'utilisation de politiques de gestion de ressources et elles n'offrent aucun support pour atteindre les objectifs de performance des applications. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une approche qui aborde ce défi d'une manière unique. Notre approche offre un contrôle des ressources complètement décentralisé en allouant des ressources à travers un marché à pourcentage proportionnel tandis que les applications s'exécutent dans des environnements virtuels autonomes capable d'ajuster la demande de l'application selon les objectifs de performance définis par l'utilisateur. La combinaison de la politique de distribution de la monnaie et de la variation dynamique du prix des ressources assure une utilisation des ressources équitable. Nous avons évalué notre approche en simulation et expérimentalement sur la plate-forme Grid'5000. Nos résultats montrent que notre approche peut permettre la cohabitation des différentes politiques d'utilisation des ressources sur l'infrastructure, tout en améliorant l'utilisation des ressources. / Organizations owning HPC infrastructures are facing difficulties in managing their resources. These difficulties come from the need to provide concurrent resource access to different application types while considering that users might have different performance objectives for their applications. Cloud computing brings more flexibility and better resource control, promising to improve the user’s satisfaction in terms of perceived Quality of Service. Nevertheless, current cloud solutions provide limited support for users to express or use various resource management policies and they don't provide any support for application performance objectives.In this thesis, we present an approach that addresses this challenge in an unique way. Our approach provides a fully decentralized resource control by allocating resources through a proportional-share market, while applications run in autonomous virtual environments capable of scaling the application demand according to user performance objectives.The combination of currency distribution and dynamic resource pricing ensures fair resource utilization.We evaluated our approach in simulation and on the Grid'5000 testbed. Our results show that our approach can enable the co-habitation of different resource usage policies on the infrastructure, improving resource utilisation.

Market based instruments have become a common feature in country policies aimed at transitioning to low carbon economies. BRICS countries are responsible for approximately two-thirds of the global average of carbon emissions. These countries are under continuing international pressure to demonstrate leadership in their carbon emission reduction efforts.This research explored the implementation of market based instruments in Brazil, China, India and South Africa as they transition to low carbon economies and determined the elements and driving forces informing the selection of market based instruments. The research sought to achieve three objectives, the first objective was to establish whether market based instruments were regarded as a policy option for low carbon transition initiatives by these four countries. The second objective was to determine the drivers and sectors informing a selection of market based instruments. The third objective was to extract lessons from these countries for South African to consider in its low carbon transition.The research outcomes included a model of the interrelationship between driving forces for decisions to adopt market based instruments, targeted sectors that would be subjected to such mechanisms and the eventual combination of instruments that gets implemented. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

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A comparative assessment of market-based climate policy instruments –carbon tax vs. ETS– for emission reduction in the Mexican electricity sector is presented. Model-based scenarios of different tax and cap levels were simulated on an existing Balmorel partial equilibrium model populated with data from the Mexican electricity system. The simulation results served to compare the performance of both instruments according to economic criteria. The analysis was further developed with the empirical evidence obtained from international experiences with both instruments, allowing to conclude on the first-best normative instrument based on an economic approach. The assessment was complemented with a political feasibility perspective, through the development of an on-line survey and in-depth interviews with representatives of the relevant stakeholder groups within the country. The first-best instrument was not favoured by the stakeholders, but the study allowed to hint a second-best alternative with a better probability of being fully implemented. The results of this project are useful to guide the necessary debate surrounding the selection of the most appropriate carbon-pricing mechanism for emissions reduction in the country, in particular in the electricity sector. A wide-coverage carbon tax with no exemptions and with revenue-recycling mechanisms, gradually increasing to 15 USD/tCO2 would be the first-best instrument from the economic perspective. However, when complementing the analysis with the political feasibility perspective, the most appropriate instrument for emissions reduction in the Mexican electricity sector is an emissions trading system with the cap set as the conditional target of the INDCs, with auctioned allowance allocation and an auctioning floor-price, set at a similar but lower value than the equivalent carbon tax. Such an instrument is in line with the priorities of the stakeholder groups and would generate a stable price signal, allowing for the earmarking of carbon revenue, and would avoid exempting natural gas from carbon pricing.

The accountability of marketing investments continues to be a key area of concern for researchers and practitioners (MSI Research Priorities, 2008). In particular, market-based assets, specifically customer relationships, and their potential impact on firm performance are a significant source of interest. Though research in this area continues to grow, little is understood about how investments in human capital and the acquisition of alliance partners through factor markets relate to customer relationship management and the impact of customer relationships on performance. This dissertation presents two studies which, together, investigate how investments in market-based assets influence on abnormal stock returns. In the first study, the resource-based view of the firm (Barney 1991) is used to posit several hypotheses related to investments in human capital. The hypotheses are tested using ten years of data from the U.S. airline industry and analyzed using a mixed-effects methodology. Results indicate that investments in customer service personnel impact abnormal stock returns through their impact on customer relationships. Moreover, these investments tend to have decreasing returns in terms of their impact on customer relationships, and the relative strength of this relationship is shown to be contingent upon a firm's service delivery capabilities, advertising expenditures, and operating focus. This study helps clarify how market-based assets are managed, how investments in specific resources used to manage them relate to stock returns, and why the same dollar invested in human capital by different firms can lead to different levels of returns. The second study also takes a resource-based view of the firm and the management of market-based assets. From this perspective, alliances are considered as external resources acquired in strategic factor markets (Barney 1986) for the purpose of complimenting a focal firm's strategy and performance. This study investigates the long-term impact of alternative types of alliances and the potential impact of alliance partners' customer relationship management capabilities on a focal firms' performance. Just as in study one, ten years of U.S. airline data are used, and a mixed-effects methodology is implemented to test hypotheses. Results indicate that the direct benefits of horizontal marketing alliances tend to be positive, but dependent upon the extensiveness of the alliance. Furthermore, it is revealed that the impact of a partner's customer relationship management capabilities on a focal firm's performance is contingent upon whether the partner's capabilities are similar or dissimilar relative to the focal firm. In short, results indicate that when differences exist, the positive impact of a focal firm's customer relationship management capabilities can be reduced to almost zero if that firm allies with a less competent partner. Taken together, these studies tend to suggest that firms which learn to successfully manage investments in customer relationships may risk nullifying expected positive returns if they simultaneously select alliance partners which are less successful at managing such investments. Similarly, firms which are not able to improve their own management of customer relationships can potentially limit the potential negative consequences by allying with more able firms. In all, this dissertation helps address the accountability issue for marketers.

This thesis is a comparative analysis of the neoliberal market-based reforms and outcomes implemented in both the United States and Sweden during the latter portion of the twentieth century. This thesis highlights the impact associated with the implementation of the reforms then does a comparative analysis of the outcomes. This thesis seeks to uncover the impact of the reforms and the true nature of the reforms. Many classical sociological theories are used to analyze and contextualize the education reforms as a means to preserve existing social stratifications and societal norms and introduce the capacity for private access to public education funding. Theorists used for this thesis include Karl Marx, Max Weber, Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, Iris Marion Young, Stephen J. McNamee and Robert K. Miller. When analyzing these reforms through the lenses provided by the theorists, it is clear that government rhetoric associated with the reforms in both nations served as a disguise for other objectives, which this thesis shows.

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This dissertation introduces a new theory of practice for land planning in America based on behavioralism. It is called culture based incentive planning, or CBIP. The CBIP model and techniques are based on four pillars: cultural snesitivity, behavior analysis, engineered incentive regimes, and the tools of persuasion. CBIP is designed to provide an adaptable framework from which to approch regulatory reform in planning. The framework is applicable to the full range of planning implementation strategies from commond and control to market-based approaches. CBIP, as a systems model, has been engineered to create a cooperative rather than adversarial relationship between government and the regulated community by recognizing issues of cultural sensitivity, market response, and behavioral motivations. Under the model, effective implementation of planning objectives is directly tied to the role that incentives play in human behavior. Based on the foundation of incentive theory, CBIP integrates a variety of principles and techniques from applied behavior analysis and behavioral economics to align incentives that drive personal behavior with public planning objectives. CBIP utiliizes a variety of incentives in planning practice including economic, process, lifestyle, social, behavioral, and technical assistance inducements. / Ph. D.

No / During the subprime crisis, the FDIC has shown, once again, laxity in resolving and closing insolvent institutions. Ronn and Verma (1986) call the tolerance level below which a bank closure is triggered the regulatory policy parameter. We derive a model in which we make this parameter stochastic and bank-specific to infer the stock market view of the regulatory capital forbearance value. For 565 U.S. listed banks during 1990 to 2012, the countercyclical forbearance fraction in capital, most substantial in recessions, could represent 17%, on average, of the market valuation of bank equity and could go as high as 100%.