Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading are vulnerable to collapse and fragmentation. The objective of this thesis is to conduct experimental and analytical research for developing a blast retrofit methodology that utilizes polyurea. A total of four unreinforced masonry walls were constructed and tested under various shock tube induced blast pressures at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Two of the retrofitted walls had surface-sprayed polyurea. The results indicate that the use of polyurea effectively controlled fragmentation while significantly increased the load capacity and stiffness of masonry walls. Polyurea proved to be an excellent retrofit material for dissipating blast induced energy by providing ductility to the system and changing the failure mode from brittle to ductile. Single degree of freedom (SDOF) dynamic analyses were conducted as part of the analytical investigation. The results show that the analytical model provides reasonably accurate predictions of the specimen response.

Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading are vulnerable to collapse and fragmentation. The objective of this thesis is to conduct experimental and analytical research for developing a blast retrofit methodology that utilizes polyurea. A total of four unreinforced masonry walls were constructed and tested under various shock tube induced blast pressures at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Two of the retrofitted walls had surface-sprayed polyurea. The results indicate that the use of polyurea effectively controlled fragmentation while significantly increased the load capacity and stiffness of masonry walls. Polyurea proved to be an excellent retrofit material for dissipating blast induced energy by providing ductility to the system and changing the failure mode from brittle to ductile. Single degree of freedom (SDOF) dynamic analyses were conducted as part of the analytical investigation. The results show that the analytical model provides reasonably accurate predictions of the specimen response.

Les présents travaux, à caractère numérico-expérimental, visent à approfondir la connaissance relative au comportement de murs maçonnés, principalement ceux renforcés par matériaux composites vis-à-vis de sollicitations dans leur plan (flexion composée). Ils s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la réhabilitation du patrimoine bâti vis-à-vis du risque sismique notamment du fait de la reconsidération du zonage en France rendu depuis peu plus exigeant. Aussi, d'un point de vue technologique, cette thèse vise à apprécier, évaluer et hiérarchiser l'intérêt et les potentialités de solutions de renforcement mobilisant des matériaux composites, à base polymère ainsi que des composites textile-mortier de nouvelle génération, couplés à des ancrages mécaniques ayant vocation à mieux valoriser ce type d'options. Deux échelles d'analyse ont été retenues dans le cadre de la partie expérimentale. A l'échelle du matériau, dans le but de caractériser finement les matériaux constitutifs de la maçonnerie de briques de béton creux et de générer des jeux de données aussi pertinents que fiables, notamment en prévision de la modélisation numérique, des essais de compression uni-axiale et de push-out à l'échelle « réduite » ont été conduits et ont permis de souligner, en accord avec la littérature, la nécessité de tenir compte de l'interaction brique-mortier, de consolider la compréhension des mécanismes d'endommagement et de rupture des éléments de maçonnerie tout en mettant en lumière l'importance relative des dispersions obtenues. A l'échelle du composant de structure, une campagne expérimentale de flexion composée portant sur six murs, dont un mur témoin, a été conduite sous sollicitations de flexion composée dans le plan des murs avec pour impératif la nécessité de restituer les conditions limites et de sollicitations sous séisme, tout en limitant le champ de l'étude au volet statique monotone en vue d'éprouver les solutions valorisées (matériaux composites et ancrage).Cette partie a permis, audelà de la mise en avant des bonnes dispositions en termes de capacité portante, d'une part, de caractériser comparativement le comportement de ces éléments tant à l'échelle globale (déplacement, capacité de déformation et de dissipation d'énergie, etc.) qu'à l'échelle locale (endommagement, déformations localisées, etc.) via une instrumentation judicieuse, et d'autre part de cerner l'importance des ancrages mécaniques vis-à-vis des sollicitations étudiées. L'approche numérique, de type éléments finis, a été mise à profit dans un deuxième temps pour tenter de restituer le comportement des murs (à l'échelle locale et globale). Sur la base d'une lecture bibliographique critique c'est l'approche micromécanique qui a eu nos faveurs. La modélisation a été conduite en trois dimensions (3D) à l'aide du logiciel ANSYS. Ainsi, les briques et le mortier sont modélisés indépendamment mais liés parfaitement. Deux variantes ont été proposées pour la modélisation de la maçonnerie saine et leur adéquation a été évaluée. Le premier modèle s'appuie sur un couplage entre le modèle de béton d'Ansys en traction et un comportement multilinéaire en compression pour modéliser le mortier, les briques sont supposées pourvues d'un comportement élasto-plastique bilinéaire pour lequel la résistance en compression de la brique est le seuil de la phase élastique. Dans le deuxième modèle, plus en phase avec les constats expérimentaux, seul le comportement des briques est modifié en introduisant un comportement post-pic adoucissant. En ce qui concerne la modélisation des murs renforcés par matériaux composites, ces derniers (FRP et TRC) ont été considérés comme parfaitement liés au substrat de maçonnerie. Toutefois, si le renfort de type FRP est modélisé par un comportement homogène orthotrope, le TRC, rarement modélisé jusqu'à lors, est simulé via deux approches (homogène et hétérogène) dans le but d'apprécier leur pertinence... / This study, using both experimental and numerical approaches, will help to better understand the behaviour of masonry walls. It especially focuses on walls reinforced with composite materials under in-plane loading conditions. In France, more stringent seismic design requirements for building structures have taken effect. So, this research has been initiated in an effort to define reliable strengthening techniques. The selected reinforcement materials are (1) – fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strips using E-glass and carbon fabrics and (2) – an emerging cementbased matrix grid (CMG) system. The composite strips are mechanically anchored into the foundations of the walls to improve their efficiency. The experimental program involves different levels of analysis. Small-scale models of block masonry structures, carried out with less than ten bricks, are tested. The objective is to obtain a coherent set of data, characterizing the elementary components (hollow bricks and mortar) and their interface, in order to provide realistic values of the parameters required in the foreseen modelling. Shear bond strength has been obtained from triplets and 7-uplets and compressive masonry strength from running bond prisms. These experimental results improve the knowledge of the main damage mechanisms and failure modes of masonry but they suffer from high scattering. At laboratory (large) scale, six walls have been submitted to shear-compression tests - five of them are reinforced and the last one acts as a reference. All the walls share the same boundary and compressive loading conditions, which are chosen to ensure a representative simulation of a seismic solicitation. Nevertheless, masonry walls performances and anchor efficiency are only evaluated under monotonic lateral loadings. A comparative study on global behavior (displacements, deformation capacity, energy dissipation,…) as well as on local mechanisms (local strains, damage,…) is carried out and highlights in particular that strengthened walls exhibit a high increase in shear resistance. Moreover, a 3D finite-element analysis using ANSYS has been performed to help understand the behaviour of unreinforced and strengthened walls. A micro-mechanical approach is adopted: bricks and mortar are modelled separately and linked together by a perfect bond. The Ansys concrete model, capable of cracking, is coupled with a multi-linear plasticity model in compression to describe mortar joints. In a first attempt, bricks exhibit a bilinear behavior law where the brick compressive strength is the elastic threshold; but this model fails to reproduce the resistances of the strengthened walls. To compensate for these overestimations and capture the experimental resistances, a post-pic softening behaviour is preferred for the bricks. To model strengthened walls, all composite strips are supposed to be perfectly linked with the masonry and a linear elastic law is used for the FRP reinforcements. TRC strips are either described by means of a linear law or represented using a heterogeneous approach where matrix and textile grids are modelled separately. In this case, grids are represented using a smeared approach and are embedded within the matrix mesh. So, displacement compatibility is totally satisfied between the textile and the cementitious matrix. The proposed numerical model tends to underestimate walls capacity deformation but ultimate loads and failure modes are in coherence with experimental results. Finally, existing analytical methods have been applied to assess unreinforced and strengthened walls performances. The results are then compared with the experimental data and a critical review is proposed. Existing models could be refined by taking into account more realistic behaviour laws and by relying on energy approaches to better reproduce dissipative mechanisms of TRC materials

Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading are vulnerable to collapse and fragmentation. The objective of this thesis is to conduct experimental and analytical research for developing a blast retrofit methodology that utilizes polyurea. A total of four unreinforced masonry walls were constructed and tested under various shock tube induced blast pressures at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Two of the retrofitted walls had surface-sprayed polyurea. The results indicate that the use of polyurea effectively controlled fragmentation while significantly increased the load capacity and stiffness of masonry walls. Polyurea proved to be an excellent retrofit material for dissipating blast induced energy by providing ductility to the system and changing the failure mode from brittle to ductile. Single degree of freedom (SDOF) dynamic analyses were conducted as part of the analytical investigation. The results show that the analytical model provides reasonably accurate predictions of the specimen response.

The aim of the Diploma Thesis is a multifuncional building design. The Design Documentation deals with a four-storey multifunctional building. This multifunctional building is separately standing building. The building is designed as a newly constructed four-storey multifuncional building, without basement. The strucural system is desinged in a walled technology of POROTHERM system. Ceilings are made of prestressed concrete ceiling panels. The roof is shed, made of asphalt felts. The house will be founded on monolithic concrete continuous footing strips.

El problema más frecuente en los muros de albañilería se presenta en su deterioro debido a la exposición prolongada a la humedad que se manifiesta mediante daños drásticos en las unidades de albañilería sin recubrimiento, los cuales pueden ser pulverización, descamación y agrietamiento. En la actualidad, en la ciudad de Cusco, el sistema estructural de albañilería es el más empleado con un 96.67% de edificaciones usándolo. Estos se exponen a la humedad cuando la temperatura fluctúa entre congelamiento y descongelamiento, generado durante la temporada de lluvias y heladas manifestadas en la ciudad. Esta investigación se realizó mediante un proceso de cuatro fases. Primero, se realizaron los diseños de las mezclas de mortero de junta y revestimiento con proporciones de 5%, 7%, 10% y 30%, 40% y 50% de sustitución de agregado fino por perlas de poliestireno expandido, respectivamente. Segundo, se determinó la durabilidad de los morteros por medio de la resistencia a compresión de las muestras sometidas a heladicidad. En la tercera fase, luego de determinar los morteros con porcentajes adecuados, con la finalidad de validar las características de la propuesta, se elaboraron pilas de ladrillos para someterlos a ensayos de heladicidad y analizar el comportamiento en conjunto de los elementos de un muro de albañilería. Por último, se propuso un proceso constructivo para lograr rendimientos similares a los ya existentes en obra y se realizó un análisis de costo – beneficio, el cual compara la aplicación del mortero modificado y convencional en un muro de albañilería. Los resultados indican una disminución en la resistencia a compresión de 14.76 kg/cm2 en los prismas convencionales y un aumento de 1.88 kg/cm2 en prismas con mortero modificado. Lo cual indica que los prismas modificados, en ladrillo y mortero, incrementan su resistencia en un 4%. / The most frequent problem in masonry walls is in their deterioration, due to the prolonged exposure to moisture, that is manifested by drastic damage in the uncoated masonry units, which can be pulverized, flaking and cracking. Currently, in the city of Cusco, masonry constructions represent 96.67% of the total of constructions, and the presence of moisture in the walls occurs when there is variation of temperatures between the freezing and thawing cycles, generated by the rainy and freezing season that manifests in the city. This research was conducted through a four-step process. First, we made the designs of the joint and coating mortar mixtures with ratios of 5%, 7%, 10% and 30%, 40% and 50% substitution of fine aggregate with expanded polystyrene beads, respectively. Second, the durability of the mortars was determined by the compressive strength of the samples subjected to frost. In the third stage, after determining the mortars with appropriate percentages, to validate the characteristics of the proposal, Bricks piles were developed for ice-freezing testing and for analyzing the behavior of the elements of a masonry wall. Finally, a constructive process was proposed to achieve yields like those already existing on site and a cost - benefit analysis was carried out, which compares the application of modified and conventional mortar on a masonry wall. The results indicate a decrease in compressive strength of 14.76 kg/cm2 in conventional prisms and an increase of 1.88 kg/cm2 in prisms with modified mortar. This indicates that the modified prisms, in brick and mortar, increase their resistance by 4%. / Tesis