Previous studies have pointed out an interesting fact: the use of hormonal contraceptives modifies the partner preferences of women towards men more feminine and genetically less compatible. This master thesis first tried to experimentally verify whether these different preferences are reflected in real mate choice outside the context of the laboratory. It includes two studies comparing partner satisfaction and relationship dynamics in couples that have been formed under the influence of pills versus under the influence of the natural menstrual cycle. Study 1 includes 3116 mothers and was conducted through an online questionnaire. The second study collected representative data from 1605 Czech men and women aged 35 to 65 years representing the population of the CZ also through a hand-to- hand questionnaire. Study 1 confirmed the assumption in several ways: hormonal contraception users (during the mate choice) assessed their partners as less attractive and masculine compared with women who naturally cycled at that time. We also found their sexual satisfaction was reduced, however, they were more satisfied with non-sexual aspects of the relationship. In contrast to established hypotheses Study 1 found that the partnerships formed under the influence of hormonal contraceptives separated significantly...

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Animals display considerable phenotypic variation in their mating traits, and this variation can have important consequences for the evolution of dimorphic traits between the males and females within a species. In chapter 1, I outline the current state of our understanding of plasticity in reproductive phenotypes, and argue that more work needs to be done to connect the gap between plasticity in mating traits and the outcomes of sexual conflict. Across my four data chapters, I used the fruit fly as a model organism in series of experiments that attempt to better understand how plasticity in mating traits influences the fitness outcomes of both males and females. In chapter 2, I experimentally manipulated the outcome of a fighting experience, and found that males who win a previous fight have higher precopulatory reproductive success, but losers perform better in post-copulatory areas. In chapter 3, I manipulated the amount of competition that a male experiences and found that females mated to males who experience competition produce more early-life offspring but live shorter lives compared to females mated to males that experience no competition. In chapter 4, I manipulated the intensity of sexual conflict that a female experiences and found that males mated to females who experience high conflict have lower pre- and post-copulatory reproductive success compared to males mated to females who experience low conflict. In chapter 5. I manipulated the degree of sexual aggression that a female experiences, and found that females that experience harassment and mating from a male that displays high sexual aggression is subsequently less choosy compared to females that experience a less aggressive male. Finally, in chapter 6, I discuss the significance of my results as they relate to the evolution of reproductive traits in males and females. / Dissertation / Doctor of Science (PhD) / Considerable phenotypic variation exists both within and across species. Within species, one source of this variation is phenotypic plasticity, the ability for an individual to alter its phenotype based on environmental influences. When it comes to sex, both males and females in many species exhibit striking variation in their reproductive behaviour as a result of plasticity. However, the causes and consequences of this variation are not well understood. Throughout my doctoral dissertation, I used the fruit fly as a model to explore how various social experiences such as fighting, competition, sexual harassment, and mating shape the subsequent reproductive behaviour of males and females, and quantified the evolutionary consequences of this variation. The results of my studies have important implications for understanding the evolution of various behavioural strategies such as aggression and mate choice.

For a sexually reproducing species, the two major decisions facing all individuals are when and with whom to reproduce. When scaled to the population level, the outcome from all individual decisions determines reproductive variance, and age-class contribution to population growth rate. Both of these attributes determine a population‟s effective size (Ne), which is directly correlated with its fitness, persistence probability, and adaptability. The questions of when and with whom to reproduce, and their subsequent effects on Ne and age-at-maturity were assessed for wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations. Mating pairs were significantly size-assortative, with individual length accounting for 37% of the variation. This pattern of size assortative mate choice resulted in a reproductive strategy closer to monogamy than polygamy. Of all reproducing adults (n=157), 80% (n=126) produced only one full-sibling family, and only 6% (n= 9) contributed to more than two full-sibling families. The number of families and offspring contributed increased with length for both males and females. Comparison of the effective population size estimate to the adult census size (Nc) estimate returned an Ne:Nc ratio of 0.49 averaged over both populations. This value is nearly five times greater than the average reported across 165 (0.14) and 102 (0.10) different species. Age-at-maturity ranged from 0 to 2 years, with the proportion of age-0 and age-1 individuals maturing in a given year dependent upon growth opportunities determined primarily by environmental conditions. Mature fish were significantly larger than immature fish within an age-class, however, survival rates of mature and immature fish were similar. Furthermore, parental length did not influence offspring survival. These data suggest that the cost of early maturation is instead manifested through a reduction in egg number for females, and a reduced ability to acquire mates for males, both determined by an individual‟s size. Indeed, fecundity predicted by mean length of immature and mature fish within an age-class would result in mature fish producing an average of 38% (age-0) and 33% (age-1) more eggs than immature fish. These findings are discussed in the context of population persistence given the trend of increasing habitat fragmentation and looming climate change.

People choose partners based on different characteristics, however it is not clear whether they systematically choose partners with specific characteristics. It is also not clear what modulates partner preferences. One of the factors are parents, however the question is, whether parents influence all types of relationships (e.g. one-night stand, marriage etc.). The main objective was to analyze the consistency of mate choice in physical characteristics in heterosexual women. Another objective was to test paternal influence on the mate choice, and whether this influence differs among partners with whom women have children and partners with whom they don't. Last objective was to test whether the similarity between father and current partner influences the relationship and sexual satisfaction of the respondent. In total 693 heterosexual women, aged 18-45, participated in the research (average age = 30,7; SE = 5,9) and provided physical characteristics (weight, height, attractiveness, masculinity, eye color, hair color, facial masculinity, facial hair, musculature, BMI, relative height, body hair and leg length) of their father, current partner (with whom they had/were expecting children) and long term ex-partners (with whom they had no children), they completed the standardized questionnaire s-EMBU...

Au cours des 150 dernières années, l'évolution de la coopération n'a cessé d'intriguer les biologistes de l'évolution. Les comportements coopératifs, qui procurent un avantage direct au bénéficiaire, ne peuvent être sélectionnés que si, pour le coopérateur, les bénéfices directs et/ou indirects dépassent le coût. De nombreuses observations chez l'Homme et chez d'autres espèces animales suggèrent que les comportements coopératifs pourraient être maintenus par la sélection sexuelle. Pourtant, ce champ de recherche est quasiment inexploré, que ce soit chez l'Homme ou chez les autres espèces sociales. Afin d'examiner le rôle potentiel de la sélection sexuelle sur les comportements coopératifs, deux modèles biologiques ont été utilisés : l'Homme et la Souris glaneuse (Mus spicilegus). Chez l'Homme, la propension à coopérer a été quantifiée dans deux populations humaines (française et sénégalaise) principalement par des méthodes empruntées à l'économie expérimentale (jeu du bien public). Chez la souris glaneuse, l'investissement individuel dans la construction collective d'un tumulus pour l'hivernage a été mesuré en captivité. Les résultats soutiennent partiellement nos prédictions, à savoir : (i) que les individus coopèrent davantage en présence de partenaires sexuels potentiels, (ii) que les coopérateurs sont préférés comme partenaires sexuels, et que (iii) ces préférences conduisent à un appariement selon la coopérativité. De plus, ils suggèrent que des traits physiques (visuels, olfactifs, ou acoustiques) puissent être utilisés pour détecter la coopérativité d'un individu. Chez l'Homme, en particulier, des traits statiques du visage, dont au moins certains sont lisibles inter-culturellement, semblent impliqués. Enfin, une éventuelle association entre les comportements coopératifs et une hormone sexuelle, la testostérone, a été examinée. Pris dans leur ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que la sélection sexuelle pourrait être impliquée dans l'évolution et le maintien de la coopération et ouvrent donc la voie à de nouvelles recherches, examinant son influence dans diverses populations humaines, ainsi que dans de nombreuses autres espèces sociales. Mots clés : Coopération, Altruisme, Générosité, Investissement parental, Attractivité, Jeu du bien public, Choix de partenaire, Homogamie, signal de coopérativité et détection, Régulation hormonale, Testostérone. / Over the past 150 years, the evolution of cooperation has challenged evolutionary biologists. Cooperative behaviour provide a benefit to the recipient and can only be selected for if it also provides direct and/or indirect benefits to the actor that accepted the costs of the cooperative action. Many observations in humans and other animal species suggest that cooperative behaviour could be maintained by sexual selection. However, the hypothesis that sexual selection could be involved in the evolution of cooperation has not received much attention in the recent literature. In order to examine the potential role of sexual selection in cooperative behaviour, two biological models were used: humans and the Mound-building mouse (Mus spicilegus). In two human populations (French and Senegalese populations), cooperativeness was quantitatively measured, mainly by an economic game (the public good game). The spontaneous cooperativeness exhibited during collective mound-building for overwintering was assessed in captivity for Mus spicilegus. The results partly support our predictions: (i) individuals cooperativeness increase in the presence of potential sexual partners, (ii) cooperators are preferred as sexual partners, (iii) these preferences lead to assortative mating based on cooperativeness. Moreover, they suggest that physical traits (visual, olfactory, or acoustic) could be used to detect individual cooperativeness. In humans, static facial traits seem to be involved, and some of them appear to be inter-culturally readable. Finally, a potential association between cooperative behaviour and testosterone levels, a sex hormone, was examined. Together, these results suggest that sexual selection could be involved in the evolution and the maintenance of cooperation. Furthers studies are needed, in different human populations and in different social species, to further investigate the role of sexual selection in cooperative behaviour. Keywords: Cooperation, Altruism, Generosity, Parental investment, Attractiveness, Public Good Game, Mate choice, Homogamy, Detection, Signaling, Hormonal regulation, Testosterone.

Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.

Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.