Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal apresentar formulações do método dos elementos de contorno que contemplem as análises de placas considerando-se as não-linearidades física e geométrica e de placas enrijecidas considerando-se o comportamento não-linear físico do material. As equações integrais utilizadas são baseadas na teoria de Kirchhoff para flexão de placas delgadas, sendo o efeito não-linear geométrico modelado a partir da teoria de Von Kármán. Os efeitos não-lineares físicos são introduzidos no sistema a partir da consideração de um campo de tensões iniciais, com a avaliação das regiões plastificadas realizada a partir do critério elastoplástico de von Mises com encruamento isótropo linear e particularizado para o estado plano de tensão. A formulação dos enrijecedores é efetuada de forma alternativa, com o painel enrijecido considerado como um todo e submetido a campos de momentos e forças normais iniciais para induzir o ganho de rigidez. Apenas a parcela de enrijecimento na direção longitudinal do enrijecedor é considerada. O sistema de equações algébricas é obtido a partir da discretização estrutural com elementos de contorno isoparamétricos lineares. Para a consideração dos efeitos de domínio da placa são utilizadas células triangulares com funções de aproximação linear. Já as integrais no domínio dos enrijecedores são transformadas em integrais no contorno dos mesmos, com as variáveis escritas apenas no seu eixo longitudinal. Toda a solução do sistema não-linear de equações é obtida a partir de uma formulação implícita, sendo os operadores tangentes consistentes explicitados ao longo do trabalho. Por fim, vários exemplos são apresentados de forma a validar o correto desenvolvimento das formulações propostas. / In this work a boundary element method formulation to analyse plates with combined geometrical and material nonlinearities was presented. Additionally an alternative boundary element method formulation was presented to analyse material nonlinear reinforced plates. The boundary integral equations are derived based on Kirchhoff\'s theory. An initial stress field and von Kármán hypothesis are considered to take into account the material and geometrical nonlinearities, respectively. The elastoplastic von Mises criterion with linear isotropic hardening and particularized to the plane stress condition is considered to evaluate the plastic zone. The effects of the reinforcements are taken into account by using a simplified scheme based on applying an initial stress field to correct locally the bending and stretching stiffness of the reinforcement regions. Only bending and stretching rigidities in the direction of the reinforcements are considered. Isoparametric linear elements are used to approximate the boundary unknown values and triangular internal cells with linear shape functions are used to evaluate the plate domain value influences. The domain integrals due to the presence of the reinforcements are transformed to the reinforcement/plate interface. The nonlinear system of equations is solved by using an implicit scheme together with the consistent tangent operator presented along this paper. Finally, several examples are presented to confirm the correct development of the proposed formulations.

Sheet metal forming is used in a wide range of industrial processes ranging from tube manufacturing to automobile and aviation industry. It includes processes like stamping, bending, stretching, drawing and wheeling. In the past few years materials for sheet metal forming and, technology have improved a lot. The improved materials have higher strength and more ductility than conventional sheet steel and therefore they have to be worked differently. For such steels conventional methods can not be applied totally. So there is a need for constant improvement in technology. Trial and error method currently in use increases lead time and is not economic also. To overcome the problems, use of simulation software in metal forming processes has increased significantly. The rapid development of software technology accompanied with lower cost computer hardware have enabled many manufacturing operations to be modeled cost-effectively that only a few years ago would have been considered impractical. However there are some difficulties in simulation of sheet metal forming process. For example it is never an easy task to select the correct software for a particular process. Various authors ascribe different causes for the difficulties. Among them the prominent ones are lacunae in elasto-plastic modeling, material behaviour, involved complexities and a lack of good elements. Apart from that the demands of sheet metal processes are increasing both with respect to the tolerance requirements of the finished part and with regard to geometric complexity of the part to be formed. A few years ago finite elements have been developed using Papcovitch-Neuber solutions of the Navier equation for the displacement function. Among these elements PN5X1 has the abilities to predict both displacements and stresses accurately. And recently the element is extended to include material nonlinearity and is working well for the small deformation range. To use this element for sheet metal forming it is necessary that the element should predict correct results for large deformations. In the present work we have further extended this element for large displacements and large rotation. In the literature there are various algorithms recommended for use with large deformation. Among them we have selected a suitable algorithm and verified its usefulness. First we have taken a simple truss and applied loads to cause large deflection. We observe adequate convergence with the chosen algorithm and then we extend it to PN5X1. in large deformation analysis, equilibrium is computed about the deformed shape. In the chosen algorithm we apply incremental loading and within each load step loop we iterate for equilibrium. We ensure error free solution (equilibrium) before additional loading is introduced. With the help of flowchart these processes have been depicted. A computer program in C, based on the above incremental method and equilibrium check has been written. For the purpose of verification of the program, we have solved some benchmark tests. We start with linear cases and then attempt a number of geometric nonlinear problems like- cantilever subjected to end shear, pinched cylinder with open end etc. We have also included the classical benchmark problem of the cantilever subjected to end moment. The present algorithm gives solutions which are in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature. Finally, we look at some aspects of the problem which require further investigation.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal apresentar formulações do método dos elementos de contorno que contemplem as análises de placas considerando-se as não-linearidades física e geométrica e de placas enrijecidas considerando-se o comportamento não-linear físico do material. As equações integrais utilizadas são baseadas na teoria de Kirchhoff para flexão de placas delgadas, sendo o efeito não-linear geométrico modelado a partir da teoria de Von Kármán. Os efeitos não-lineares físicos são introduzidos no sistema a partir da consideração de um campo de tensões iniciais, com a avaliação das regiões plastificadas realizada a partir do critério elastoplástico de von Mises com encruamento isótropo linear e particularizado para o estado plano de tensão. A formulação dos enrijecedores é efetuada de forma alternativa, com o painel enrijecido considerado como um todo e submetido a campos de momentos e forças normais iniciais para induzir o ganho de rigidez. Apenas a parcela de enrijecimento na direção longitudinal do enrijecedor é considerada. O sistema de equações algébricas é obtido a partir da discretização estrutural com elementos de contorno isoparamétricos lineares. Para a consideração dos efeitos de domínio da placa são utilizadas células triangulares com funções de aproximação linear. Já as integrais no domínio dos enrijecedores são transformadas em integrais no contorno dos mesmos, com as variáveis escritas apenas no seu eixo longitudinal. Toda a solução do sistema não-linear de equações é obtida a partir de uma formulação implícita, sendo os operadores tangentes consistentes explicitados ao longo do trabalho. Por fim, vários exemplos são apresentados de forma a validar o correto desenvolvimento das formulações propostas. / In this work a boundary element method formulation to analyse plates with combined geometrical and material nonlinearities was presented. Additionally an alternative boundary element method formulation was presented to analyse material nonlinear reinforced plates. The boundary integral equations are derived based on Kirchhoff\'s theory. An initial stress field and von Kármán hypothesis are considered to take into account the material and geometrical nonlinearities, respectively. The elastoplastic von Mises criterion with linear isotropic hardening and particularized to the plane stress condition is considered to evaluate the plastic zone. The effects of the reinforcements are taken into account by using a simplified scheme based on applying an initial stress field to correct locally the bending and stretching stiffness of the reinforcement regions. Only bending and stretching rigidities in the direction of the reinforcements are considered. Isoparametric linear elements are used to approximate the boundary unknown values and triangular internal cells with linear shape functions are used to evaluate the plate domain value influences. The domain integrals due to the presence of the reinforcements are transformed to the reinforcement/plate interface. The nonlinear system of equations is solved by using an implicit scheme together with the consistent tangent operator presented along this paper. Finally, several examples are presented to confirm the correct development of the proposed formulations.

O trabalho trata da formulação e implementação numérica de modelos matemáticos do comportamento de estruturas considerando-se as não-linearidades física e geométrica. O equilíbrio na posição deslocada é formulado via Princípio dos Trabalhos Virtuais, empregando-se o método dos elementos finitos para a discretização espacial das estruturas e busca de soluções aproximadas. Inicialmente destaca-se com base no caso de treliças planas o emprego de medidas de deformação e tensão conjugadas energeticamente. Particularizando-se a formulação geral do equilíbrio para os pórticos planos apresenta-se uma análise crítica das formulações lagrangiana total e atualizada. Em seguida, tendo-se em vista aplicações às estruturas em concreto armado, aborda-se o comportamento não-linear físico pela mecânica do dano em meios contínuos, empregando-se os modelos de dano para o concreto propostos por Mazars e La Borderie. Estendem-se os estudos do comportamento estrutural não-linear físico (dano) e geométrico incorporando-se a análise dinâmica. Utiliza-se para integração no domínio do tempo o método implícito de Newmark combinado com o procedimento incremental e iterativo de Newton-Raphson. O amortecimento é levado em conta por meio da regra de Rayleigh. Exemplos consistindo de análises não lineares estática e dinâmica de estruturas reticulares planas compõem numéricas. Os resultados obtidos ilustram o desempenho e as potencialidades das formulações empregadas. / The formulation and numerical implementation of mathematical models of the structural behavior of plane frames considering material and geometrical nonlinearities are treated in this work. The Principle of Virtual Work is presented in order to characterize the equilibrium in the displaced position. The structure is discretized by the finite element method. Plane trusses analysis is performed in order to show how important it is to take into account the strain and stress tensors energetically conjugated. Being particularized, the general equilibrium formulation for the plane frames a critical analysis of the total and updated lagrangian formulations is presented. The material nonlinear behavior is modeled by continuum damage mechanics by using both Mazars and La Boderie\'s damage models. The nonlinear analysis is extended including the dynamic response of the reinforced concrete plane frames. The usual iterative Newton-Raphson technique is used combined with implicit Newmark method in order to carry out the integration at time. The damping is introduced by means of the Rayleigh\'s rule. Numerical analysis by a suitable computer program show the theoretical results considering static and dynamic response of plane frames.

A resistência à ruptura de materiais frágeis como o concreto de granulometria fina é fortemente dependente de sua heterogeneidade, do tamanho da amostra e da heterogeneidade das tensões. A partir de uma abordagem probabilista, fundamentada no modelo de Weibull, este trabalho trata da influência de tais efeitos sobre a resistência à tração de painéis compósitos formados por concreto de granulometria fina e telas soldadas. Desde que as armaduras se mantenham em regime elástico, mostra-se que o modelo de Weibull de dois parâmetros pode ser empregado com sucesso na previsão da ruptura dos painéis compósitos em estudo. Os parâmetros foram então identificados com medidas de ensaios de flexão em três e em quatro pontos de barras de concreto de granulometria fina de dois tamanhos diferentes. A utilização do modelo de Weibull confirmou, por outro lado, a validade da teoria de misturas como ferramenta para estimar as resistências de rupturas locais correspondentes a diferentes níveis de formação de fissuras / The rupture strength of brittle materials such as the microconcrete is strongly dependent on the microstructural heterogeneity, the sample size and the stress heterogeneity. Using a probabilistic approach, based on the Weibull distribution, this work deals with the influence of such effects on the tensile strength of composite panels formed by microconcrete and welded wire grids. Provide the reinforcements behaves in elastic regime, it is shown that the model of Weibull of two parameters can be used with success to predict the failure of the composite panels studied. The parameters were then identified from measurements of flexural tests in three and in four points of two different sizes of microconcrete samples. The feasibility of the Weibull model validates, as well, the rule of mixture as a satisfactory tool to estimate local failure strengths of related to different levels of cracking

Le comportement des structures en béton armé (BA) et en béton précontraint (BP) exposées au feu est une thématique de recherche importante en génie civil. Actuellement, le comportement de l'interface béton-acier à haute température et la simulation thermomécanique non linéaire des structures en béton sont des verrous à lever. Ces deux questions font l'objet de cette thèse. Après avoir fait un état de l'art sur le comportement à froid de l'interface béton-acier, un modèle à haute température est proposé ainsi que son intégration numérique dans le code de calcul ANSYS. Puis, les performances de plusieurs modèles non linéaires du béton ont été analysées. Finalement, des méthodologies de modélisation du transfert thermique et du comportement mécanique des structures exposées au feu ont été proposées et validées à travers des simulations d'essais / Behaviour of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures subjected to fire is an important research theme in civil engineering. Actually, steel-concrete interface behaviour at high temperature and nonlinear thermomechanical simulation of concrete structures are obstacles we need to solve. These obstacles are the subject of this thesis. After doing a summary of all studies concerning the steel-concrete interface, a behaviour model of the interface at high temperature has been developed and a numerical integration method of this model has also been proposed. Subsequently, non linear material models for simulating concrete have been analyzed. Finally, methodologies of modeling thermal transfer and mechanical behaviour of structures have been proposed and validated through simulations of experimental tests

The subject of this thesis is analysis of the plastic bearability of plates. The first part is dedicated to a description of pertinent theories. It is primarily a theory of material nonlinearity and plasticity, including a description of plasticity models, which are commonly used in engineering analysis. Next is the hinted theory of geometric nonlinearity and discusses the key principles of limit plastic bearability of plates. This thesis includes ultimate strength calculations of plates of selected shapes, their solution by both, a manual calculation and using computational software. The obtained values are subsequently evaluated. The appendices contain the procedures for modelling in the computational programs RFEM and ANSYS.

<p>Detta examensarbete har utförts på Fläktwoods AB i Växjö, som producerar stora axialfläktar för olika industriapplikationer. Syftet är att öka kunskapen om fettsmorda axiella kullager genom FE analyser.</p><p>Projektet har genomförts i fem delsteg för att avgöra påverkan av en eller några få parametrar i taget. De studerade parametrarna är: elementstorlek, kontaktstyvhet, last, lagergeometri (dvs. oskulation), ickelinjär geometri och ickelinjära materialegenskaper (dvs. plasticitet).</p><p>Slutsatsen är att elementstorleken bör väljas fint nog för att ge ett jämnt resultat men grovt nog för att beräkningstiden skal vara rimlig. Kontaktstyvheten har inte stor, men tydlig, inverkan på kontakttrycket och penetrationen. Förändringar av oskulationen leder till förändringar i kontaktellipsens form medan olika laster inte påverkar formen på ellipsen, utan snarare storleken. När det handlar om plasticitet är sträckgränsen den viktigaste faktorn att beakta.</p> / <p>This thesis project was carried out at Fläktwoods AB in Växjö who produces large axial fans for different industry applications. The purpose is to increase the knowledge of grease lubricated axial ball bearings through FE analyses.</p><p>The project was executed into five sub steps to determine the influence of one or few parameters at a time. The studied parameters are: mesh density, contact stiffness, load, bearing geometry (i.e. osculation), geometrical nonlinearity and material nonlinearity (i.e. plasticity).</p><p>It is concluded that the mesh density should be selected fine enough to give a smooth result but course enough to give a reasonable calculation time. The contact stiffness has not a major, but a clear, impact on the contact pressure and penetration. Changes of the osculation lead to changes of the contact ellipse shape and applying different load level does not affect the shape of the ellipse but rather the size. When dealing with plasticity the yield strength is the most important factor to take in consideration.</p>

Detta examensarbete har utförts på Fläktwoods AB i Växjö, som producerar stora axialfläktar för olika industriapplikationer. Syftet är att öka kunskapen om fettsmorda axiella kullager genom FE analyser. Projektet har genomförts i fem delsteg för att avgöra påverkan av en eller några få parametrar i taget. De studerade parametrarna är: elementstorlek, kontaktstyvhet, last, lagergeometri (dvs. oskulation), ickelinjär geometri och ickelinjära materialegenskaper (dvs. plasticitet). Slutsatsen är att elementstorleken bör väljas fint nog för att ge ett jämnt resultat men grovt nog för att beräkningstiden skal vara rimlig. Kontaktstyvheten har inte stor, men tydlig, inverkan på kontakttrycket och penetrationen. Förändringar av oskulationen leder till förändringar i kontaktellipsens form medan olika laster inte påverkar formen på ellipsen, utan snarare storleken. När det handlar om plasticitet är sträckgränsen den viktigaste faktorn att beakta. / This thesis project was carried out at Fläktwoods AB in Växjö who produces large axial fans for different industry applications. The purpose is to increase the knowledge of grease lubricated axial ball bearings through FE analyses. The project was executed into five sub steps to determine the influence of one or few parameters at a time. The studied parameters are: mesh density, contact stiffness, load, bearing geometry (i.e. osculation), geometrical nonlinearity and material nonlinearity (i.e. plasticity). It is concluded that the mesh density should be selected fine enough to give a smooth result but course enough to give a reasonable calculation time. The contact stiffness has not a major, but a clear, impact on the contact pressure and penetration. Changes of the osculation lead to changes of the contact ellipse shape and applying different load level does not affect the shape of the ellipse but rather the size. When dealing with plasticity the yield strength is the most important factor to take in consideration.

This research investigates wave propagation in an elastic half-space with a quadratic nonlinearity in its stress-strain relationship. Different boundary conditions on the surface are considered that result in both one- and two-dimensional wave propagation problems. The goal of the research is to examine the generation of second-order frequency effects and static effects which may be used to determine the nonlinearity present in the material. This is accomplished by extracting the amplitudes of those effects in the frequency domain and analyzing their dependency on the third-order elastic constants (TOEC). For the one-dimensional problems, both analytical approximate solutions as well as numerical simulations are presented. For the two-dimensional problems, numerical solutions are presented whose dependency on the material's nonlinearity is compared to the one-dimensional problems. The numerical solutions are obtained by first formulating the problem as a hyperbolic system of conservation laws, which is then solved numerically using a semi-discrete central scheme. The numerical method is implemented using the package CentPack. In the one-dimensional cases, it is shown that the analytical and numerical solutions are in good agreement with each other, as well as how different boundary conditions may be used to measure the TOEC. In the two-dimensional cases, it is shown that there exist comparable dependencies of the second-order frequency effects and static effects on the TOEC. Finally, it is analytically and numerically investigated how multiple reflections in a plate can be used to simplify measurements of the material nonlinearity in an experiment.