Les horloges circadiennes permettent aux organismes de synchroniser leurs processus physiologiques avec les variations périodiques de leur environnement telles que le cycle jour-nuit ou les cycles de prise alimentaire . Il n'est donc pas étonnant que les horloges périphériques des mammifères soient sensibles aux signaux de nourriture et soient capables d'ajuster les processus métaboliques (stockage et utilisation des ressources énergétiques) en fonction du status nutritionnel de la cellule. Or, notre style de vie moderne est caractérisé par une grande flexibilité au niveau des comportements alimentaire (heure des repas variable, grignotage, alimentation grasse,...) et cela est corrélé avec une forte augmentation de l'incidence des maladies métaboliques accompagnée de dérèglements de l'horloge. En particulier, les régimes high-fat entrainant de l'obésité sont associés à une importante perte d'amplitude des gènes d'horloge mais les mécanismes sous-jascents restent peu compris. Afin d'étudier ces questions, nous avons construit un modèle mathématique décrivant le couplage entre l'horloge du foie et les senseurs métaboliques SIRT1 et AMPK. Notre modèle reproduit précisément les données d'expression des principaux gènes d'horloge ainsi que l'effet d'une dérégulation de SIRT1 ou de l'AMPK. Dans ce modèle, l'activité de l'AMPK est considérée comme une mesure directe de l'alternance entre prise alimentaire et jeûne. Pour cette raison, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'effet de perturbations du rythme d'AMPK sur l'expression des gènes d'horloge. Le modèle montre qu'un amortissement du rythme d'AMPK donne lieu à une forte baisse d'amplitude dans l'expression des principaux gènes d'horloge et des niveaux de NAD+ similaire à ce qui est observé en régime high fat (ad libitum). Cela suggère fortement que les dérèglements de l'horloge observés dans ces conditions peuvent en bonne partie être expliqués par l'amortissement de l'activité de l'AMPK.Par ailleurs, des résultats expérimentaux récents (Hatori 2012) suggèrent une corrélation entre restauration de l'amplitude des gènes d'horloge et protection contre l'obésité en régime high fat. Le modèle permet de simuler l'administration pharmacologique d'un agoniste de l'horloge et montre que , suite un amortissement du rythme d'AMPK, l''amplitude des gènes d'horloge peut être restaurée mais uniquement si l'agoniste est administré à un moment bien précis de la journée. / To anticipate daily changes in their environment, most living organisms have evolved a circadian clock, which is synchronized to the diurnal cycle and orchestrates numerous biological functions. At organismal level, daylight is the main signal driving the clock. In multicellular organisms, however, clocks in peripheral organs respond to other cues. For example, the liver clock is primarily synchronized by fasting/feeding cycles and variations in the cellular metabolic state, as reflected by the NAD+/NADH and ATP/AMP ratios. To better understand the entrainment of peripheral circadian clocks by metabolic cycles, we have constructed a mathematical model of the mammalian circadian clock incorporating the metabolic sensors SIRT1 and AMPK. This model reproduces accurately experimental clock gene expression data from mouse liver in vivo and predicts correctly the effect of SIRT1 or AMPK loss-of-function. We used our mathematical model to investigate the response of the liver clock to various temporal patterns of AMPK activation, mimicking the effect of a normal diet, of fasting and of a high-fat diet feeding. Our results predict significant changes in clock gene expression and NAD+ time profiles between these situations. They suggest that the night peak in NAD+ level is due to circadian rhythms in NAMPT expression, while the day peak results from transient AMPK activation. Finally, we find that the loss of amplitude in expression rhythms observed when AMPK is depressed may be pharmacologically rescued using a timed REV-ERB agonist administration, suggesting strategies to fight against high fat diet-induced obesity.

No description available.

Impulsive differential equations are often used in mathematical modelling to simplify complicated hybrid models. We propose an inverse framework inspired by impulsive differential equations, called impulse extension equations, which can be used as a tool to determine when these impulsive models are accurate. The linear theory is the primary focus, for which theorems analoguous to ordinary and impulsive differential equations are derived. Results explicitly connecting the stability of impulsive differential equations to related impulse extension equations are proven in what we call time scale consistency theorems. Opportunities for future research in this direction are discussed. Following the work of Smith? and Hove-Musekwa on malaria vector control by impulsive insecticide spraying, we propose a novel autonomous vector control scheme based on human disease incidence. Existence and stability of periodic orbits is established. We compare the implementation cost of the incidence-based control to a fixed-time spraying schedule. Hybrid control strategies are discussed.

This thesis deals with a real application of econometric methods to the analysis of electric energy consumption in a significant Czech brewery. The main objective is to construct a model predicting the electric energy consumption in the production process in the next week based on various data measured in the last 2 years. Results will be used in the costs management of the company.

One of the products produced by Motorpal a.s. is a camshaft. Recently, the company signed a contract with Bosch company to produce new types of camshaft. The analysis of the impact of the contract on the production was made by simulation. To perform the simulation it was necessary to map the whole process. The simulation of the current state was made in the first phase. The results shew many uneffectivnesses in the process and lack of capacity of some workplaces. Some changes in the process were suggested and tested with the aid of the simulation. The best results were achieved when the single-item flow was used. In the second phase the production of a new type of camshaft was added to the simulation. Analysis of these results was divided into two parts. The new production was analysed in the first part and it was discovered that the planned capacites are very deficient. The impact of the new production on the current one was analysed in the second part. It shew that this impact is negativ, especially on the duration of production.

Orientador: Hyun Mo Yang / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Insituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T12:53:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_CintiaDalila_M.pdf: 1073130 bytes, checksum: c67bf91f276f3e8d7c75fa4f960e19a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Doenças infecciosas de transmissão direta causadas por microrganismos podem ser descritas por modelos compartimentais do tipo suscetíveis (X), infecciosos (H), infectantes (Y ) e recuperados (Z). Essas doenças são frequentes na infância, por isso a importância em se considerar a heterogeneidade etária. Além do mais, o risco de infecção pode depender da idade em que a doença é adquirida, como no caso da rubéola, que é uma doença geralmente benigna, mas que pode causar malformações no embrião em infecções nas mulheres grávidas. A heterogeneidade etária é considerada nas variáveis X, H, Y e Z e também na taxa de contato, ß, entre indivíduos suscetíveis e infecciosos dada por uma função contínua. Condições para a existência da solução não trivial do sistema são estabelecidas. Definimos um operador cujo ponto fixo é a solução da equação que representa a densidade de indivíduos infectantes na idade a. Definimos R0 como o raio espectral da derivada de Fréchét em zero deste operador. O modelo descrito é aplicado à rubéola e um ajuste dos parâmetros epidemiológicos é realizado com dados de número de casos da doença no México. Os efeitos da intervenção através da vacinação são estudados através do deslocamento da idade média de infecção / Abstract: Infectious diseases transmitted directly caused by microparasites can be described by compartmental models of the type susceptible (X), infectious (H), infective (Y ) and recovered (Z). These diseases are common in childhood, hence the importance in considering the heterogeneous age group. Moreover, the risk of infection may depend on the age at which the disease is acquired, as in the case of rubella, a disease that is usually benign but can cause embryo malformations in infected pregnant women. The heterogeneous age group is considered in the variables X, H, Y and Z and also in contact rate ß, between infectious and susceptible individuals given by a continuous function. Conditions for the existence of nontrivial solution of the system were established. We defined an operator which fixed point was the solution of the equation that represented the density of infective individuals in the age a. We defined R0 as the spectral radius of the Fréchet derivative of this operator at zero The model described was applied to rubella and an adjustment of parameters was performed with epidemiological data on the number of disease cases in Mexico. The effects of intervention through vaccination were studied by dislocating the average age of infection / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

No Brasil, a área de pastagens ocupa cerca de 180 milhões de hectares. Desses, 70 a 80 % são formados por gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria. O desenvolvimento dos sistemas de produção animal gera a necessidade de novos espécies ou cultivares forrageiros que se adaptem em diferentes condições de clima, solo e manejo. A intensificação desses sistemas exige do produtor ferramentas que o auxiliem no processo de tomada de decisão. Dentre essas ferramentas os modelos de simulação podem auxiliar o controle das etapas de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar informações sobre produção de forragem e características morfológicas de quatro genótipos de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Stapf (cultivares Marandu, Xaraés, Arapoty e Capiporã) e parametrizar modelos simples de predição da produção de forragem para esses cultivares, buscando assim associar características agronômicas e variáveis ambientais no processo de tomada de decisão. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (cultivares) e quatro repetições . No primeiro experimento com parcelas irrigadas, foram avaliados o acúmulo de forragem e a composição morfológica da forragem colhida a cada quatro semanas a 20 cm do nível do solo. No segundo experimento com parcelas em crescimento livre o acúmulo e a composição morfológica da forragem acumulada foram medidos aos 28, 42, 56, 70 e 84 dias de crescimento. No primeiro experimento, as maiores produções acumuladas em nove cortes foram de Arapoty e Capiporã com 8380 e 7130 kg MS ha-1 respectivamente, seguidos de Xaraés e Marandu, com 6210 e 5860 kg MS ha-1 respectivamente. Em crescimento livre, aos 84 dias, os cultivares não diferiram quanto à produção de forragem sendo que, após os 56 dias de crescimento o aumento de massa foi oriundo principalmente do maior acúmulo de hastes e material morto. Visando conciliar maior produção de folhas e menor produção de haste e material morto, Arapoty, Xaraés e Capiporã devem ser cortados quando apresentarem altura entre 45 e 50 cm. Marandu deve ser colhido com altura variando de 35 a 40 cm do nível do solo. O fotoperíodo foi um forte determinante da taxa de acúmulo de forragem dos cultivares. As temperaturas mínimas e médias do ar tiveram menor influência e a insolação não foi significativa. Os valores de R2 dos cultivares Arapoty e Marandu foram 0,64 e 0,59 para Tmin (temperatura mínima) e 0,50 e 0,41 para Tmed (temperatura média), respectivamente. Para os cultivares Capiporã e Xaraés, a influência da temperatura mínima e temperatura média na taxa de acúmulo de forragem foram mais pronunciadas, com R2 de 0,83 e 0,74 para Tmin e 0,53 e 0,63 para Tmed respectivamente. A análise comparativa dos modelos completos e reduzidos revelou coincidência entre os modelos de Tmin, Tmed, GD (graus-dia) e UF (unidades fototérmicas) para um nível de significância de 5%. Para os modelos de fotoperíodo (Nm) a análise demonstrou que os modelos não são coincidentes, indicando que para essa variável, a utilização de um modelo específico para cada cultivar fornecerá melhores estimativas para a taxa de acúmulo de forragem. No crescimento livre os modelos baseados em GD e UF mostram-se viáveis para estimativa do acúmulo de forragem, apresentando altos coeficientes de determinação. A análise comparativa desses modelos revelou que para as duas variáveis climáticas (GD e UF), os modelos específicos (completos) fornecerão melhores estimativas que os modelos genéricos (reduzidos). Quanto ao início do desenvolvimento reprodutivo, os cultivares podem ser classificados como: precoce (cv. Arapoty), médio (cv. Marandu) e tardios (Xaraés e Capiporã). Estudos devem ser conduzidos visando explorar as características morfológicas e fenológicas inerentes a cada genótipo, buscando acima de tudo, conhecer a ecofisiologia e entender os processos de crescimento, desenvolvimento e senescência. / Pastures make up for 180 million ha in Brazil. Of those, 70 to 80% are established with grasses of the Brachiaria genus. The successful development of new animal production systems would benefit from the availability of improved forages that are adapted to a range of conditions regarding climate, soil, and management. Intensification of these systems requires that decision-making tools are available to producers. Among these tools, simulation models may be useful in monitoring and controlling forage production. The objective of this research was to study forage productivity and morphology of four Brachiaria brizantha cultivars ('Marandu', 'Xaraés', 'Arapoty', and 'Capiporã') and to parameterize simple models to predict forage production, in an attempt to associate agronomic traits and environmental variables to support decision-making. Two experiments were carried out using a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (grass cultivars) and four replications. In the first experiment, irrigated plots were harvested every four weeks at 20 cm and the accumulated forage was characterized in terms of mass and plant part composition. In the second experiment a single regrowth was monitored and both forage mass and plant part composition from these unharvested plots were characterized on days 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 of regrowth. In the first experiment, total forage accumulation after nine harvests was greater for Arapoty (8380 kg DM ha-1) than for Xaraés (6210 kg DM ha-1) and Marandu (5860 kg DM ha-1), but not higher than that of Capiporã (7130 kg DM ha-1). In the unharvested plots, forage mass was not different across cultivars on the 84th day. After the 56th day, increases in forage mass were accounted for by increases in the stem and dead material components. In managing these grasses, if objectives include maximization of leaf proportion and minimization of stem and dead material, Arapoty, Xaraés, and Capiporã should be harvested at sward heights between 45 and 50 cm. Marandu should be harvested at sward heights of 35 to 40 cm. Daylength impacted herbage accumulation rates markedly, while the low and mean daily air temperatures affected that response to a lower degree. Solar radiation did not affect herbage accumulation rate. The R2-values of the prediction models for forage accumulation rates of Capiporã and Xaraés were 0.64 and 0.59 for the low-temperature (Tmin) model, and 0.50 and 0.41 for the mean-temperature (Tmed) model, respectively. On Capiporã and Xaraés, the impact of both Tmin and Tmed on the rates of forage accumulation was higher, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.74 for Tmin and 0.53 and 0.63 for Tmed, respectively. Comparative analyses of both full and reduced models showed coincidence among the Tmin, Tmed, GDD (growing degree-days), and PU (photothermal units), at the 5% significance level. The daylentgth (Nm) models were not coincident, suggesting that cultivar-specific Nm models are stronger predictors of forage accumulation rate than a single reduced Nm model. The GDD and PU models built with data from the unharvested plots were found to be good predictors of forage accumulation. Analysis showed that for both independent variables, cultivar-specific (full) models give better estimates than the reduced models. With regard to the initiation of reproductive development, Arapoty is an early cultivar, whereas Marandu is medium and Xaraés and Capiporã are late. Further research is needed in order to provide a better description of cultivar morphology and phenology, and, ultimately, to allow for a fuller understanding of the inter-relationships among growth, development, and senescence.

O efeito da heterose na produção de leite é de suma importância nos cruzamentos obtidos entre animais de raças europeias e zebuínas. Contudo, são inexistentes pesquisas que comprovem o efeito da heterose sobre os componentes da curva de lactação nos diferentes grupos genéticos da raça Girolando. Objetivou-se utilizar diferentes modelos matemáticos para melhor descrever a curva de lactação a fim de avaliar o efeito de heterose sobre os componentes da curva de lactação dessa população, bem como avaliar o impacto da inclusão do efeito da heterose no modelo sobre as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para produção de leite até 305 dias obtidas via método REML. Os modelos linear e não linear de Wood, Wilmink e Ali e Shaeffer foram ajustados aos registros produtivos de controles mensais, para posterior estimar forma individual e conjunta (média), o pico de lactação, tempo ao pico, persistência, produção total de leite até 305 dias e os parâmetros específicos dos modelos relacionados com curva de lactação (produção inicial e taxa de decréscimo da produção). Na comparação de todos esses modelos matemáticos quanto à qualidade de ajustamento foram utilizados os critérios RMSE, AIC e BIC No geral, observou-se que a qualidade de ajuste dos modelos diferiu conforme o grupo genético. Foi observado efeito de heterose (P<0,001) para a maioria dos componentes que compõem a curva de lactação, com exceção de algumas medidas de persistência. Dentre os componentes da curva de lactação, o pico de lactação foi o que apresentou efeito de heterose mais expressivo, explicando parcialmente a heterose (20% a 23%) observada na produção de leite até 305 dias. As estimativas de herdabilidade para a produção de leite até 305 dias ajustada ou não pelos modelos matemáticos não lineares quase não variaram (0,14 à 0,20). Verificou-se ainda que a maioria dos grupos genéticos apresentaram efeito de heterose para a produção de leite até 305 dias, porém os maiores efeitos ocorreram em vacas 1/2H com 1112,73 kg a mais em relação à média de seus pais puros. Assim, pode se concluir que os benefícios da heterose para a raça Girolando são evidentes e mostram ser mais relacionados com os componentes da fase inicial da curva da lactação refletindo na expressão da heterose para a produção de leite até 305 dias, principal característica da atividade leiteira. / The effect of heterosis on milk yield is fundamental in cross breeding between European breeds and zebu. However, there is a lack of studies on the heterosis effect of the components of lactation curve in the different crossbred genetic groups of Girolando Cattle. The objective was to use different mathematical models to better describe the lactation curve in order to evaluate the effect of heterosis on the components of the lactation curve of this population, as well as to evaluate the impact of the inclusion of the heterosis effect in the model on the estimation of the genetic parameters for 305-day milk yield obtained by REML method. Wood’s, Wilmink’s, and Ali and Shaeffer’s models were fitted to the monthly test day milk yield records, to estimate individual and joint (average) shape, peak yield, time to peak, persistency, 305-day milk yield and the specific parameters of the models associated to the lactation curve (initial stage of lactation and rate of decrease of production). RMSE, AIC, and BIC criteria were used in order to compare the quality of fit of the different mathematical models. In general, the quality of fit of the models differed in the genetic groups The effect of heterosis was significant (P <0.001) for most of the components that of the lactation curve, with the exception of some measures of persistency. Among the components of the lactation curve, the peak of lactation presented the most expressive heterosis effect, which partially could explain the heterosis (20% to 23%) on 305-day milk yield. Estimates of heritability for 305-day milk yield presented a low variation (0.14 to 0.20). Most of the groups presented heterosis effect for 305-day milk yield, but the highest effects were on 1/2H cows. The 305-day milk yield of 1/2H was 1112.73 kg higher than that in the average between parental pure breeds. Thus, it can be concluded that the benefits of heterosis to the Girolando breed are evident. The heterosis is associated to the components of the initial stage of the lactation curve, which is reflected in the expression of heterosis for 305-day milk yield, the most important trait of economic interest in Brazil.

This master‘s thesis describes problematics of mathematical models of tires for computer simulations. The goal of this thesis is to depict currently used models of tires and to compare them. Thesis describes brush type models, Fiala, Magic Formula (Pacejka), FTire, UA-Gim, 521 and DELFT. Those models are compared to each other by simulations carried out in software MSC ADAMS Car. The results are shown in figures with commentary and evaluation. This thesis serves as introduction to problematics of currently used mathematical models of tire in computer simulations.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the force loading of the front telescopic fork girder of the motorcycle and its impact on the structure of the girders. The force effect in fork storage is solved by a mathematical model in Adams View based on calculated and experimentally determined parameters. Managed to gather a series of data and parameters of the Triumph Daytona 955i. The created model achieves high accuracy in terms of motorcycle kinematics. The benefit of this work is to get an overview of the forces acting in the suspension of the front wheel of the motorcycle.