Interessado em fazer com que o seu capital gere lucros, o investidor ao optar por negociar ativos, fica sujeito aos riscos econômicos de qualquer negociação, pois não existe uma certeza quanto a valorização ou desvalorização de um ativo. Eis que surge o mercado futuro, em que é possível negociar contratos a fim de se proteger (hedge) dos riscos de perdas ou ganhos excessivos, fazendo com que a compra ou venda de ativos, seja justa para ambas as partes. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar os processos de Lévy de puro salto de atividade finita, também conhecido como modelo de Poisson composto, e suas aplicações. Proposto pelo matemático francês Paul Pierre Lévy, os processos de Lévy tem como principal característica admitir saltos em sua trajetória, o que é frequentemente observado no mercado financeiro. Determinaremos uma estratégia de hedging no modelo de mercado com o processo de Poisson composto via o conceito de mean-variance hedging e princípio da programação dinâmica. / The investor, that negotiate assets, is subject to economic risks of any negotiation because there is no certainty regarding the appreciation or depreciation of an asset. Here comes the futures market, where contracts can be negotiated in order to protect (hedge) the risk of excessive losses or gains, making the purchase or sale assets, fair for both sides. The goal of this work consist in study Lévy pure-jump process with finite activity, also known as compound Poisson process, and its applications. Discovered by the French mathematician Paul Pierre Lévy, the Lévy processes admits jumps in paths, which is often observed in financial markets. We will define a hedging strategy for a market model with compound Poisson process using mean-variance hedging and dynamic programming.

Interessado em fazer com que o seu capital gere lucros, o investidor ao optar por negociar ativos, fica sujeito aos riscos econômicos de qualquer negociação, pois não existe uma certeza quanto a valorização ou desvalorização de um ativo. Eis que surge o mercado futuro, em que é possível negociar contratos a fim de se proteger (hedge) dos riscos de perdas ou ganhos excessivos, fazendo com que a compra ou venda de ativos, seja justa para ambas as partes. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar os processos de Lévy de puro salto de atividade finita, também conhecido como modelo de Poisson composto, e suas aplicações. Proposto pelo matemático francês Paul Pierre Lévy, os processos de Lévy tem como principal característica admitir saltos em sua trajetória, o que é frequentemente observado no mercado financeiro. Determinaremos uma estratégia de hedging no modelo de mercado com o processo de Poisson composto via o conceito de mean-variance hedging e princípio da programação dinâmica. / The investor, that negotiate assets, is subject to economic risks of any negotiation because there is no certainty regarding the appreciation or depreciation of an asset. Here comes the futures market, where contracts can be negotiated in order to protect (hedge) the risk of excessive losses or gains, making the purchase or sale assets, fair for both sides. The goal of this work consist in study Lévy pure-jump process with finite activity, also known as compound Poisson process, and its applications. Discovered by the French mathematician Paul Pierre Lévy, the Lévy processes admits jumps in paths, which is often observed in financial markets. We will define a hedging strategy for a market model with compound Poisson process using mean-variance hedging and dynamic programming.

MASTER THESIS ABSTRACT TITLE: Trading Strategy in Incomplete Market AUTHOR: Tomáš Bunčák DEPARTMENT: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Charles University in Prague SUPERVISOR: Andrea Karlová We focus on the problem of finding optimal trading strategies (in a meaning corresponding to hedging of a contingent claim) in the realm of incomplete markets mainly. Although various ways of hedging and pricing of contingent claims are outlined, main subject of our study is the so-called mean-variance hedging (MVH). Sundry techniques used to treat this problem can be categorized into two approaches, namely a projection approach (PA) and a stochastic control approach (SCA). We review the methodologies used within PA in diversely general market models. In our research concerning SCA, we examine the possibility of using the methods of optimal stochastic control in MVH, and we study the problem of our interest in several settings of market models; involving cases of pure diffusion models and a jump- diffusion case. In order to reach an exemplary comparison, we provide solutions of the MVH problem in the setting of the Heston model via techniques of both of the approaches. Some parts of the thesis are accompanied with numerical illustrations.

Derivative pricing, and in particular the pricing of options, is an important area of current research in financial mathematics. Experts debate on the best method of pricing and the most appropriate model of a price process to use. In this thesis, a ``Switching Black-Scholes'' model of a price process is proposed. This model is based on the standard geometric Brownian motion (or Black-Scholes) model of a price process. However, the drift and volatility parameters are permitted to vary between a finite number of possible values at known times, according to the state of a hidden Markov chain. This type of model has been found to replicate the Black-Scholes implied volatility smiles observed in the market, and produce option prices which are closer to market values than those obtained from the traditional Black-Scholes formula. As the Markov chain incorporates a second source of uncertainty into the Black-Scholes model, the Switching Black-Scholes market is incomplete, and no unique option pricing methodology exists. In this thesis, we apply the methods of mean-variance hedging, Esscher transforms and minimum entropy in order to price options on assets which evolve according to the Switching Black-Scholes model. C programs to compute these prices are given, and some particular numerical examples are examined. Finally, filtering techniques and reference probability methods are applied to find estimates of the model parameters and state of the hidden Markov chain. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Applied Mathematics, 2003.

Cette thèse consiste en une série d'applications du calcul stochastique aux mathématiques financières. Elle est composée de quatre chapitres. Dans le premier on étudie le rapport entre la complétude du marché et l'extrémalité des mesures martingales equivalentes dans le cas d'une infinité d'actifs. Dans le deuxième on trouve des conditions équivalentes à l'existence et unicité d'une mesure martingale equivalente sous la quelle le processus des prix suit des lois n-dimensionnelles données à n fixe. Dans le troisième on étend à un marché admettant une infinité dénombrable d'actifs une charactérisation de la stratégie de couverture optimale (pour le critère moyenne-variance) basé sur une technique de changement de numéraire et extension artificielle. Enfin, dans le quatrième on s'occupe du problème de couverture d'un actif contingent dans un marché avec information asymetrique.

Derivative pricing, and in particular the pricing of options, is an important area of current research in financial mathematics. Experts debate on the best method of pricing and the most appropriate model of a price process to use. In this thesis, a ``Switching Black-Scholes'' model of a price process is proposed. This model is based on the standard geometric Brownian motion (or Black-Scholes) model of a price process. However, the drift and volatility parameters are permitted to vary between a finite number of possible values at known times, according to the state of a hidden Markov chain. This type of model has been found to replicate the Black-Scholes implied volatility smiles observed in the market, and produce option prices which are closer to market values than those obtained from the traditional Black-Scholes formula. As the Markov chain incorporates a second source of uncertainty into the Black-Scholes model, the Switching Black-Scholes market is incomplete, and no unique option pricing methodology exists. In this thesis, we apply the methods of mean-variance hedging, Esscher transforms and minimum entropy in order to price options on assets which evolve according to the Switching Black-Scholes model. C programs to compute these prices are given, and some particular numerical examples are examined. Finally, filtering techniques and reference probability methods are applied to find estimates of the model parameters and state of the hidden Markov chain. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Applied Mathematics, 2003.

Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-09T19:56:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissVSHS.pdf: 882234 bytes, checksum: f08aea79440ba666e616318257bbdec9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-13T14:05:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissVSHS.pdf: 882234 bytes, checksum: f08aea79440ba666e616318257bbdec9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-13T14:05:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissVSHS.pdf: 882234 bytes, checksum: f08aea79440ba666e616318257bbdec9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T14:05:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissVSHS.pdf: 882234 bytes, checksum: f08aea79440ba666e616318257bbdec9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The investor, that negotiate assets, is subject to economic risks of any negotiation because there is no certainty regarding the appreciation or depreciation of an asset. Here comes the futures market, where contracts can be negotiated in order to protect (hedge) the risk of excessive losses or gains, making the purchase or sale assets, fair for both sides. The goal of this work consist in study Lévy pure-jump process with finite activity, also known as compound Poisson process, and its applications. Discovered by the French mathematician Paul Pierre Lévy, the Lévy processes admits jumps in paths, which is often observed in financial markets. We will define a hedging strategy for a market model with compound Poisson process using mean-variance hedging and dynamic programming. / Interessado em fazer com que o seu capital gere lucros, o investidor ao optar por negociar ativos, fica sujeito aos riscos econômicos de qualquer negociação, pois não existe uma certeza quanto a valorização ou desvalorização de um ativo. Eis que surge o mercado futuro, em que é possível negociar contratos a fim de se proteger (hedge) dos riscos de perdas ou ganhos excessivos, fazendo com que a compra ou venda de ativos, seja justa para ambas as partes. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar os processos de Lévy de puro salto de atividade finita, também conhecido como modelo de Poisson composto, e suas aplicações. Proposto pelo matemático francês Paul Pierre Lévy, os processos de Lévy tem como principal característica admitir saltos em sua trajetória, o que é frequentemente observado no mercado financeiro. Determinaremos uma estratégia de hedging no modelo de mercado com o processo de Poisson composto via o conceito de mean-variance hedging e princípio da programação dinâmica.

傳統人壽保險契約之分析利用等價原則(principal of equivalience) 來對商品評價。即保險人所收保費之現值等於保險人未來責任(保險金額給付)之現值。然而對於權益連結壽險商品而言，其結合傳統商品之風險(如利率風險、死亡率風險等)與財務風險，故更增加其評價困難性。過去研究中在假設預定利率為常數與死亡率為給定的情況下，利用Black-Scholes (1973)評價公式推導出公式解。然而Black-Scholes評價公式是建構在完全市場上，對於權益連結壽險商品而言其已不符合完全市場之假設，因此本文放寬完全市場之假設來對此商品重新評價與避險。 在財務市場上，對於不完全市場(incomplete markets)下請求權(contingent claims)之評價與避險，已發展出數個不同評價方法。本文利用均數變異避險(mean-variance hedging)方法(Follmer&Sondermann ，1986)所衍生之風險極小化(risk-minimization)觀念來對此保險衍生性金融商品評價與避險，並找到一風險衡量測度(Moller , 1996、1998a、2000)來評估發行此商品保險人需承受多少風險。 / In this study, actuarial equivalent principle and no-arbitrage pricing theory are used in pricing and valuation for unit-linked life insurance policies.　Since their market values cannot be replicated through the self-finance strategies due to market incompleteness, the theoretical setup in Black and Scholes (1973) and Follmer and Sondermann (1986) are adopted to develop the pricing and hedging strategies. Counting process is employed to characterize the transition pattern of the policyholder and the linked assets are modeled through the geometric Brownian motions. Equivalent martingale measures are adapted to derive the pricing formulas. Since the benefit payments depend on the performance of the underlying portfolios and the health status of the policyholder, mean-variance minimization criterion is employed to evaluate the financial risk. Finally pricing and hedging issues are examined through the numerical illustrations. Monte Carlo method is implemented to approximate the market premiums according to the payoff structures of the policies. In this paper, we show that the risk-minimization criterion can be used to determine the hedging strategies and access the minimal intrinsic risks for the insurers.