"Uniaxial Cyclic Stretch-Stimulated Glucose Transport Is Mediated by a Ca2+-Dependent Mechanism in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells" Pathobiology, v.74, n.3, pp.159-168を、博士論文として提出したもの。 / 名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類:博士（リハビリテーション療法学）（課程）学位授与年月日:平成19年3月23日

Abstract Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are cardiac hormones, which are involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. The major determinant for ANP and BNP release are atrial and ventricular wall stretch, but also some vasoactive factors such as endothelin-1 (ET-1) can enhance cardiac hormone secretion. The mechanical stretch rapidly activates multiple signal transduction pathways in cardiac cells, but the cellular mechanisms mediating stretch-induced ANP secretion are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the cellular mechanisms of autocrine/paracrine factors and stretch-induced ANP secretion. Genistein, a potent protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, rapidly increased cardiac contractile force and ANP secretion in perfused rat heart. This effect of genistein may be unrelated to the inhibition of PTKs since this stimulation was blocked by a L-type calcium channel antagonist and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor. Pregnancy hormone relaxin increased heart rate and ANP secretion in perfused spontaneously beating heart, suggesting that relaxin may have a role in modulating cardiac function. Cellular mechanisms of atrial wall stretch-induced ANP secretion were also studied. This enhanced secretion was blocked by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin and PTK inhibitor lavendustin A, indicating that thapsigargin sensitive Ca2+ pools and activation of PTK orPTK cascade have an important role in the regulation of stretch-secretion coupling. In addition, protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid accelerated stretch-induced ANP secretion, suggesting that precise balance of protein kinase and phosphatase activity plays a role in mechanical stretch-induced ANP secretion. Finally interactions of endothelial factors regulating ANP exocytosis were studied. The potent nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME increased basal and atrial wall stretch-induced ANP secretion in the presence of ET-1, suggesting that nitric oxide may tonically inhibit ANP secretion.

Activation of cardiac fibroblasts is a key event in the progression of cardiac fibrosis that leads to heart failure. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying mechanical stress-induced cardiac fibroblast activation are complex and poorly understood. This study demonstrates that Pellino1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was activated in vivo in pressure overloaded rat hearts and in cultured neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) exposed to mechanical stretch in vitro. Suppression of the expression and activity of Pellino1 by adenovirus-mediated delivery of shPellino1 (adv-shpeli1) attenuated pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy and decreased cardiac fibrosis in rat hearts. Transfection of adv-shpeli1 also significantly attenuated mechanical stress-induced proliferation, differentiation and collagen synthesis in NRCFs. Pellino1 silencing also abrogated mechanical stretch-induced polyubiquitination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor association factor-6 (TRAF6) and receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and consequently decreased the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in NRCFs. In addition, Pellino1 silencing prevented stretch-induced activation of p38 and activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding activity in NRCFs. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays showed that Pellino1 silencing prevented the binding of NF-κB and AP-1 to the promoter region of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) thus dampening TGF-β1 transactivation. Our data reveal a previously unrecognized role of Pellino1 in extracellular matrix deposition and cardiac fibroblast activation in response to mechanical stress and provides a novel target for treatment of cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.

Actin stress fibers (SFs) are mechanosensitive structural elements that respond to applied strain to regulate cell morphology, signal transduction, and cell function. The purpose of this dissertation is to elucidate the effects of mechanical stretch on cell mechanobiology via the following three aims. First, a sarcomeric model of SFs was developed to describe the role of actomyosin crossbridge cycling in SF tension regulation and reorientation in response to various modes of stretch. Using model parameters extracted from literature, this model described the dependence of cyclic stretch-induced SF alignment on a two-dimensional (2-D) surface on positive perturbations in SF tension caused by the rate of lengthening, which was consistent with experimental findings. Second, the sarcomeric model was used to predict how stretch-induced pro-inflammatory mechanotransduction depends on the mode of strain application. Together with experimental data, the results indicated that stretch-induced stress fiber alignment, MAPK activations and downstream pro-inflammatory gene expressions are dependent on SF strain rate (and related changes in SF tension) rather than SF turnover. Third, to produce biocompatible materials that are both mechanically resilient under (physiological) load and also mechanosensitive, a novel hybrid engineered tissue was developed that transmits strain stimuli to cells residing in three-dimensional (3-D) collagen microspheres. However, the macroscopic stress is largely borne by a more resilient acellular polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel supporting the microspheres. Careful analysis indicated that cell alignment occurs prior to significant collagen fibril alignment.

Orientador: Hernandes Faustino de Carvalho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T18:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonioli_Eliane_D.pdf: 2188815 bytes, checksum: f2d0da35f06c89ebb912a05bcce1dc39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / resumo: As células musculares lisas (CML) são o principal componente do estroma prostático e desempenham um importante papel na manutenção da fisiologia do órgão, atuando na contração durante a ejaculação, na sua remodelação frente a neoplasias e/ou privação androgênica, na produção de fatores parácrinos e na síntese/degradação/reorganização da matriz extracelular, segundo um intrincado mecanismo de comunicação com as células epiteliais. Além disso, tem sido também proposto que a invasão tumoral depende de uma participação ativa das células estromais, inclusas as CML, na produção de metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) e/ou seus inibidores dentre outros fatores. O presente estudo investigou a expressão dos marcadores de músculo liso na próstata ventral de ratos após longo período de castração. Em outra frente de investigação foi analisado o efeito do estiramento mecânico no comportamento das CML in vitro. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as CML são afetadas pela privação androgênica. Embora demonstrem mudanças morfológicas, estas células expressam marcadores de músculo liso em nível de proteína (a-actina e cadeia pesada da miosina de músculo liso) e de RNAm (smoothelin, sm22 e calponina). Estes resultados suportam a idéia de que CML prostática pode modular o seu fenótipo (contrátil vs. sintético) sem alterar o estado de diferenciação. Sabe-se que a função primária das CML prostáticas está relacionada à contração do órgão e que isto impõe uma deformação mecânica sobre estas células. Por esta razão, resolveu-se investigar se haveria modulação do seu comportamento frente ao estiramento in vitro, sob condições controladas. Foi demonstrado que as CML diminuem a atividade proliferativa em resposta ao estiramento cíclico da mesma forma que ao estiramento estático. Em relação à expressão de proteínas relacionadas à atividade contrátil (a-actina e cadeia pesada da miosina de músculo liso), os resultados obtidos indicam que as CML respondem ao estiramento cíclico com um aumento na concentração destas proteínas o que poderia indicar hipertrofia celular, o que foi confirmado pela quantificação do conteúdo de F-actina por citometria de fluxo. Este efeito não foi observado frente ao estiramento estático. Os dois conjuntos de dados confirmam que as CML apresentam grande versatilidade fenotípica, respondendo de formas diferentes não somente a estímulos hormonais, mas também a variação na demanda funcional / Abstract: Smooth muscle cells (SMC) are the main component of the prostatic stroma and play important roles in the organ physiology, acting on the contraction associated with ejaculation and on the remodeling related to neoplasias or androgen deprivation, on the production of paracrine factors and the synthesis/degradation/reorganization of extracellular matrix components, after an intricate mechanism of intercommunication with epithelial cells. Besides, it has been proposed that tumor invasion depends on the active participation of stromal cells, including SMC, on the production of MMPs and/or their inhibitors among other factors. The present study investigated the expression of smooth muscle markers on the rat ventral prostate after long term androgen deprivation. Another set of experiments were designed to study the effect of mechanical stretching on SMC behavior in culture. The results demonstrated that SMC are affected by androgen deprivation. Even though the SMC exhibited morphological changes, they kept the expression of smooth muscle markers at the protein (SM a-actin and SM-MHC) and mRNA levels (smoothelin, sm22 and calponin). These results reinforce the idea that prostatic SMC modulate their phenotype (contractile vs. synthetic) without compromise the differentiation state. It is well known that the primary function of the SMC is the organ contraction and that it subjects the cells to mechanical deformation. For this reason, it was decided to test whether SMC modulate their behavior in response to mechanical stretching in vitro under controlled conditions. It was demonstrated that both cyclic and static mechanical stretches decrease SMC proliferation. On the other hand, cyclic stretching increased the concentration in SM-MHC and SM a-actin that could be associated with cell hypertrophy. To confirm this hypothesis, the F-actin content was measured through the intensity of FITC-phalloidin labeling by flow cytometry at the single cell level. The results confirmed that cyclic stretching caused a significant increase in cytoskeleton mass, what is compatible with cell hypertrophy. This effect was not observed after static stretching. The two sets of results confirm that SMC exhibit great phenotypical versatility, responding not only to hormonal stimuli, but also to functional demands / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Abstract During cardiac hypertrophy individual cardiac myocytes increase in size, which is accompanied by augmented protein synthesis and selective induction of a subset of genes. These phenotypic changes of myocytes are a result from altered intracellular signaling mechanisms and molecules. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene was selected as a target gene for the study of cardiac signaling mechanisms, since it is activated by mechanical, neural and humoral stimuli during myocyte hypertrophy. To generate hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes, neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were subjected to exogenous hypertrophic agonists such as endothelin-1 (ET-1) or to cyclic mechanical stretch. The role and regulation of transcription factors were studied by utilizing promoter analysis together with site-specific mutations and measurement of DNA binding activity and phosphorylation. GATA-4 mediated signaling was inhibited by blocking DNA binding with decoy oligonucleotides or by decreasing GATA-4 synthesis via adenoviral antisense delivery. ET-1 activated GATA-4 via serine residue phosphorylation, and this effect was mediated via p38 kinase. Similarly, GATA-4 binding activity was increased by ET-1 and mechanical stretch, but it was essential for activation of BNP gene only in the latter stimulation. Importantly, downregulation of GATA-4 protein levels prevented mechanical stretch induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes. In contrast, separate mechanism for an ET-1 specific signaling was composed of p38 kinase regulated ETS-like transcription factor-1 (Elk-1). Finally, the effect of mechanical stretch on endogenous endothelin-1 (ET-1) synthesis in cardiac cells was studied. Intrinsic ET-1 synthesis was activated in stretched cardiac myocytes, yet the levels of ET-1 were relatively low. This work suggests that GATA-4 transcription factor is required for mechanical stretch mediated hypertrophic program, and Elk-1 may act as a downstream effector of ET-1 in cardiac myocytes. Taken together, induction of ET-1 and BNP genes as well as activation of GATA-4 and Elk-1 transcription factors are regulated via a network of mitogen activated protein kinase pathways.

The potential of physiologically relevant in vitro cell culture models for studying physiological and pathophysiological phenomena has been widely recognized as replacements for animal and conventional in vitro models. To create models that accurately replicate the structure and function of tissues and organs, it is essential to comprehend the biophysical and mechanical features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and incorporate them into the in vitro cell culture models. Therefore, we first aimed to investigate how nanotopography can modulate cell behaviors by studying cell behaviors on nanostructures of various aspect ratios on a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy surface. We also explored the impact of nanofibrous membranes on the formation of alveolar epithelium, which is critical for lung alveolar interstitium chips. In addition, we investigated the effect of mechanical stretch on cell behaviors and focused on how the dimensionality of the stretch affects cell behaviors. To create physiologically relevant in vitro models based on our findings, we engineered a stem cell niche using a combination of nanofibrous membranes, mechanical stretch, and a soft substrate, and evaluated its impact on stem cell behaviors. Finally, we created a biomimetic human lung interstitium chip for application in physiological and pathophysiological in vitro studies.

We investigated the gestational expression of androgen receptor (AR) and defined its regulation and that of its co-repressors, PSF and p54nrb, by steroid hormones and myometrial stretch in vivo in pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Our data demonstrate that, 1) myometrial AR expression decreases prior to term; 2) AR expression is up-regulated by MPA treatment and down-regulated by mechanical stretch; (3) myometrial PSF protein expression is down-regulated by estrogen signaling and by mechanical stretch, and up-regulated by androgen signaling; (4) while myometrial PSF mRNA expression is also down-regulated by stretch, the regulation by estrogen and P4 on PSF mRNA appear to be opposite to the effects on PSF protein. We conclude that the decreased androgen signaling in late pregnancy (as a result of decreased AR and PSF expression mediated by hormonal and mechanical signals) may contribute to the mechanisms leading to labor initiation.

We investigated the gestational expression of androgen receptor (AR) and defined its regulation and that of its co-repressors, PSF and p54nrb, by steroid hormones and myometrial stretch in vivo in pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Our data demonstrate that, 1) myometrial AR expression decreases prior to term; 2) AR expression is up-regulated by MPA treatment and down-regulated by mechanical stretch; (3) myometrial PSF protein expression is down-regulated by estrogen signaling and by mechanical stretch, and up-regulated by androgen signaling; (4) while myometrial PSF mRNA expression is also down-regulated by stretch, the regulation by estrogen and P4 on PSF mRNA appear to be opposite to the effects on PSF protein. We conclude that the decreased androgen signaling in late pregnancy (as a result of decreased AR and PSF expression mediated by hormonal and mechanical signals) may contribute to the mechanisms leading to labor initiation.

Abstract Cardiac hypertrophy is the primary adaptive mechanism of the heart to increased workload, though when advanced, it becomes a leading predictor for heart failure and sudden death. The growth stimulus elicited by a hemodynamic load is attributable to a combination of mechanical and neurohumoral factors, but the precise roles of individual growth promoting components are still unclear. This study utilized atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as model genes with which to investigate the involvement and mechanisms of mechanical stress and peptide growth factors in hypertrophic response of cardiac myocytes. The direct effect of mechanical stretch was studied in two different in vitro models of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. In the first approach, hypo-osmotic swelling -induced stretch increased ANP mRNA levels in atrial cells. In the second model, cyclic mechanical stretch of ventricular cells grown on flexible membranes evoked ANP and BNP gene expression and secretion. The mechanisms of stretch-induced BNP gene expression were studied by measurement of the activities of transcription factors and by utilizing promoter analysis together with site specific mutations. Stretch activated the binding of the transcription factor GATA-4 similarly to pressure overload in vivo. Mutational studies revealed that specific GATA consensus sites on the BNP promoter, in combination with an Nkx-2.5 binding element, were critical for stretch-activated BNP transcription. Importantly, a reduction of GATA-4 protein levels inhibited the stretch-induced hypertrophic response. Both cyclic mechanical stretchin vitro and hemodynamic overload in vivo activated the expression of peptide growth factor bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). The effects of BMP-2 closely resembled those of mechanical stretch including the increase in the expressions of ANP and BNP. Furthermore, the BMP antagonist noggin inhibited the effect of stretch on ANP and BNP. Fibroblast growth factor 1 stimulated ANP synthesis and secretion in a protein kinase C dependent manner. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that mechanical stretch per se is sufficient to activate the hypertrophic gene program in cardiac myocytes. This effect seems to be at least partially mediated by the growth factor BMP-2 acting in a paracrine manner. The activation of the GATA-4 transcription factor, in cooperation with a factor binding to the Nkx-2.5 binding element, is essential for mechanical stretch-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. / Tiivistelmä Sydämen tärkein mukautumiskeino kohonneeseen työmäärään on sydänlihaksen kasvu. Sydänlihaksen liikakasvu on kuitenkin tärkein sydämen vajaatoiminnan ja äkkikuoleman ennustetekijä. Hemodynaamisen ylikuormituksen kasvua edistävä vaikutus on lukuisten mekaanisten ja neurohumoraalisten tekijöiden summa, jossa kunkin yksittäisen tekijän osuus on vielä epäselvä. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä tutkittiin mekaanisen venytyksen ja peptidikasvutekijöiden osuutta ja vaikutusmekanismeja sydämen liikakasvun synnyssä käyttämällä malligeeneinä sydämen eteispeptidiä (ANP) ja B-tyypin natriureettista peptidiä (BNP). Mekaanisen venytyksen välitöntä vaikutusta tutkittiin vastasyntyneen rotan sydänsoluviljelymalleissa. Osmolaliteetin muutoksella aiheutettu venytys lisäsi ANP:n lähetti-RNA-tasoja eteissoluissa. Venyväpohjaisilla kalvoilla kasvatettujen kammiosolujen syklinen venytys stimuloi ANP:n ja BNP:n geeniekspressiota ja eritystä. BNP:n geenisäätelymekanismeja tutkittiin mittaamalla transkriptiotekijöiden aktiivisuutta sekä geeninsiirtokokeilla hyödyntäen muunneltuja BNP:n geenisäätelyalueita. Venytys lisäsi transkriptiotekijä GATA-4:n sitoutumisaktiivisuutta samaan tapaan kuin painekuormitus koe-eläimillä. Tietyt BNP:n säätelyalueen GATA-sitoutumispaikat yhdessä Nkx-2.5:ttä sitovan elementin kanssa osoittautuivat tärkeiksi venytysvasteen kannalta. GATA-4 -proteiinitasojen vähentäminen esti venytyksen aiheuttamaa kasvuvastetta. Sekä syklinen mekaaninen venytys soluviljelykokeissa että hemodynaaminen ylikuormitus koe-eläimillä lisäsivät peptidikasvutekijä bone morphogenetic protein-2:n (BMP-2) geeniekspressiota. BMP-2:n suorat vaikutukset puolestaan muistuttivat läheisesti mekaanisen venytyksen vaikutusta, ANP:n ja BNP:n lisääntynyt geeniekspressio mukaan lukien. BMP-antagonisti noggin esti lisäksi venytyksen vaikutusta ANP:iin ja BNP:iin. Työssä osoitettiin myös, että fibroblastikasvutekijä 1 stimuloi ANP:n synteesiä ja eritystä proteiinikinaasi C:n välityksellä. Yhteenvetona tulokset osoittavat, että mekaaninen venytys itsessään riittää aktivoimaan sydänlihaksen kasvuun liittyvää geeniohjelmaa. Vasteen välittäjänä näyttää kuitenkin ainakin osittain toimivan paikallisesti tuotettu BMP-2. Edelleen, transkriptiotekijä GATA-4 yhdessä Nkx-2.5 -elementtiin sitoutuvan tekijän kanssa osoittautui välttämättömäksi mekaanisen venytyksen aiheuttamalle kasvuvasteelle.