Bakgrund Målet med intensivvård är att uppnå det bästa medicinska samt omvårdnadsmässiga resultatetutan komplikationer. Det har tidigare varit standard att djupt sedera patienter som erhållermekanisk ventilation. Intensivvårdspatienter kan idag vårdas på en intensivvårdsavdelningmed lättare sedering än tidigare vilket bidrar till kortare vårdtid på intensivvårdsavdelning samt minskad respiratortid för patienter. En lätt sedering underlättar för patienter och sjuksköterskan att kommunicera samt bygga en relation till varandra vilket bidrar till enbättre vård för patienter. Syfte Att undersöka patienters upplevelse av att vara intuberade samt lätt sederade på en intensivvårdsavdelning utifrån perspektivet vårdlidande. Metod En litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats användes för att söka, kritiskt granska samtsammanställa data från tidigare genomförda studier. Totalt inkluderades 19 vetenskapligaartiklar som kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av SBU:s granskningsmall för kvalitativa studier. Analysen gjordes utifrån Katie Erikssons teori om vårdlidande. Resultat Resultatet redogjordes utifrån fyra förutbestämda kategorier; Kränkning av patientersvärdighet, fördömelse och straff, makt och utebliven vård samt en femte kategori; Lindratvårdlidande. 10 subkategorier framkom ur resultatet som svarade på syftet. Slutsats Vårt resultat visar att vårdlidande är konstant närvarande. Brister i kommunikation, delaktighet och känslan av maktlöshet fortsätter att skapa vårdlidande för patienter. Närvaro av familj och att bli sedd som en individ framkom vara viktigt för patienter för att minska vårdlidandet. Ökad kunskap och förståelse kring ämnet gör att behov kan förutses och tillgodoses, vilket resulterar i minskat vårdlidande och ökad komfort för patienter. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan kan genom att vara lyhörd för patienters individuella behov tillsammans med standardiserade omvårdnadsrutiner minska vårdlidandet. / Background The goal with intensive care is to achieve the best medical and nursing care result without complications. It has previously been standard to deeply sedate mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive care patients can today receive care with lighter sedation than ever before which results in shorter time spent on a ventilator and at the intensive care unit. A lighter sedation helps patient and nurse to communicate and build a relationship with each other which leads to a better care for the patient. Aim To explore the patient experience of being intubated and lightly sedated in an intensive care unit from the perspective of suffering from care. Method A literary review with a systematic approach was used to search, critically analyse and comprise data from previous studies. In total 19 articles were included, and quality checked with SBU template for qualitative research. The analysis was based on Katie Ericsson’s theory of suffering from care. Result The findings emerged from four previously decided categories: Violation of patient's dignity, condemnation and punishment, control, lack of care and a fifth category that emergedduring the process, relived suffering. 10 subcategories were created from the result and answer the aim of the literary review. Conclusion The result show that suffering from care is constantly present. Lack of communication, participation and the feeling of being powerless continues to create suffering from care for patients. Having family present and being seen as an individual were helpful in easing the suffering of care. Greater knowledge and understanding about the subject makes it possible to foresee and fore fill needs, which would result in less suffering of care and a higher level of comfort for the patients. The intensive care nurse can trough being responsive for the patients individual needs, together with standardised care actions decrease the suffering of care.

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is widely used in spinal injury patients to compensate for respiratory muscle failure. MV is known to induce lung inflammation, while spinal cord injury (SCI) is known to contribute to local inflammatory response. Interaction between MV and SCI was evaluated in order to assess the impact it may have on the pulmonary inflammatory profile. Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized for 24 h and randomized to receive either MV or not. The MV group included C4–C5 SCI, T10 SCI and uninjured animals. The nonventilated (NV) group included T10 SCI and uninjured animals. Inflammatory cytokine profile, inflammation related to the SCI level, and oxidative stress mediators were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The cytokine profile in BAL of MV animals showed increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and a decrease in IL-10 (P = 0.007) compared to the NV group. SCI did not modify IL-6 and IL-10 levels either in the MV or the NV groups, but cervical injury induced a decrease in IL-1β levels in MV animals. Cervical injury also reduced MV-induced pulmonary oxidative stress responses by decreasing isoprostane levels while increasing heme oxygenase-1 level. The thoracic SCI in NV animals increased M-CSF expression and promoted antioxidant pulmonary responses with low isoprostane and high heme oxygenase-1 levels. SCI shows a positive impact on MV-induced pulmonary inflammation, modulating specific lung immune and oxidative stress responses. Inflammation induced by MV and SCI interact closely and may have strong clinical implications since effective treatment of ventilated SCI patients may amplify pulmonary biotrauma.

Rationale: Spinal cord injury (SCI) may induce significant respiratory muscle weakness and paralysis, which in turn may cause a patient to require ventilator support. Central nervous system alterations can also exacerbate local inflammatory responses with immune cell infiltration leading to additional risk of inflammation at the injury site. Although mechanical ventilation is the traditional treatment for respiratory insufficiency, evidence has shown that it may directly affect distant organs through systemic inflammation. Objectives: This study aimed to better understand the impact of invasive mechanical ventilation on local spinal cord inflammatory responses following cervical or thoracic SCI. Methods: Five groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetised for 24 h. Three groups received mechanical ventilation: seven rats without SCI, seven rats with cervical injury (C4-C5), and seven rats with thoracic injury (T10); whereas, two groups were non-ventilated: six rats without SCI; and six rats with thoracic injury (T10). Changes in inflammatory responses were determined in the spinal cord tissues collected at the local site of injury. Cytokines were measured using ELISA. Main results: SCI induced local pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 expression for all groups. Mechanical ventilation also had effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines and independently increased TNF-α and decreased IL-1β levels in the spinal cords of anesthetized rats. Conclusion: These data provide the first evidence that mechanical ventilation contributes to local inflammation after SCI and in the absence of direct tissue injury.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Masters of Science. Johannesburg 2012 / Background: The detrimental effects of prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) on the respiratory muscles, especially the diaphragm, are well documented and it is crucial that MV should be discontinued as soon as possible to prevent added complications and additional risks to patients with critical illness. The spontaneous breathing stage of MV can be managed as a rehabilitation and conditioning phase for the respiratory muscles due to the fact that the respiratory muscles are more active during this stage of MV. Weaning strategies that provide insufficient respiratory work, too high a respiratory muscle load or insufficient respiratory muscle rest may lead to respiratory muscle fatigue and consequently failed weaning and extubation. The aim of this research project was to develop an individualised continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) weaning programme and test its effects on the outcomes of extubation in the adult ventilated patient. Method: An experimental, prospective, non-randomised, sequential study of two groups of subjects was performed. Forty eight subjects [group one: n =24 (control) and group two: n = 24 (intervention)], who were mechanically ventilated for longer than 48 hours, in an open adult, general intensive care unit were recruited. Subjects in the control group were weaned according to the standard weaning programme of the test setting at the time; and those in the intervention group were weaned according to an individualised CPAP programme. This weaning programme was developed utilising three principles of muscle rehabilitation namely; daily stepwise progression, sufficient rest and recovery periods and adapted to the individual needs and progression of each subject. Objective measurements such as the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI), RSBI rate and the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) were used to determine the subjects in group two’s readiness for a spontaneous breathing trial. The primary outcomes assessed were time spent in the different stages of MV, rate of failure to sustain spontaneous breathing in stage 3 of MV, successful extubation and mortality rate. Results and Discussion: The difference in rate of failure to sustain spontaneous breathing between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.01) with 10 events of failure in group one and three in group two. The rate of successful extubation from MV between groups one and two was 70.8% and 91.7% iv respectively (p=0.52). The mortality rate was 33.3% for group one and 8.3% for group two (p = 0.02). The difference in the total time spent on MV (days) did not differ significantly (group one = 8.6 (± 0.40) days; group two = 9.3 (±0.32) days; p = 0.75). The results yielded from this study suggest that the use of a multidisciplinary team model and an individualised CPAP programme aids successful extubation from MV as the success rate was much higher in the intervention group than in the control group without adding additional time on MV. Conclusion: Results from this study showed that the implementation of an individualised CPAP programme during the spontaneous breathing stage of MV may improve the outcomes of extubation in adult ventilated patients.

Sleep is an essential component of optimal physiological and psychological functioning in humans. However, numerous studies have identified sleep deficits in patients within the critical care setting. Sleep deprivation has been shown to cause adverse effects including cardiovascular, respiratory, and endocrine variations, and altered psychological functioning such as cognitive dysfunction, decreased concentration, mood variability, and delirium. The critical care environment often contains stimuli that may be a causative factor in sleep alterations such as sleep deprivation, fragmentation or alterations in sleeping patterns. These environmental stimuli include noise, light, pain, discomfort, nursing care activities, medications, psychological stressors and underlying disease and have the capability to severely impact the quantity and quality of sleep in critically ill patients. The integrated research review identifies correlations between environmental stressors and sleep alterations in critically ill patients. Outcomes of interventions including earplugs and eye masks, behavior modification, complementary and alternative medicine and pharmacological considerations are examined. Additionally, implications for nursing education, research and practice are addressed. A current integrated research review incorporating nursing implications and alternative interventions could be significant to the provision of nursing care for the critically ill patient.

The biphasic cuirass ventilation (BCV) device is an alternative respiratory support device for patients with chronic respiratory failure. Considered by some a “forgotten” mode of supportive ventilation, the device is portable, lightweight, and easy to operate. Biphasic cuirass ventilation can also be used to rapidly resuscitate patients in acute respiratory distress and requires minimal technical skill to operate. Biphasic cuirass ventilation can be employed by the patient’s caregiver in the home setting, making it a viable alternative to other forms of mechanical ventilation (e.g., BiPAP) for patients enrolled in home hospice or palliative care. The article reviews current knowledge and aims to enhance awareness and encourage further study about cuirass ventilation, particularly with regard to its use in treating patients in the palliative care setting and in the home.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is in the center of the scientific debate both for its complex pathophysiology and for the discussion about the remedies that could contribute to its healing. The intricate interplay of different body systems that characterizes ARDS is mirrored by two main research threads, one centered on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and the other on the new approaches to lung imaging. In this Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine are presented studies using imaging technologies based on electrical impedance tomography, synchrotron radiation computed tomography and intravital probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy. The studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms pertain to the evaluation of the biomarkers of the disease and the platelet disfunction during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. These contributions witness the intensity of ARDS research as many of the key problems of the disease are only in part resolved.

Aims: The purpose of this thesis was to synthesize the current literature on alpha amylase as an emerging biomarker of microaspiration in mechanically ventilated patient. Methods: The methodology included a review and synthesis of pertinent research articles from 1981-2018, written in English language. Criteria for inclusion in the review were all articles that evaluated α- amylase in tracheal secretions or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) as a diagnostic tool for identifying microaspiration. The search yielded 11 studies that were reviewed. Findings: The findings suggest that once aspiration occurs, the duration of α-amylase in the lungs requires further exploration to assist in interpretation of positive values. After these values are identified they need be used consistently used throughout practice of mechanically ventilated patients. Inconsistencies in the defining parameters of α-amylase were used with the thirteen studies. Conclusion: Testing amylase levels can require financial stability, standardized training, and timeliness of collecting the specimen. Alpha-amylase is a biomarker of microaspiration. Further research should be conducted to evaluate the biomarker capabilities of α-amylase to assist in early identification and/or prevention of microaspiration in mechanically ventilated patients. Implications for nursing policy practice, education, and considerations for upcoming research of α-amylase were reviewed with limitations to the study.

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