Through historical and content analyses of war coverage, this study qualitatively addresses emotional quality, use of sources, and implied use of technology to better understand the tension between Vietnam and Afghanistan war correspondents and their military counterparts. Early American democracy aspired to give total freedom to its people. But the American military, in its quest to uphold the ideas of democracy, has often challenged the freedom of press clause set forth by the United States Constitution. Since the Vietnam era, the relationship between the military and the media has been plagued by questions of censorship, assertions of falsehood, and threats to national security. But it is the technological advancements in both reporting and combat techniques that have caused a disappearance of the nostalgic war coverage that American correspondents once prospered from. The possibility of returning to journalists' vision of unrestricted press access is all but lost due to such advancements.

Thesis "Selected aspects of the war news in Czech daily newspapers on the example of the war in Croatia" analyze approach Czech printed media to reporting on the war in Croatia. This work verifies the existence of selected journalistic routines, using by journalists when they reporting on military conflicts, that was emerged from the study of foreign research, through quantitative analysis of the front pages of Mladá fronta Dnes and Rudé právo from the years 1991 to 1995. The theoretical part of this thesis is devoted to news reporting, with an emphasis on the sociology of sources, then composes the theory of framing and finally assesses the role of the media in military conflicts. The practical part is a research project based on foreign research that evaluates the use of sources in war reporting and processes the anchoring of themes of conflict in Croatia with the use of quantitative analytical methods. The aim of the research is to obtain results related to the issue of informing the Czech media about the war, and their subsequent comparison with results of foreign researches on the issue of reporting on wars. Qualitative analysis complete the findings of quantitative research closer insight into the conflict, through the evaluation of using of specific frameworks within individual texts in...

The role of the media in inciting hatred and nationalist passions in the break-up of socialist Yugoslavia (SFRY) is a well-known and notable fact. The aim of the thesis is a selective comparative content analysis of Serbian and Croatian press during the break-up of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1990-1991 on the example of two daily journals, namely Zagreb's Vjesnik and Belgrade's Politika. It is a period closely preceding the military conflict after the declaration of independence of Slovenia and Croatia in June 1991. The intention of this work is to find out in what form the propaganda, as defined below, appeared in the selected press. The second task will then examine how its occurrence varied over time, depending on ongoing events. While the relationship of state power and media in this case is already well-known and has been the subject of research on a number of occasions, the selective content analysis should show what elements are used in particular to activate the public. The aim of this work will be to gain a segment of a complex image, analyze one type of medium and content component arguments used to support positions of state regime, national agitation and arousing hostility to opponents of current political power and their intentions, whether from the other...

Thesis (doctoral) - Universität, Giessen, 2005.

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The thesis Framing of News Photography in the Czech Press on the Example of the Civil War in Libya explores the visual coverage of the conflict by Czech print media. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the theory of framing. It also focuses on the role of media in armed conflicts, visual behavior of media, the specifics of war photography and its framing. Furthermore the thesis explores the important relationship between image and text. The research draws on extensive literature on media framing as well as foreign research and combines quantitative and qualitative analysis. The practical part is based on the theory of Johan Galtung and his concepts of war and peace journalism, which can be seen as two competing frames. One of the first visual quantitative analysis to apply Galtung's theory was carried out by Shahira Fahmy and Rico Neumann. This study was used as a basis for the thesis. The aim of the research was to determine what visual frames are used to cover the war in the Czech press. Quantitative research focused on three sets of characteristics - picture position and sources, content and formal elements and framing. The most important part of the analysis was to determine the roles of the individuals in the images. The roles were essential for determining of the frames. The purpose...

Cette thèse porte sur la presse clandestine au Liban, celle qui – non autorisée par l’État–fut publiée et véhiculée par les partis politiques belligérants durant la guerre au Libanentre 1975 et 1982.Elle étudie dans son ensemble la nature d’une sélection significative, non exhaustive,des publications les plus représentatives de cette époque, ses messages, pour aboutirà la compréhension du public et des moyens de distribution de ces écrits.Travail de première main, cette étude se base sur une recherche d’archives, qui seraplus tard approfondie par l’analyse de contenu, du langage, et de la sémiologiequand la publication le permet. Ainsi, nous repasserons en vue les périodiquesFalastine Assawra, Al Qaeda, Al Marouni, Loubnan et Sawt El Hakika pour mieuxsonder les points de vue sur les sujets traités ainsi que la façon de faire selon lavision de chacun.Ainsi, nous avons affaire à des instruments qui témoignent d’une étape cruciale etfondamentale dans l’évolution de la presse libanaise, notamment celle qui s’occupeessentiellement des zones de crise et des manifestations les plus humaines de laliberté de penser.On en conclura que la guerre est aussi bien médiatique qu’armée quand il s’agit d’unaffrontement d’idéologies, et que dans un pays multi confessionnel comme le Liban,l’histoire est non seulement un point de vue, mais une lutte de construction d'imagequi va plus loin que les faits. Michel Foucault le dit bien : "on a beau dire ce que l'onvoit, ce que l'on voit ne tient pas dans ce que l'on dit". / This thesis focuses on the underground press, or what is known as the clandestine press inLebanon, that was published and promoted by the belligerant political parties during thewar in Lebanon between 1975 and 1982. Noteworthy, these publications were notauthorized by the Lebanese authorities at that time.It analyses the nature of a significant selection of 5 of the most representative publicationsof that period, along with their messages, their readers and their different means ofdistribution.As a first study of its kind, this research is based on archival documents, which contect waslater handled with depth, thus analysing the language and the semiotics when thepublication permitted so. Accordingly, we chose to reflect the views of Falastine Assawra,Al Qaeda, Al Marouni, Loubnan and Sawt Al Hakika, examining the direction of thecommunication in each.Noteworthy, this reseatch deals with instruments that reflect a fundamental and crucialstep in the evolution of the Lebanese press. It is essentialy a means of communication usedduring times of crisis, serving political propaganda, sometimes agendas. Nevertheless,these publication a manifestation of the freedom of speech.We conclude that war is made with both arms and media, especially when it involves aclash of ideologies. It also teaches us tha in a multi- confessional country like Lebanon,history is not only a point of view, but also a clash for image-building that goes beyondfacts. Michel Foucault said it quite well: "we may say what you see, what we see does notalways stand out in what we say."

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The thesis "Framing of the conflict in the Middle East in Czech Daily Newspapers" explores how Czech print media report on the conflict in the Middle East through the analysis of Mladá fronta Dnes and Právo news coverage of the Second Lebanon War (2006) and the Gaza war (2008- 2009). The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the role of the media in times of war and focuses mainly on the popular even though somewhat fragmented concept of media framing, which became the basis for the analysis of the above mentioned newspapers. The research draws on the extensive literature on media framing as well as foreign research on framing of the Arab- Israeli conflict, combining quantitative and qualitative analytical tools. The aim of the quantitative part of the analysis was to obtain hitherto missing data about the framing of the conflict in the Middle East by Czech media that could be compared to similar data that are already available for foreign media. Quantitative analysis also focused on news sources and topics used while referring about the Middle East conflict. The purpose of the qualitative analysis was to gain a deeper insight into the problem and generate a list of specific frames used to interpret the conflict in the Middle East by Czech print media.

Diploma thesis "Changing of a Media Coverage of the Iraq War ("Second Gulf War") in a Czech press in the Period 2003-2008" deals with news media position and their activities during the Second Gulf War. The goal of the thesis is to explain the media power during the public opinion influencing. This is the reason why the theoretical part of the thesis deals with a propaganda, agenda-setting function of the mass media and media framing. The Iraq war was the reaction to the September 11th 2001 events and president Bush claimed the war against global terrorism. This is the reason why the thesis deals with sociology of terrorism and connection of terrorism and the news media. Influencing of a public opinion deals with an extensive propaganda campaign of the USA and the UK politics in connection with an agenda-setting function of the mass media by political and media agendas. The goal of the analytical part of the thesis is to find media framing in Czech daily newspapers called Mladá fronta Dnes and Lidové noviny. Quantitative and qualitative research combination is focused on the Second Gulf War changing of media coverage during the six year period started by the allied invasion to the Iraq and ending by George Bush leaving a presidency.