Call number: LD2668 .T4 1962 D38

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1959 J66

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1958 D45 / Master of Science

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Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / DPhil / Unrestricted

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 S876 / Master of Science

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Leland McKinney / Carryover of medicated feed additives between batches of feed can potentially result in harmful drug residues in the edible tissues of food-animals. Flushing the equipment with an ingredient, such as ground grain, is one method used to remove any residual medicated feed from the system. It is generally recommended that the quantity of flush used be between 5 and 10% of the mixer's capacity. However, there is little data that supports this recommendation. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to 1.)determine which manufacturing equipment is the major source of carryover, 2.)evaluate which flush size adequately prevents drug carryover, and 3.) quantify the interrelationship between flush size and drug concentration. In Experiment 1, feed medicated with nicarbazin (Nicarb 25%®; 0.0125%) was manufactured and conveyed from the mixer, through a drag conveyor and bucket elevator, and then into a finished product bin. The system was then flushed using ground corn in the amount of 2.5, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the mixer's capacity (454.5 kg). Subsequently, a non-medicated diet was conveyed through the system and samples were collected and analyzed for nicarbazin. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were detected among the flush treatments, and all treatments were effective in preventing nicarbazin carryover to the non-medicated diet. In Experiment 2, feed medicated with three levels of monensin (Rumensin® 80; 100, 600, and 1,200 g/ton) was manufactured and handled in the same manner as in Experiment 1. The flushing treatments examined were: 1, 2.5, and 5% of the mixer's capacity. Samples of the non-medicated diet for each treatment were collected and analyzed for monensin. There was significant interaction (P < 0.05)between drug level and sampling location between treatments. As the drug level in the medicated diet increased, higher concentrations of monensin were detected in the non-medicated diet. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that a 2.5%, even a 1% flush size, is effective in preventing carryover of medicated feed additives. It was also demonstrated that the bucket elevator and finished product bin were the major sources of drug carryover in this particular feed manufacturing system.

The theoretical part of thesis provides information on the biopharmaceutical classification system of drugs and its context in the research and development of pharmaceuticals. The methods used to increase the solubility and acceleration including electrospinning are presented. The experimental part is the pilot study on the evaluation of conditions suitable for dissolution testing of newly prepared nanofibers made from polyvinylpyrrolidone membranes with a high content (up to 35 per cent) gatrin as a substance poorly soluble in aqueous vehicles. The parameters of determination of gatrin by HPLC using C18 sorbent and a mobile phase of acetonitrile: phosphate buffer pH 8 were preliminarily evaluated as perfectly applicable to vehicle type-phosphate buffer pH 6.0. The same conditions were found to be in a severe collision with a polymer material of nanofibrous membrane during the dissolution evaluation or with acetonitrile in the mobile phase, an accurate determination of gatrin was not obtained in this case. These findings lead to the proposal to change the formulation of the nanofiber membranes using polymer different from polyvinylpyrrolidone (eg. hydroxypropylcellulose) or the replacement of acetonitrile for methanol at the mobile phase for HPLC. However, in all cases, all the analytically...

Existing research has shown that negotiated peace agreements are less likely to sustain an enduring peace in the aftermath of civil wars. A large proportion of research concentrates on the effects of either agreement design or agreement implementation on the likelihood of civil war resumption. Generally, existing studies fail to integrate design and implementation as separate parts of an interdependent process. Studies also tend to ignore the implication of preceding agreement design on subsequent implementation. This research develops an integrative framework that engages both the agreement design and implementation stages in the civil war peace process. It also examines the effects of third-party mediation on the durability of peace agreement in the aftermath of civil wars through its in uence on the quality of agreement design and implementation. The presence of third-party mediation helps to resolve future uncertainty and fear resulting from the \commitment problem" between war combatants, and thus makes peace agreements more durable. By using compiled data from the UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset, the Civil War Mediation (CWM) dataset, and the Power-Sharing Event Dataset (PSED), this research employs a Cox Proportional Hazards model to test the implication of design and implementation on the durability of postwar peace. The results suggest that the effect of mediation on peace durability is conditional upon the stages of the peace process. Peace agreements designed and implemented by mediators are more likely to sustain lasting peace. The results also indicate that not all implementation of power-sharing pacts, as promised in the design stage, can produce pacifying effects given the fact that implementing certain types of power-sharing pacts disrupts peace processes.

Orientador: Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:37:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rezende_RenataAntunesEstaianode_M.pdf: 1522270 bytes, checksum: a0ea23b47147c504a5e5f70c7a0d1fbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A piscicultura no Brasil tem crescido de maneira significativa ao longo dos últimos 20 anos, refletido pelo aumento da produção com elevadas densidades de estocagem. Com a intensificação da atividade aquícola, o surgimento de surtos causados por vários agentes etiológicos tornam-se cada vez mais freqüentes, dentre eles as bacterioses. Para combater o agente responsável por essas enfermidades, muitos antibióticos são utilizados de maneira ilícita, podendo, além de não apresentar efetividade durante o tratamento, causar letalidade aos animais e danos ambientais. Atualmente, o Brasil possui apenas dois antimicrobianos aprovados para uso na aquicultura: florfenicol e oxitetraciclina. A enrofloxacina (ENR) é um antibiótico largamente utilizado na medicina veterinária por apresentar elevado potencial de eficácia no tratamento de bacterioses. Porém, apesar de no Brasil ainda não ter uso regulamentado na piscicultura, muitos produtores acabam utilizando-a de forma ilícita, sendo adicionada à ração ou em banhos de imersão. Esses procedimentos de administração favorecem a perda do fármaco por meio da lixiviação, promovem a mudança do ecossistema aquático, além de prejudicar a saúde animal e do consumidor. Possíveis alternativas para facilitar a administração da ENR, minimizando os problemas causados no meio ambiente, são os revestimentos na ração, um dos mais antigos processos farmacêuticos ainda existentes e com grande aplicabilidade em diversos segmentos. Para a formação desses revestimentos, os polímeros utilizados precisam ser compatíveis com as características químicas e físico-químicas do fármaco, garantindo homogeneidade ao produto final e redução de perda do medicamento ao longo do tempo de administração da ração. Para tanto, faz-se necessário o revestimento da ração medicada seguida da avaliação das taxas de lixiviação, a fim de avaliar as perdas do fármaco para o ambiente. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessária a disponibilidade de um método analítico devidamente validado que garanta a determinação do teor, antes e depois do processo de lixiviação da ração medicada. O método desenvolvido para quantificação da ENR na ração foi baseado na técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos (HPLC-DAD). O método foi validado considerando os seguintes parâmetros: linearidade, sensibilidade, seletividade, precisão intradia e interdias, exatidão, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram conformidade com as recomendações dos guias de validação da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA, 2003) e do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA, 2010), indicando que o método é apropriado para a determinação de ENR na ração medicada. O revestimento da ração medicada tanto com 0,5 % quanto com 2,0 % de polivinilpirrolidona (PVP-K30) reduziu a taxa de lixiviação da ENR na ração para a água, porém essa taxa de redução depende significativamente (p<0,05) da temperatura e do tempo de permanência da ração na água / Abstract: Fish farming in Brazil has grown significantly over the past 20 years, reflected by increased production at high stocking densities. With the intensification of aquaculture, the emergence of outbreaks caused by various etiological agents becomes increasingly frequent, including the bacterial diseases. To combat the agents responsible for those diseases, many antibiotics are used illicitly. Nonetheless, in addition to the possibility of no effectiveness during treatment, they can induce lethality to the animals and cause environmental damage. Currently, Brazil has only two antimicrobials approved for use in aquaculture: florfenicol and oxytetracycline. Enrofloxacin (ENR) is an antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine for presenting a high potential for efficacy in treating bacterial diseases. However, although in Brazil it is not yet regulated for use in fish farming, many farmers use it unlawfully, being added to the feed or by immersion baths. These procedures favor the drug loss through leaching from the feed, induce changes at the aquatic ecosystem, and endanger consumer and animal health. Possible alternatives to facilitate the administration of ENR, minimizing the problems caused in the environment are the feed coating, one of the oldest processes still exist with great applicability in several pharmaceutical segments. For the coating, polymers must be compatible with the chemical end physic-chemical characteristics of the drug, ensuring homogeneity of the final product and reduction of drug loss over time of feed administration. For this purpose, after coating the medicated feed becomes necessary to evaluate the leaching rate of the drug from the feed. To accomplish this it is required to develop and validate an analytical method that guarantees the determination of the drug content, before and after the leaching process of the medicated feed. The method for quantification of ENR in the feed was based on the technique of high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The method was validated considering the following parameters: linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, detection and quantification limits. The results showed compliance with the recommendations from the validation guide of the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA, 2003) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA, 2010), indicating that the method is suitable for the ENR determination on the medicated feed. The coating of the medicated feed with both: 0.5% and 2.0% polivinilpirrolydone (PVP-K30) reduced the leaching rate of the ENR from the feed to the water. However, the leaching rate reduction depends significantly (p<0.05) on the water temperature, as well as on the time residence of the feed in the water / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos