Combat medics’ personal identities can become indistinguishable from the professional responsibility they have to provide care to a particular group, as a result of the official training and unofficial acculturation they receive in the military. This constructs an intensified moral world in which medics live for a time and sets the stage for a specific kind of moral experience in combat, one grounded in a sense of personal responsibility for the physical well-being of their comrades. When combat medics are unable to fulfill their professional role, this can cause a distinct form of moral trauma, because they have also failed to fulfill a personal sense of purpose.

Main topic of this thesis is Czech doctors in Austro-Hungarian army since the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the end of the First World War. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on development of Austro- Hungarian medical service and military medical corps. The second part is concerned with the manner a military doctor was perceived by his surroundings. It also explores how the doctor perceived himself. The third part decsribes the Czech civilian doctors' view of the army and its military doctors. Furthermore, it focuses on the attitude of civilian doctors to the army, war and Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the First World War (1914-1918).

Main topic of this thesis is Czech doctors in Austro-Hungarian army since the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the end of the First World War. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the development of Austro-Hungarian medical service and military medical corps. The second part is concerned with the manner a military doctor was perceived by his surroundings. It also explores how the doctor perceived himself. The third part centers on the relationships between civilian and military doctors and civilian and military medicine. The fourth part describes the Czech civilian doctors' view of the army and its military doctors. Furthermore, it focuses on the attitude of civilian doctors to the army, war and Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the First World War (1914-1918).

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Simulation for surgical education and training is increasingly perceived as a valuable contribution to traditional teaching methods providing a structured learning experience. Surgical simulations allow surgeons to practice tactics, techniques and procedures numerous times without the cost, limitations and ethical problems of using cadaver-based models. The goal of this research is to advance the use of modeling and simulation in support of emergency medical training. This research explores questions identified through a case study of two different modeling and simulation techniques – virtual reality and mannequins - in the support of combat emergency medical education and training. To reduce the scope to a manageable dissertation, the research focuses on CricSim as representative form of virtual reality simulation and HapMed as a form of mannequin simulation both with hapticenabled capabilities. To further narrow the scope, the research focuses on training of a medical technique common to both simulation systems, which for this research was the cricothyroidotomy airway management technique. The U.S. Army expressed interest in training of combat medics in the cricothyroidotomy airway management technique and offered to support experimentation with both facilities and trained combat medics as the sample population. An experiment supporting this research took place at Fort Indiantown Gap, a National Guard Training Center located in Annville, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania and is the iv home of the Medical Battalion Training Site. An advanced airway management course is augmented with combat medics receiving training and evaluation on performing the cricothyroidotomy procedure using CricSim and HapMed with system experts provided by each respective developer. The NASA Task Load survey is used to collect participants’ assessment of workload in terms of Mental Demand, Physical Demand, Temporal Demand, Level of Effort, Performance and Level of Frustration based on four primary tasks of the cricothyroidotomy. Additionally, the Technology Acceptance Model survey is used to provide insight into participant’s assessment of usability. Professional trainers also provide their assessment of the virtual simulators suitability in support of the combat medics in performing their tasks based on their standards. The results of the participants’ assessment of each virtual simulator take the form of a comparison study. To improve the advancement of medical simulation in the training of cricothyroidotomy procedure, a summary of findings, generalized conclusions, lessons learned and recommendations for future research are illuminated. The dissertation team is comprised of medical experts within the U.S. Air Force Education and Training Command, U.S. Army Research and Medical Command, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences as well as simulation subject matter experts from the University of Central Florida.