Small cell variant of medullary thyroid carcinoma is an extremely rare histologic entity with a paucity of data. As such, there is a lack of clinical experience regarding this disease. In this case, a 52-year-old patient with small cell variant medullary thyroid carcinoma was experiencing intractable nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The initial workup was extensive yet unrevealing. He was refractory to all treatments. On further laboratory analysis, the calcitonin was substantially high and the thyroid stimulating hormone level was mildly elevated. This case is presented to highlight a possible treatment for this rare cancer through thyroxine suppression therapy. This case is presented due to the lack of literature available on small cell medullary thyroid carcinoma and also to discuss a possible direct relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone and calcitonin levels in this disease population.

Summary: The effects of an alpha2 adrenoceptor blocker, yohimbine, and an alpha1 adrenoceptor blocker, phenoxybenzamine, and the central alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, on changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate were studied during fatiguing muscular contractions to determine whether an adrenergic-opioidergic system might be involved in the mediation of cardiovascular function. Fatiguing contractions of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles of cats caused an increase in mean arterial blood pressure to 150-170 mmHg from resting values of 110-120 mmHg. Injection of clonidine into the cerebral aqueduct eliminated the increase in blood pressure; this effect was dose dependent. Naloxone antagonised the effects of the highest dose of clonidine (5 μg). Injections of yohimbine (1 μg) into the cerebral aqueduct had no significant effect on this pressor response. Yohimbine (1 μg) effectively counteracted the antipressor effects of clonidine when the two drugs were injected together until higher doses of clonidine (2-5 μg) were used. Phenoxybenzamine had no effect on the pressor response itself but unlike yohimbine was able to attenuate the effects of clonidine only when injected together. These data suggest that activation of muscle ergoreceptor afferent nerve fibres (group III and IV fibres) during muscular contractions may cause an increase in arterial blood pressure by interfering with an inhibitory adrenergic-endorphinergic pathway in the medullary region of the brainstem.

Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the colon is a rare and unique histologic subtype of colorectal cancer. It is commonly associated with deficient mismatch repair proteins and has a strong association with Lynch syndrome. Diagnosis is challenging as it does not have the usual immunohistochemical stains on pathology seen in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Here, we discuss an interesting case of MC of the colon that was metastatic on presentation and constituted a diagnostic challenge.

No description available.

Genetic causes of medullary thyroid carcinoma and Hirschsprung's disease Abstract Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) are classified as simple neurocristopathies, i.e. diseases linked to neural crest-derived cells. MTC is derived from parafollicular cells of the thyroid and HSCR is characterized by absence of enteric ganglia in the gastrointestinal tract. The RET proto-oncogene is only expressed in neural crest-derived cells, including parafollicular cells and enteric neurons. The RET encodes a transmembrane tyrosinekinase receptor that plays an important role during proliferation, differentiation and cell survival, and activates many signaling pathways. If the strictly regulated activation fails, e.g. due to mutations in the specific gene locations, the RET becomes a highly effective oncogene. Activating germline mutations in the RET proto- oncogene lead to hereditary forms of MTC, whereas sporadic forms of MTC are caused by somatic mutations in the tumor tissue. On the contrary, inactivating mutations induce migration failure of ganglion cell precursors during the development of enteric nervous system and result in the development of HSCR. In rare cases, the coexistence of both diseases is caused by mutations with a dual gain-of-function and loss-of-function character....

Os tratamentos convencionais para carcinoma medular de tireóide (CMT) metastático são insatisfatórios. Tanto a quimioterapia quanto a radioterapia são pouco eficazes para a doença avançada. Portanto, a terapia gênica é uma promissora opção. Trabalhos de construção de vetores plasmidiais ou adenovirais específicos para cultura de células de carcinoma medular de tireóide e/ou animais têm demonstrado resultados encorajadores, conseguindo significativa redução do tumor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir e avaliar a eficácia do plasmídio pTCPtkevIL-12 contendo o gene da timidina quinase (HSV-tk) e da interleucina 12 otimizada/evolved (evIL-12), ambos sob controle do promotor da calcitonina modificado (TCP), visando terapia gênica do CMT. A associação entre um gene ?suicida? (TK) e um gene imunomodulador (IL12) é sabidamente sinérgica, o que motivou o emprego destes dois genes no vetor terapêutico. Por melhoramento genético, obteve-se recentemente a IL-12 otimizada/evolved, com elevada capacidade em induzir resposta imune. O promotor TCP é mais forte e mais específico que o promotor de calcitonina natural , e já foi usado em diversos trabalhos em CMT. Para determinar a atividade biológica das interleucinas 12 (evIL-12 e mIL-12), os sobrenadantes das culturas de células TT transfectadas foram utilizados para avaliar proliferação linfocitária e estimulação de células dendríticas (DCs). As células TT (carcinoma medular humano de tireóide) foram transfectadas com o plasmídio pTCPtkevIL-12 ou pTCPmIL-12 (plasmídio com o gene da IL-12 murina, sob controle do promotor TCP). A proliferação linfocitária foi quantificada por citometria de fluxo e a diferenciação de linfócitos T para um padrão Th1 foi verificada através da dosagem de IFN-? e IL-4 por ELISA. A avaliação do perfil fenotípico das DCs, cultivadas com sobrenadante contendo mIL-12 ou evIL-12 durante a diferenciação, foi feita através de marcação com anticorpos das moléculas de membrana marcadoras de maturação CD80, CD83, CD86 e CD40, com leitura também por citometria de fluxo. Também foi avaliada e comprovada a capacidade do plasmídio pTCPevIL-12 de promover apoptose induzida pelo sistema suicida timidina quinase/ganciclovir, nas células TT transfectadas. Os experimentos de proliferação linfocitária verificaram que ambas IL-12 promoveram intensa proliferação linfocitária, em similar magnitude. A principal função da IL12, todavia, não é estimular proliferação linfocitária, mas sim, induzir fortemente diferenciação para Th1, fundamental para uma eficiente resposta anti-tumoral. Foi observado que ambas IL-12 proporcionaram forte resposta Th1. Porém, a evIL-12 mostrou-se superior à mIL-12 na diferenciação dos linfócitos T para o padrão Th1. Os experimentos que avaliaram a capacidade da IL-12 maturar DCs diferenciadas, mostraram um aumento na expressão de CD40 nas DCs sob estímulo de ambas IL-12, porém a expressão foi discretamente maior com evIL-12 que com mIL-12 . Não foi observada alteração na expressão das outras proteínas marcadoras de maturação (CD80, CD83, CD86). Comparando-se o sobrenadante das células TT transfectadas com o plasmídio pTCPtkevIL-12 antes e após adição de GCV, verificou-se que ele se tornou mais eficiente para induzir expressão de CD40 nas células dendríticas após a adição do GCV. O incremento de expressão de CD40 nas DCs após tratamento com GCV poderia explicar, ao menos em parte, o efeito anti-tumoral sinérgico observado com a expressão simultânea dos genes timidina quinase e IL-12, já descritos em estudos in vivo, na literatura. Considerando-se que a evIL-12 mostrou-se mais eficiente em promover diferenciação dos linfócitos T para padrão Th1 e em promover uma maturação/ativação de melhor qualidade das células dendríticas diferenciadas (maior expressão de CD40), poderia-se afirmar que esta IL- 12 é extremamente imunogênica, superior inclusive à IL-12 murina , a única utilizada até o momento em terapia gênica de CMT. Os resultados satisfatórios alcançados neste trabalho oferecem perspectivas de aplicação futura ao plasmídio terapêutico pTCPtkevIL-12 para uso em terapia gênica em CMT. O plasmídio poderia ser utilizado em aplicação intra-tumoral e em estimulação de células dendríticas. A vacinoterapia com células dendríticas estimuladas com sobrenadante de células TT transfectadas com pTCPtkevIL-12 e tratadas com ganciclovir, devido a elevada expressão de CD40, pode ser uma esperança de um tratamento mais eficaz das metástases do CMT. Diversos estudos afirmam haver uma correlação direta entre maior expressão de CD40 e maior regressão do tumor primário e das metástases. / Present treatments of advanced and metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) are unsatisfactory. Tissue-specific cancer gene therapy is a promising alternative approach. IL-12 gene is a good citokyne to be used in gene therapy because it appears to be the most effective immunomodulatory gene. Literature data shows synergism in the association of two antitumor methods: suicide gene thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and interleukin genes; therefore, they should ideally be together in the vector. The evolved interleukin12, obtained by DNA shuffling, is believed to elicit more antitumoral immune response than the human IL-12. None of them has been tested in MTC, only the murine IL-12 has been employed in MTC gene therapy. To explore a more efficient multi-gene antitumor treatment, development and evaluation of a plasmid expressing both herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase type 1 (HSVtk) and evolved interleukin-12 (evIL-12) under the control of modified calcitonin promoter (TCP) were done in this study. TCP promoter is more specific and efficient than the natural calcitonin promoter CT/CGRP, and has already been used in several studies. To verify IL-12 biological activity, lymphocyte proliferation and dendritic cell stimulation after IL-12 were studied. TT cells (human MTC) were transfected by pTCPtkevIL-12 plasmid or by pTCPmIL-12 (plasmid containing murine IL-12 gene, under control of TCP promoter). Lymphocyte proliferation was analysed by flow cytometry, and Th1 response was assessed by IFN-? and IL-4 ELISA measurement. The phenothypic analysis of dendritic cells (DCs) by flow cytometry was based on the expression of the maturative surface markers CD80, CD83, CD86 and CD40. Also, plasmid pTCPtkevIL-12 ability to promote TT transfected cells apoptosis, through the suicide system HSV-tk/ganciclovir, was evaluated and confirmed. Both IL-12 elicited similar intense lymphocyte proliferation. Nevertheless, the main IL-12 function is not to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation but induce Th1 immune response, which is essential for efficient anti-tumour response. Both IL-12, showed great Th1 response; however fortunately, ev-IL12 was superior to mIL-12 in promoting T cell Th1 response. Flow cytometry analysis of DCs revealed significant higher expression of CD40 surface molecule after differentiated DCs were exposed to TT transfected cells, either with pTCPtkevIL-12 or pTCPmIL-12, supernatants. DCs stimulated with supernatants containing evIL-12 were 36.91% CD40+, whereas when stimulated by supernatants containing mIL-12 were 14.74% CD40+. The other maturative markers (CD80, CD83, CD86) remained with the same expression level. Moreover, TT pTCPtkevIL-12- transfected cells supernatants, showed a even higher ability of increasing CD40 expression in DCs after treatment with GCV. At least partially, this increase in dendritic cells CD40 expression could explain the synergism observed with the simultaneous expression of thymidine kinase and interleukin genes. Outstanding lymphocyte proliferation and dendritic cell stimulation were achieved by the evIL-12 secreted in the supernatants, confirming that this interleukin 12 is really very potent. The good results achieved by the present study justify further experiments with this therapeutic plasmid. It could be used intra-tumorally and to stimulate/mature dendritic cells. Vaccine with DCs stimulated by TT pTCPtkevIL-12-transfected cells after GCV treatment supernatants, due to higher CD40 expression, could be very suitable for the treatment of MTC metastasis. Several studies show better primary tumor and metastasis regression in the presence of high levels of CD40 expression.

Os tratamentos convencionais para carcinoma medular de tireóide (CMT) metastático são insatisfatórios. Tanto a quimioterapia quanto a radioterapia são pouco eficazes para a doença avançada. Portanto, a terapia gênica é uma promissora opção. Trabalhos de construção de vetores plasmidiais ou adenovirais específicos para cultura de células de carcinoma medular de tireóide e/ou animais têm demonstrado resultados encorajadores, conseguindo significativa redução do tumor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir e avaliar a eficácia do plasmídio pTCPtkevIL-12 contendo o gene da timidina quinase (HSV-tk) e da interleucina 12 otimizada/evolved (evIL-12), ambos sob controle do promotor da calcitonina modificado (TCP), visando terapia gênica do CMT. A associação entre um gene ?suicida? (TK) e um gene imunomodulador (IL12) é sabidamente sinérgica, o que motivou o emprego destes dois genes no vetor terapêutico. Por melhoramento genético, obteve-se recentemente a IL-12 otimizada/evolved, com elevada capacidade em induzir resposta imune. O promotor TCP é mais forte e mais específico que o promotor de calcitonina natural , e já foi usado em diversos trabalhos em CMT. Para determinar a atividade biológica das interleucinas 12 (evIL-12 e mIL-12), os sobrenadantes das culturas de células TT transfectadas foram utilizados para avaliar proliferação linfocitária e estimulação de células dendríticas (DCs). As células TT (carcinoma medular humano de tireóide) foram transfectadas com o plasmídio pTCPtkevIL-12 ou pTCPmIL-12 (plasmídio com o gene da IL-12 murina, sob controle do promotor TCP). A proliferação linfocitária foi quantificada por citometria de fluxo e a diferenciação de linfócitos T para um padrão Th1 foi verificada através da dosagem de IFN-? e IL-4 por ELISA. A avaliação do perfil fenotípico das DCs, cultivadas com sobrenadante contendo mIL-12 ou evIL-12 durante a diferenciação, foi feita através de marcação com anticorpos das moléculas de membrana marcadoras de maturação CD80, CD83, CD86 e CD40, com leitura também por citometria de fluxo. Também foi avaliada e comprovada a capacidade do plasmídio pTCPevIL-12 de promover apoptose induzida pelo sistema suicida timidina quinase/ganciclovir, nas células TT transfectadas. Os experimentos de proliferação linfocitária verificaram que ambas IL-12 promoveram intensa proliferação linfocitária, em similar magnitude. A principal função da IL12, todavia, não é estimular proliferação linfocitária, mas sim, induzir fortemente diferenciação para Th1, fundamental para uma eficiente resposta anti-tumoral. Foi observado que ambas IL-12 proporcionaram forte resposta Th1. Porém, a evIL-12 mostrou-se superior à mIL-12 na diferenciação dos linfócitos T para o padrão Th1. Os experimentos que avaliaram a capacidade da IL-12 maturar DCs diferenciadas, mostraram um aumento na expressão de CD40 nas DCs sob estímulo de ambas IL-12, porém a expressão foi discretamente maior com evIL-12 que com mIL-12 . Não foi observada alteração na expressão das outras proteínas marcadoras de maturação (CD80, CD83, CD86). Comparando-se o sobrenadante das células TT transfectadas com o plasmídio pTCPtkevIL-12 antes e após adição de GCV, verificou-se que ele se tornou mais eficiente para induzir expressão de CD40 nas células dendríticas após a adição do GCV. O incremento de expressão de CD40 nas DCs após tratamento com GCV poderia explicar, ao menos em parte, o efeito anti-tumoral sinérgico observado com a expressão simultânea dos genes timidina quinase e IL-12, já descritos em estudos in vivo, na literatura. Considerando-se que a evIL-12 mostrou-se mais eficiente em promover diferenciação dos linfócitos T para padrão Th1 e em promover uma maturação/ativação de melhor qualidade das células dendríticas diferenciadas (maior expressão de CD40), poderia-se afirmar que esta IL- 12 é extremamente imunogênica, superior inclusive à IL-12 murina , a única utilizada até o momento em terapia gênica de CMT. Os resultados satisfatórios alcançados neste trabalho oferecem perspectivas de aplicação futura ao plasmídio terapêutico pTCPtkevIL-12 para uso em terapia gênica em CMT. O plasmídio poderia ser utilizado em aplicação intra-tumoral e em estimulação de células dendríticas. A vacinoterapia com células dendríticas estimuladas com sobrenadante de células TT transfectadas com pTCPtkevIL-12 e tratadas com ganciclovir, devido a elevada expressão de CD40, pode ser uma esperança de um tratamento mais eficaz das metástases do CMT. Diversos estudos afirmam haver uma correlação direta entre maior expressão de CD40 e maior regressão do tumor primário e das metástases. / Present treatments of advanced and metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) are unsatisfactory. Tissue-specific cancer gene therapy is a promising alternative approach. IL-12 gene is a good citokyne to be used in gene therapy because it appears to be the most effective immunomodulatory gene. Literature data shows synergism in the association of two antitumor methods: suicide gene thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and interleukin genes; therefore, they should ideally be together in the vector. The evolved interleukin12, obtained by DNA shuffling, is believed to elicit more antitumoral immune response than the human IL-12. None of them has been tested in MTC, only the murine IL-12 has been employed in MTC gene therapy. To explore a more efficient multi-gene antitumor treatment, development and evaluation of a plasmid expressing both herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase type 1 (HSVtk) and evolved interleukin-12 (evIL-12) under the control of modified calcitonin promoter (TCP) were done in this study. TCP promoter is more specific and efficient than the natural calcitonin promoter CT/CGRP, and has already been used in several studies. To verify IL-12 biological activity, lymphocyte proliferation and dendritic cell stimulation after IL-12 were studied. TT cells (human MTC) were transfected by pTCPtkevIL-12 plasmid or by pTCPmIL-12 (plasmid containing murine IL-12 gene, under control of TCP promoter). Lymphocyte proliferation was analysed by flow cytometry, and Th1 response was assessed by IFN-? and IL-4 ELISA measurement. The phenothypic analysis of dendritic cells (DCs) by flow cytometry was based on the expression of the maturative surface markers CD80, CD83, CD86 and CD40. Also, plasmid pTCPtkevIL-12 ability to promote TT transfected cells apoptosis, through the suicide system HSV-tk/ganciclovir, was evaluated and confirmed. Both IL-12 elicited similar intense lymphocyte proliferation. Nevertheless, the main IL-12 function is not to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation but induce Th1 immune response, which is essential for efficient anti-tumour response. Both IL-12, showed great Th1 response; however fortunately, ev-IL12 was superior to mIL-12 in promoting T cell Th1 response. Flow cytometry analysis of DCs revealed significant higher expression of CD40 surface molecule after differentiated DCs were exposed to TT transfected cells, either with pTCPtkevIL-12 or pTCPmIL-12, supernatants. DCs stimulated with supernatants containing evIL-12 were 36.91% CD40+, whereas when stimulated by supernatants containing mIL-12 were 14.74% CD40+. The other maturative markers (CD80, CD83, CD86) remained with the same expression level. Moreover, TT pTCPtkevIL-12- transfected cells supernatants, showed a even higher ability of increasing CD40 expression in DCs after treatment with GCV. At least partially, this increase in dendritic cells CD40 expression could explain the synergism observed with the simultaneous expression of thymidine kinase and interleukin genes. Outstanding lymphocyte proliferation and dendritic cell stimulation were achieved by the evIL-12 secreted in the supernatants, confirming that this interleukin 12 is really very potent. The good results achieved by the present study justify further experiments with this therapeutic plasmid. It could be used intra-tumorally and to stimulate/mature dendritic cells. Vaccine with DCs stimulated by TT pTCPtkevIL-12-transfected cells after GCV treatment supernatants, due to higher CD40 expression, could be very suitable for the treatment of MTC metastasis. Several studies show better primary tumor and metastasis regression in the presence of high levels of CD40 expression.

The relationship between the endocannabinoid system in the renal medulla and the long-term regulation of blood pressure is not well understood. To investigate the possible role of the endocannabinoid system in renomedullary interstitial cells, mouse medullary interstitial cells (MMICs) were obtained, cultured and characterized for their responses to treatment with a selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), PF-3845. Treatment of MMICs with PF-3845 increased cytoplasmic lipid granules detected by Sudan Black B staining and multilamellar bodies identified by transmission electron microscopy. HPLC analyses of lipid extracts of MMIC culture medium revealed a 205nm-absorbing peak that showed responsiveness to PF-3845 treatment. The biologic activities of the PF-3845-induced product (PIP) isolated by HPLC were investigated in anesthetized, normotensive surgically-instrumented mice. Intramedullary and intravenous infusion of PIP at low dose rates (0.5-1 AU/10 min) stimulated diuresis and natriuresis, whereas at higher doses, these parameters returned toward baseline but mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowered. Whereas intravenous bolus doses of PIP stimulated diuresis, GFR and medullary blood flow (MBF) and reduced or had no effect on MAP, an intraperitoneal bolus injection of PIP reduced MAP, increased MBF, and had no effect on urinary parameters. Genetic or pharmacological ablation of the cannabinoid type 1 receptors in mice completely abolished the diuretic and vasodepressor properties of intramedullary infused PIP, suggesting that the PF-3845-induced product requires the presence of CB1 receptors in order to elicit its renal effects. In a radioactive competition binding assay, using Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CB1 receptors, PIP successfully displaced the CB1 selective inverse agonist [3H] SR141716A, revealing that the lipid extract was able to compete for binding to CB1 receptors. Finally, we investigated the tubular location of diuretic activity that the PF-3845-induced lipid fraction exhibits. In a renal function in vivo experiment, we pre-treated anesthetized mice with an intramedullary infusion of one of four well-known diuretics. This procedure was followed by an intramedullary infusion of PIP (1AU). Only inhibition of the proximal tubule sodium reabsorption diminished the diuretic activity of the PF-3845-induced product, suggesting that the lipid fraction requires a physiologically intact proximal tubular reabsorption mechanism for it to produce diuresis. These data support a model whereby PF-3845 treatment of MMICs results in increased secretion of a neutral lipid which acts directly to promote diuresis and natriuresis and indirectly through metabolites to produce vasodepression. Efforts to identify the structure of the PF-3845-induced lipid and its relationship to the previously proposed renomedullary antihypertensive lipids are ongoing.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-02T11:37:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daiane Rodrigues de Souza Terra - 2018.pdf: 2860726 bytes, checksum: ed8450a372c33f5b78d07ad626320a5d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-02T11:44:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daiane Rodrigues de Souza Terra - 2018.pdf: 2860726 bytes, checksum: ed8450a372c33f5b78d07ad626320a5d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T11:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daiane Rodrigues de Souza Terra - 2018.pdf: 2860726 bytes, checksum: ed8450a372c33f5b78d07ad626320a5d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-21 / The genus Alouatta hosts species popularly known as guariba or howler monkeys, has a wide geographic distribution and can be found in several biomes. The objective is to describe the anatomy of the spinal cord, focusing on the topography of the medullary cone of Alouatta belzebul specimens, highlighting the cervical and lumbar intumescences, and equine artery in order to provide knowledge of the anatomy, and compare with other species to assist in anesthetic and surgical procedures. Four animals, which died, were received from the salvage and scientific exploitation of the fauna of the Belo Monte-Pará Hydroelectric Plant, and fixed in 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. Structures such as medullary cone, cervical and lumbar intumescence, and equine artery were documented through. After thawing, we measured the specimens to have a proportion of the size of these animals, a size of 80-82 cm from head to toe was observed. After removal of the skin and musculature, it was observed that the column of all the specimens of howler monkeys presented division into 7 cervical vertebrae, 13 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae and 3 molten sacral vertebrae. After removal of the vertebral arches for spinal cord exposure, the medulla was 22 cm in length for all animals, presenting cervical intumescence between the C3 and C6 vertebrae, with a mean of 2.2 cm and the intumescence lumbar vertebrae between the T11 and T12 vertebrae, averaging 1.65 cm. The medullary cone was between the T12 and L1 vertebrae, with a mean of 1.5 cm, and the equine tail between L1 and S3, with an average of 15 cm. The availability of this study has an important role, serving as the basis for the practice of epidural anesthesia. / O gênero Alouatta compreende espécies popularmente conhecidas como guariba ou bugio, possui ampla distribuição geográfica e pode ser encontrado em vários biomas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a anatomia da medula espinal, com enfoque na topografia do cone medular de espécimes de Alouatta belzebul, destacando as intumescências cervical e lombar e cauda equina, a fim de proporcionar conhecimentos da anatomia, e comparar com outras espécies para auxiliar em procedimentosanestésicos e cirúrgicos. Foram utilizados quatro animais, que vieram a óbito, recebidos do projeto de salvamento e aproveitamento científico da fauna da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte-Pará, e fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído 10%. As estruturas como cone medular, intumescência cervical e lombar, e cauda equina foram documentadas por meio de câmara fotográfica. Após o descongelamento, mensurou-se a altura dos espécimes para ter uma proporção do tamanho destes animais e observou-se tamanho de 80 a 82 cm da cabeça aos pés. Após a remoção da pele e da musculatura, observou- se que a coluna de todos os espécimes de bugio apresentaram a divisão em 7 vértebras cervicais, 13 torácicas, 5 lombares e 3 sacrais fundidas. Após a retirada dos arcos vertebrais para a exposição da medula espinal, contastou-se que a medula tem comprimento de 22 cm para todos os animais, apresentando a intumescência cervical entre as vértebras C3 e C6, com média de 2,2 cm e a intumescência lombar entre as vértebras T11 e T12, com média de 1,65 cm. O cone medular situa-se entre as vértebras T12 e L1, com média de 1,5 cm, e a cauda equina entre L1 e S3, com média de 15 cm. A disponibilização deste estudo tem importante papel, servindo de base para a prática das anestesias epidurais.

These 4 chapters represent manuscripts formatted for submission to journals based on an experiment conducted on Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Calcium limits the distribution of this species, which produces 7-15 eggs per clutch. They may renest up to 5 times per breeding season on a diet low in calcium. The first chapter examines egg production in laying hens on 7 different diets from 0.19-4.47% calcium in the absence of calcium loading. Calcium-loaded pheasants store calcium in medullary bone before an experiment and can draw on this surplus during egg production, possibly skewing experimental results. We measured egg production, egg characteristics, and hen femur ash fraction in a 2-month experiment. Hens in the middle 5 dietary calcium (1.07-3.08%) groups statistically produced the same number of eggs, which differed from reported studies where hens were calcium-loaded. Ash fraction values indicated that hens expended medullary bone reserves to produce eggs when dietary input was low. In Chapter 2, we examined bone properties in the above femurs to determine if pheasant hens on low calcium diets expended enough medullary bone stores to compromise skeletal integrity. We applied a 3-point bending test to find femur breaking strength and examined structural bone properties. Calcium and breaking strength were linearly associated. Femurs of hens given lower calcium diets were easier to break. Structural properties of cortical bone were not correlated with dietary calcium. Pheasants on low calcium, comparable to wild conditions, seemed to sacrifice skeletal integrity to maintain high egg production, although not enough to damage cortical bone. In Chapter 3 we examined 437 eggs laid to determine if egg color correlated with dietary calcium, egg mass, volume or shell thickness. Yellow pigment decreased with increasing calcium. Biliverdin had a higher affinity for calcium than protoporphyrin. In Chapter 4, we examined male pheasants to determine if reduced surface area on one wing (clipped) induced unbalanced pectoralis muscle development and humerous density on the corresponding side after wing-whirring for 2 months. We weighed pectoralis muscles and conducted 3-point bending tests on humeri of 7 pheasant males. We found no difference in pectoralis muscles mass, humeri breaking strength or ash fraction between clipped and unclipped wings. Wing-whirring may only put a negligible strain on male Ring-necked Pheasant pectoralis muscles and humeri.