[pt] Os trabalhos de Richard Serra e Robert Smithson apresentamuma relação constituitiva com o espaço público da megalópole contemporânea. Explorando a noção de tempo específico da matéria, suas produções expandem a concepção de processo artístico e criam uma tensão com a arquitetura e o espaço institucional da arte. Ao propor a crítica a estes espaços e explorar o mundo, ambas as obras estabelecem um jogo de semelhança com a megalópole, incorporando a racionalidade de seu espaço ético, político e cultural. Para tal, considero a relação com a Nova York laboratorial na qual Serra e Smithson desenvolvem intenso debate com seus pares, relação constitutiva que aconteceu com e na caótica Manhattan do final dos anos de 1960, bem como nas áreas suburbanas de New Jersey. Smithson constrói sua obra tendo a entopia do subúrbio de new Jersey como referência determinante, a partir da qual tempos e espaços infinitos são trazidos às suas realizações. O embate de Serra com a cidade assume por sua vez um caráter concreto e literal. Trabalhando no próprio caos e nas ruínas contemporâneas da urbe, ele propõe uma nova relação entre obra, o espectador e o entorno. Em ambos os artistas encontrados o esforço do largamento do conceito da escultura contemporânea numa nova relação como mundo. / [en] The works os Richard Serra and Robert Smithson have a founding relationship with the public space of the contemporary megalopolis. By incorporating the notion of the specific time of material, their output expands conceptions of the artistic process and sets up a tension with architecture and the institutional space of art. As they propose to criticize institutional space and explore the word, the works set a play of similarities with the megalopolis, incorporating the rationale of its ethical, political and cultural space. I therefore investigate the relationship with the New York laboratory where Serra and Smithson engage in intense debate with their peers. This founding relationship was formed in and through the bustling Manhattan of the late 1960s and suburban areas of new Jersey. The decisive reference for Smithson s work was the entropy of the New Jersey suburb, from which infinite times and spaces are brought into his work. Serra s clash with the city is concrete and literal in nature. Working in the midst of the chaos and contemporary ruins of the city, he proposes a new relationship between the work, the spectator and the surroundings. There are elements in both artists that strive to broaden the concept of contemporary sculpture in a new relationship with the world.

This thesis develops quantitative indicators of environmental sustainability for Mexico City and its metropolitan zone of influence (MCMZ). These indicators of sustainability were developed by taking into account seven key variables for the urban environment: the water supply situation, air pollution, transportation and roads, energy, solid wastes, the housing supply and green areas. Based on these indicators and the history of the city's physical evolution since it was founded seven centuries ago, a desirable type of urban form is proposed, one in which there is a "decentralized concentration" which would allow Mexico City to approach sustainability in a time frame that concludes in or about the year 2030. Accordingly, the thesis proposes urban policy measures that, while addressing issues of sustainability, permit Mexico City to face the challenges of globalisation, which would entail transforming it into a "global city'' within a worldwide network of great cities. The urban policy and environmental measures that are recommended anticipate the largest economic, demographic and technological changes that will affect Mexico City, but are above all in harmony with the natural ecosystems of the elevated endorheic basin in which it lies. They do no call for a break with or the alteration of the city's natural landscape or its already constructed historical patrimony and, when possible, they presuppose a new sustainable hydraulic model, capable of restoring lakes and recharging the underground aquifer. Finally, a great deal of emphasis is placed on the recuperation of green areas in accordance with the basin's original natural vegetation. / Geography / D.Litt. et Phil. (Geography)