INTRODUCTION: Membranous nephropathy is an autoimmune disease that targets glomeruli of the kidney. Previous discoveries in membranous nephropathy include the discovery of megalin as an antigen in the proximal tubular brush border fraction (Fx1A) and glomeruli of Heymann nephritis rats, identification of neutral endopeptidase in alloimmune neonatal nephropathy, and discovery of PLA2R and THSD7A as causal antigens in approximately 80-85% of primary membranous nephropathy cases. It was then recognized that there must be other antigens responsible for the remaining 15-20% of cases. OBJECTIVES: The current study aims to screen membranous nephropathy patient serum samples via Western blotting for reactivity with potential antigens in protein extracts of normal human glomeruli, purify potential membranous nephropathy antigens, identify them with mass spectrometry, and validate these identifications with immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical analysis. Previously, work had been done to identify one novel, 58 kDa antigen. A second novel antigen had been shown in the proximal tubule brush border. Finally, a third protein, CR1, was shown to contain corresponding antibodies in the antibody preparation used in the rat model of membranous nephropathy, making the antigen a protein of interest in human primary membranous nephropathy. METHODS: Using human glomeruli obtained by detergent extraction, we isolated extracellular domains and identified two novel antigens, called 58-kDa and brush-border, with patient serum. We attempted to further purify the 58-kDa antigen with lectin binding columns and partition phase separation. Upon the identification of a small cohort of cases associated with autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis, we set out to determine if these sera recognized a novel antigen. Prior to screening human glomerular extract with these sera, we exposed it to partial proteolysis with trypsin, reducing agent β-mercaptoethanol, and tubular elements to further characterize the antigen before it was pulled down with anti-brush-border antigen+ and control IgG4 and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The third and final antigen we investigated was CR1, which we screened with membranous nephropathy sera and immunoblotted its antibody against different protein preparations. RESULTS: Labeling of the extracellular portions of the 58-kDa and brush-border antigens with biotin was successful. It was determined that the 58-kDa antigen was not glycosylated due to its inability to bind lectin columns. The 58-kDa antigen was present in the hydrophilic layer when separated with tritonX-114 detergent. Partial proteolysis of the brush-border antigen with trypsin yielded bands at 140 kDa, 120 kDa and 95 kDa. The brush-border antigen was destroyed under reducing conditions. Candidate proteins for the brush-border antigen as determined by mass spectrometry include megalin and SVEP1. Membranous nephropathy sera were shown to be negative for anti-CR1+ antibody, and anti-CR1+ antibody was reactive with glomeruli and the TBS supernatant fraction. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the 58-kDa antigen which has antibodies in some human primary membranous nephropathy sera contains extracellular portion(s), is not glycosylated, but is membrane-associated. The data indicate that there is also potential for a membranous nephropathy antigen in the tubular brush border with an immunoreactive element around 95 kDa in size, that is sensitive to reducing conditions. Preliminary mass spectrometry information points toward megalin as the identification of this antigen. CR1 does not appear to be a causal antigen in human primary membranous nephropathy.

ABSTRACT In sub-Saharan Africa a causal relationship has been established between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and membranous nephropathy (MN), especially in Black children. The most common method of treatment is interferon therapy, which is however, only effective in 30-40% of patients. The reason for this is unclear. The objective of this pilot study was to determine whether mutations in the complete surface gene of HBV isolated from Black children with HBV-associated MN before, during and after treatment with interferon, had any effect on treatment response and vice versa. HBV DNA was extracted from the serum of a responder, reverter and non-responder patient before, during (4 and 16 weeks) and after (40 weeks) IFN treatment. The preS1/preS2/S region was amplified and cloned, and the clones sequenced. Sequence analyses revealed the preS2 region to be the most variable in the reverter and non-responder and HBsAg was the most variable in the non-responder. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viral population dynamics between the responder strains and the reverter/non-responder strains differed as a result of various mutations found within the surface gene. Thus the presence of mutations in preS2 and HBsAg of the non-responding patients may carry predictive markers for nonresponse but further investigation would be needed to conclusively prove this.

La Glomérulonéphrite extra-membraneuse est une maladie auto-immune rare mais grave qui conduit dans 30% des cas à une insuffisance rénale chronique terminale nécessitant le recours à la dialyse ou la greffe rénale. Dans les suites d’une greffe, la GEM récidive dans 30 à 40% des cas. En 2009, l’équipe du Pr. Salant en collaboration avec notre équipe a montré que 70% des patients présentant une GEM étaient porteurs d’anticorps (Ac) dirigés contre le récepteur des phospholipases A2 (PLA2R1). Le titre d’anticorps est corrélé à l’activité de la maladie. Il n’existe actuellement aucun biomarqueur permettant de prédire l’évolution de la fonction rénale d’un patient lors de sa prise en charge : dans 30% des cas les patients présentent une rémission spontanée sans traitement immunosuppresseur. Le traitement de la GEM repose sur un traitement symptomatique et une réévaluation après 6 mois. En cas de maladie active persistante, il faut débuter un traitement immunosuppresseur. Dans les formes graves, cette période d’observation de 6 mois peut être à l’origine de lésions irréversibles. Nous avons validé un test ELISA permettant de quantifier les Ac anti-PLA2R1 au cours du suivi de patients porteurs d’une GEM. Ce test nous a permis de montrer sur une cohorte de 15 patients greffés dans les suites d’une GEM qu’un titre d’Ac anti-PLA2R1 persistant après la greffe était associé à un risque de récidive de la maladie sur le greffon. Nous avons ensuite produit dans des cellules HEK les orthologues de PLA2R1 (les récepteurs humain, lapin et murin). / Membranous Nephropathy (MN) is a major cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It is a rare but severe kidney disease with different etiologies and outcomes. In most cases (85%), the disease is idiopathic (iMN) and has an autoimmune origin. One third of patients develop end-stage kidney disease and are on kidney transplant waiting list. MN recurred in 30% after transplantation. Another third enter in spontaneous remission under renin-angiotensin system blockade. The treatment of iMN is controversial. KDIGO guidelines recommend a supportive symptomatic treatment with RAS-blockade and diuretics in all patients with iMN, and immunosuppressive therapy in case of renal function deterioration or persistent nephrotic syndrome. Therefore, immunosuppressive treatments are often started only after significant and potentially irreversible complications. No biological markers can predict clinical outcome and orient therapy. A major breakthrough was the discovery of autoantibodies to the phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1, 180 kDa) in 70% of iMN patients in 2009, which has now allowed to develop diagnosis and prognosis tests for better medical care. During my PhD, I have first participated to the development of an ELISA which is now commercially available. I then used this latter to demonstrate that persistent anti-PLA2R1 activity can predict iMN recurrence after transplantation in a retrospective cohort of 15 patients. We then screened 50 patients with iMN on native kidney for their cross-reactivity to human (h), rabbit (rb) and mouse (m) PLA2R1 by western blot (WB) and antigen-specific ELISAs.

Le récepteur des phospholipases A2 sécrétées (PLA2R1, 180 kDa) est une protéine membranaire de la famille des lectines de type C. PLA2R1 contrôle l'action de différentes phospholipases A2 impliquées dans des conditions physiologiques et physiopathologiques variées comme le métabolisme des lipides et l’inflammation. PLA2R1 est aussi l’auto-antigène majeur de la glomérulonéphrite extra-membraneuse (GEM), une maladie auto-immune rénale rare mais grave qui conduit à une forte protéinurie et à la perte des reins dans 30% des cas. Le titre des auto-anticorps PLA2R1 est corrélé à la sévérité de la maladie, mais leur valeur pronostique reste à démontrer. Le rôle pathogénique des anticorps n’est pas démontré. Enfin, 25% des patients sont négatifs pour PLA2R1, suggérant l’existence d'autres antigènes.Nous avons d’abord démontré la production d'une forme soluble sécrétée de PLA2R1, puis étudié les déterminants moléculaires du mécanisme de protéolyse. Concernant la GEM, nous avons développé plusieurs tests ELISA anti-PLA2R1 utilisant comme antigènes PLA2R1 humain, de lapin et de souris. Leur comparaison a montré des apports différents en diagnostic et pronostic. Nous avons aussi identifié 3 types d'auto-anticorps présents dans le sérum des patients. Ces anticorps ciblent 3 domaines épitopiques distincts de PLA2R1, sont liés par un mécanisme d’étalement épitopique, et la présence de plusieurs anticorps dans le serum est associé à un mauvais pronostic. Enfin, nous avons identifié la protéine membranaire THSD7A, distincte de PLA2R1, comme un second auto-antigène de la GEM, avec des auto-anticorps présents chez 2 à 5% des patients négatifs pour PLA2R1 / The phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1, 180kDa) is a C-type lectin membrane protein. PLA2R1 binds secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) from snake venoms and mammalian tissues. Venom sPLA2s have multiple toxic and pharmacological properties, whereas mammalian sPLA2s are implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including lipid metabolism and inflammation.PLA2R1 is also the major autoantigen in membranous nephropathy (MN), a rare but severe autoimmune kidney disease leading to high proteinuria and kidney failure in 30% of cases. Titers of PLA2R1 autoantibodies correlate with disease severity, but the prognosis value of the antibodies is not demonstrated. Their pathogenic role is also not proven. 25% of patients are negative for PLA2R1, suggesting other antigens involved in MN. We have first studied some molecular properties of PLA2R1 in the context of MN. We demonstrate the presence of a secreted soluble form of PLA2R1 produced by proteolytic shedding of the membrane protein and we have studied the molecular determinants of this mechanism. Regarding MN, we have developed several anti-PLA2R1 ELISA using human, rabbit and mouse PLA2R1 as antigens. Their comparison revealed differential contributions in diagnosis and prognosis. We have also identified in patients' sera 3 types of autoantibodies, which target three distinct epitope domains of PLA2R1, which are linked by a mechanism of epitope spreading and which are associated with disease worsening and poor prognosis. Finally, we identified THSD7A, a membrane protein distinct from PLA2R1, as a second autoantigen in MN, with autoantibodies present in 2-5% of PLA2R1-negative patients

Le syndrome néphrotique idiopathique (SNI) est une néphropathie glomérulaire définie par une protéinurie massive associée à une hypoalbuminémie, sans lésions inflammatoires rénales, ni dépôts de complexes immuns circulants. Les travaux réalisés au cours de ma thèse concernent l’étude du rôle potentiel du gène c-mip dans la physiopathologie du SNI.Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la physiopathologie moléculaire de l’association maladie de Hodgkin et SNI. Nous avons démontré que cette association était liée à une forte induction de c-mip à la fois dans les cellules de Reed Sternberg (dont la présence signe le lymphome hodgkinien) et les podocytes qui sont des cellules spécialisées du glomérule rénal (Audard, et al. 2010). Nous avons montré que l’induction de c-mip résultait d’un défaut quantitatif et/ou qualitatif du gène Fyn, à la fois chez les patients et dans un modèle de souris déficiente en Fyn. Nous avons trouvé que c-mip était fortement induit dans les podocytes au cours du SNI ainsi que dans la glomérulopathie extramemenbraneuse (GEM). La surexpression de c-mip par transgénèse chez la souris déclenche une protéinurie néphrotique dont le mécanisme implique une rupture, médiée par c-mip, de la voie de signalisation de la néphrine (Science Signaling, 2010 co-auteur). L’étude de la néphrite de Heyman, le modèle expérimental de la GEM humaine, a permis de montrer que l’induction de c-mip coincidait avec l’apparition de la protéinurie et était associée à l’inhibition de l’activité RhoA, à une perte de la synaptopodine, à une diminution du VEGF tandis que l’expression de la DAPK (death-associated protein kinase) est fortement augmentée (Audard et al, manuscrit soumis 1). Nous avons recherché si l’hypogammaglobulinémie au cours du SNI était associée à des anomalies fonctionnelles des lymphocytes B (LB). Nous avons trouvé que c-mip interagit avec la sous unité régulatrice de la PI3 kinase et empêche la dissociation de la sous unité catalytique, p110, nécessaire à l’activation de la PI3 kinase. Enfin, l’expression de l’IL 21, une cytokine–clé secrétée par les lymphocytes T et intervenant dans la commutation isotypique, était fortement réduite dans le SNI (Audard et al, manuscrit en préparation 2). Ces résultats donnent un éclairage nouveau sur la physiopathologie moléculaire du SNI et suggèrent un rôle crucial de c-mip dans les anomalies lymphocytaires et podocytaires observées chez les patients / Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome comprises several podocyte diseases of unknown origin, affecting the glomerular podocyte, which plays a key role in controlling the permeability of the kidney filter to proteins. It is characterized by massive proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, with no inflammatory lesions or cell infiltration. This works focused on the potential role of c-mip in the pathogenesis of INS. We showed that occurrence of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in the course of Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL-MCNS) is closely related to the induction of c-mip in both Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg cells and podocytes (Audard, et al. 2010), which is caused by a qualitative and/or quantitative defect in Fyn in both HRS and podocytes cells. We found that c-mip is upregulated in podocytes of patients with membranous nephropathy (MN). Transgenic mice overproducing c-mip in the podocytes developed heavy proteinuria without morphological alterations, inflammatory lesions or cell infiltrations. We showed that c-mip turned off podocyte proximal signaling by preventing the interaction between Fyn and nephrin, resulting in the inhibition of nephrin signaling pathway (Science signaling, 2010 coauthor). Moreover, the induction of c-mip in passive type Heymann nephritis (the experimental model of MN) was concomitant to proteinuria occurrence and is associated with reduction of RhoA activity, downregulation of synaptopodin and VEGF expression whereas DAPK expression is significantly increased (Audard et al manuscript submitted 1).We demonstrated that hypogammaglobulinemia, a common feature in INS patients, may result from a defect in B lymphocytes. We found that c-mip interacts with p85 regulatory subunit and prevent its dissociation from p110 catalytic subunit, resulting in inactivation of PI3 kinase. Finally, the expression of IL21, a key cytokine involved in class switching recombination, is repressed in active phases of INS, which may contribute for immunoglobulin disorders commonly observed in these patients (Audard et al manuscript in progress 2).Altogether, these results suggest that c-mip is a major player of lymphocyte and podocytes dysfunction observed in patients with INS

Η Ιδιοπαθής Μεμβρανώδης Σπειραματονεφρίτιδα (ΙΜΣ) ή νεφροπάθεια, η πιο συχνή αιτία νεφρωσικού συνδρόμου στους ενήλικες, συνήθως αντιμετωπίζεται με τη χορήγηση κορτικοειδών και κυτταροτοξικών φαρμάκων ή κυκλοσπορίνης (cyclosporine-A, CsA). Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν η εκτίμηση της αποτελεσματικότητας της μακροχρόνιας χορήγησης CsA στην πρόκληση ύφεσης του νεφρωσικού συνδρόμου και των ιστολογικών αλλοιώσεων σε επαναληπτικές βιοψίες νεφρού μετά τη χορήγηση του δυνητικά νεφροτοξικού αυτού φαρμάκου. Επιπλέον, εκτιμήθηκε η αποτελεσματικότητα του Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) ως σχήματος θεραπείας της ΙΜΣ σε μικρό αριθμό ασθενών και η προγνωστική αξία των επιπέδων του αυξητικού παράγοντα TGF-β1 στα ούρα και στο πλάσμα ως δεικτών εξέλιξης της νόσου. Μελετήθηκαν 32 ασθενείς με ΙΜΣ οι οποίοι εμφάνιζαν νεφρωσικό σύνδρομο και είχαν ικανοποιητική νεφρική λειτουργία κατά τη διάγνωση της νόσου και στους οποίους χορηγήθηκε συνδυασμός πρεδνιζολόνης και CsA. Παρατηρήθηκε πλήρης ύφεση του νεφρωσικού συνδρόμου σε 18 (56%) και μερική ύφεση σε 10 ασθενείς (31%) μετά από 12 μήνες θεραπείας (συνολικά στο 87% των ασθενών). Επεισόδια υποτροπών παρατηρήθηκαν στο 39% και 60% των ασθενών με πλήρη ή μερική ύφεση αντίστοιχα, και πολλαπλές υποτροπές στο 25% των ασθενών, οι οποίοι παρουσίασαν βαθμιαία μείωση της απαντητικότητας στη CsA και επιδείνωση της νεφρικής λειτουργίας. Επαναληπτική βιοψία νεφρού έγινε σε 18 ασθενείς με ύφεση του νεφρωσικού συνδρόμου μετά από 24 μήνες θεραπείας για να εκτιμηθεί η δραστηριότητα της νόσου και οι πιθανές ιστολογικές αλλοιώσεις σε πλαίσια τοξικότητας από κυκλοσπορίνη. Στις επαναληπτικές βιοψίες παρατηρήθηκαν: εξέλιξη του σταδίου της νόσου, επιδείνωση της σπειραματοσκλήρυνσης και της διαμεσοσωληναριακής βλάβης στο 60% των ασθενών. Δεν παρατηρήθηκαν χαρακτηριστικές αλλοιώσεις νεφροτοξικότητας από την κυκλοσπορίνη. Η βαρύτητα των ιστολογικών αλλαγών συσχετίστηκε με το χρονικό διάστημα που είχε παρέλθει από την πρώτη βιοψία νεφρού (r = 0.452, p < 0.05) και θεωρήθηκε ως φυσική εξέλιξη της νόσου. Ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα διαπιστώθηκαν από τη χορήγηση Mycophenolate Mofetil σε 6 ασθενείς με ΙΜΣ, στους οποίους το MMF χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε συνδυασμό με μικρή δόση πρεδνιζολόνης, είτε λόγω ανθεκτικότητας του νεφρωσικού συνδρόμου στην CsA, είτε ως αρχική θεραπεία σε περιπτώσεις αντένδειξης στην χορήγηση CsA. Ύφεση του νεφρωσικού συνδρόμου παρατηρήθηκε σε 4 από τους 6 ασθενείς. Τα επίπεδα του TGF-β1 στα ούρα ασθενών με ΙΜΣ και λευκωματουρία ήταν σημαντικά υψηλότερα συγκριτικά με αυτά υγιών εθελοντών και ασθενών με άλλες σπειραματοπάθειες που δεν παρουσίαζαν λευκωματουρία και μειώθηκαν σημαντικά μετά από χορήγηση κορτικοειδών και κυκλοσπορίνης. Η συγκέντρωση του TGF-β1 στο πλάσμα δε διέφερε σημαντικά μεταξύ υγιών εθελοντών και ασθενών με ΙΜΣ και νεφρωσικό σύνδρομο, καθώς και μεταξύ ασθενών με ή χωρίς ύφεση της λευκωματουρίας μετά από τη θεραπευτική αγωγή. / Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, is usually treated with a combination of corticosteroids with cytotoxic drugs or cyclosporin A (CsA). The aim of this study was the estimation of the effectiveness of long-term use of CsA in the remission and relapse rate of nephrotic syndrome along with histological changes in repeat renal biopsies after treatment with this potentially nephrotoxic drug, and the evaluation of Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) as a treatment regimen for IMN. In addition, urinary and plasma TGF-β1 levels were evaluated as markers of progression of kidney disease. Thirty-two nephrotic patients with well-preserved renal function treated by prednisolone and CsA were studied. Complete remission of nephrotic syndrome was observed in 18 (56%) and partial remission in 10 patients (31%) after 12 months of treatment (total 87%). Relapses were observed in 39% and 60% of patients with complete and partial remission, respectively, and multiple relapses in 25% of patients, who showed gradual unresponsiveness to CsA and decline of renal function. A repeat biopsy was performed in 18 patients with remission of nephrotic syndrome, after 24 months of treatment, to estimate the activity of the disease and features of CsA toxicity. Progression of the stage of the disease, more severe glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial injury were recognized in 60% of patients in repeat renal biopsies. Features of CsA nephrotoxicity were not observed. The severity of histological changes was related to the time elapsed from the first biopsy (r = 0.452, P < 0.05). MMF was proved effective in a small number of nephrotic patients with IMN and well-preserved renal function. MMF in combination with small dose of prednisolone was given in 6 patients with either persistent nephrotic syndrome to CsA or as initial therapy because of contraindication to CsA administration. Remission of nephrotic syndrome was observed in 4 out of 6 MMF treated patients. Urinary and plasma TGF-β1 levels were examined as markers of progression of the disease. TGF-β1 levels in the urine of patients with proteinuria were significantly higher compared with those of healthy individuals and patients with other types of nephropathy without proteinuria. Furthermore, urinary TGF-β1 of nephrotic patients with membranous nephropathy significantly reduced after treatment with CsA and corticosteroids. Plasma TGF-β1 levels showed no difference between patients and healthy subjects as well as between patients with and without remission of proteinuria after treatment.