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WILL SPACING RETRACTIONS MODULATE THE CONTINUED INFLUENCE EFFECT?Hailey Arreola (16426194) 26 June 2023 (has links)
<p>Globally, the misinformation crisis exposed the need for cognitive researchers to</p>
<p>investigate interventions that will mitigate the influence of misinformation within memory. One</p>
<p>proposed solution is a retraction, whereby misinformation is indicated to be inaccurate. Previous</p>
<p>studies have demonstrated that providing a retraction after misinformation may reduce references</p>
<p>to misinformation. The continued reliance on misinformation even after it has been corrected is</p>
<p>known as the continued influence effect (CIE). It is unclear whether repeated retractions and the</p>
<p>spacing of repeated retractions can reduce the CIE. In the present study, two experiments were</p>
<p>conducted to investigate whether spacing repeated retractions among news messages would be</p>
<p>more effective at reducing the CIE compared to massing retractions. Both experiments exposed</p>
<p>participants to a news story containing misinformation. Each experiment included four retraction</p>
<p>conditions: no retraction, a single retraction, or repeated retractions that were spaced or massed.</p>
<p>In Experiment 1, a single retraction reduced reliance on misinformation, but we did not observe</p>
<p>an additional benefit of repeated retractions when there were two retractions. In Experiment 2, we</p>
<p>provided participants with three repeated retractions. Using this stronger manipulation, repeated</p>
<p>retractions reduced references to misinformation compared to a single retraction, but there was no</p>
<p>benefit of spacing them out. Collectively, our results suggest that repeating corrective messages</p>
<p>can help reduce references to misinformation, with no supporting evidence that it matters how</p>
<p>the repetitions are organized.</p>
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SPECIFIC OR NONSPECIFIC: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF EVENT-BASED SEQUENTIAL MODULATION ON TEMPORAL PREPARATIONTianfang Han (9739232) 25 April 2023 (has links)
<p>Anticipating the occurrence of a future event is an ability that helps people prepare for various daily activities. This preparation is regarded as a non-specific process because it is initiated by a warning signal that does not contain specific information about the critical event. Previous research reported that the intertrial repetition of a stimulus-response event in a choice-reaction task shortened the reaction time more at the short foreperiod (interval between the end of the warning signal and onset of the target stimulus). I conducted four experiments to investigate whether the interaction was due to the event sequence effect being overridden by preparation processes (“overriding” hypothesis) or the quick-decaying characteristic of the event sequence effect itself (“quick-decay” hypothesis). Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the relative magnitudes of the preparation effect by changing how foreperiods were distributed within a trial block. The results showed similar asymmetric event sequence effects, which indicated that whether preparation was better at the short or long foreperiod did not affect the event-based modulation. Experiment 3 manipulated the temporal distance between two consecutive stimulus-response events across trial blocks and found that the asymmetric event-based modulation on preparation was diminished by a long enough inter-trial interval. The final experiment compared alerting trials with no-alerting trials and found an asymmetric event-based modulation caused by the absence of repetition benefit in a certain context (an alerting trial preceded by a no-alerting trial). Therefore, the event sequence effect is not directly related to “nonspecific preparation”, but this event-specific component could be embedded in the measurement of preparation in some scenarios, which could lead to misinterpretation of the preparation effect itself. This finding clarifies the mechanism underlying the interaction between preparation and event sequence. The conclusion also questions the validity of the current measures of nonspecific preparation, including temporal preparation and phasic alertness.</p>
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Spatial Navigation and Working MemoryAlexa Kristina Bushinski (17435118), Thomas Redick (17435123) 22 November 2023 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">Spatial navigation is a complex skill that relies on many aspects of cognition. The following</p><p dir="ltr">studies aimed to clarify the role of working memory in spatial navigation, and particularly, the</p><p dir="ltr">potentially differential contributions of verbal and visuospatial working memory. Study 1</p><p dir="ltr">leveraged individual differences to understand how working memory differs among types of</p><p dir="ltr">navigators and the predictiveness of verbal and visuospatial working memory. Participants</p><p dir="ltr">completed multiple measures of verbal and visuospatial working memory and spatial navigation.</p><p dir="ltr">Study 2 further evaluated the impact of a working memory load on spatial navigation performance.</p><p dir="ltr">Using a dual-task paradigm, the decrement (or not) of performance on spatial navigation can be</p><p dir="ltr">compared between control, verbal, and visuospatial conditions. Study 1 showed that individual</p><p dir="ltr">differences in visuospatial working memory are more predictive than verbal working memory.</p><p dir="ltr">However, Study 2 provides evidence for the necessary role for both verbal and visuospatial</p><p dir="ltr">working memory.</p>
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Neuropsychological complaints associated with the non-medical use of prescription psychostimulantsFord, Rachel Elizabeth 12 December 2009 (has links)
Researchers have argued that a reason for non-medical use of prescription psychostimulants is to self-medicate an undiagnosed case of ADHD. Therefore, this study examined neuropsychological complaints in college students with and without a history of prescription psychostimulant use. College students (N = 615) completed an Internet-based survey assessing behaviors associated with prescription psychostimulant use and symptoms of neuropsychological impairment. The results of the current study support the hypothesis that college students who non-medically use prescription psychostimulants report more symptoms of cognitive impairment (i.e., memory and attention complaints) than college students classified as non-users. Complaints about memory and attention were as common in non-medical users as medical users. Overall, the results suggest that non-medical users may use prescription psychostimulants due to perceived symptoms of ADHD.
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<b>Competing Frames of Reference Using Vibrotactile Stimuli for Stimulus-Response Mapping Effects</b>Ashley D Warren (18429432) 23 April 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">The implementation of vibrotactile stimuli has grown in necessity where visual and auditory modalities are overloaded. However, how attention is oriented using vibrotactile information has been minimally investigated compared to other modalities, such as visual and auditory stimuli. The ability to elicit an appropriate mapping between a response from a specific vibrotactile stimulus can be explained in three different frames of reference accounts: internal, external, or remapping. Previous research has answered questions relating to the ability to use different reference frames but have yet to agree which frame orients attention for creating an automatic response. Using various stimulus-response mapping effects, the current study investigated how competing frames of reference are used to orient attention to select a response based on specific characteristics of vibrotactile stimuli. Experiment 1 validated the novel apparatus developed for this study by obtaining a stimulus-response compatibility effect. Experiment 2 investigated if an external or internal reference frame is used to orient attention automatically. The uncrossed-hands condition provided a replication of Experiment 1 and confirmed that a stimulus-response compatibility effect was present. For the crossed-hands condition, a diminished, reverse stimulus-response compatibility effect was present. Experiment 3 found no meaningful difference between a magnitude aligned (i.e., left associated with low frequency) versus misaligned (i.e., left associated with high frequency) conditions for frequency of vibrotactile stimuli, suggesting vibrotactile stimuli do not hold a mental magnitude line. Overall, the results from Experiments 1 and 2 provide evidence that processing of vibrotactile information is not reliant on only an internal reference frame but instead the external frame has some influence on selecting a motor response. Experiment 3 also suggests that task context influenced the stimulus and response mapping provided in the instructions, rather than the intrinsic, anatomical representation of vibrotactile stimuli.</p>
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<b>When Supplemental Information Interrupts: The Consequences of Including Demonstration Tasks and Additional Textboxes While Reading</b>Gia M Macias (19195081) 23 July 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">Learning involves complex cognitive processes such as perception, attention, and memory, with reading being a common method to acquire knowledge. Textbooks are often supplemented with additional materials such as self-test questions and demonstration tasks to enhance learning. However, the impact of these supplemental materials, especially when they interrupt reading, is not well understood. This study examined how interruptions by supplemental materials affect reading comprehension and learning outcomes.</p>
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<b>ESCAPING THE METACONTROL SEESAW: DOUBLE DISSOCIATIONS BETWEEN FLEXIBILITY AND STABILITY</b>Corey Allan Nack (11999582) 19 June 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">This work provides a new framework for investigating instances where multitasking and focusing do not need to trade off, but can rather coexist.</p>
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Traffic signs for roadworks applications: Evaluation and driver-centred methods of improvementCloete, S. Unknown Date (has links)
Traffic signs are ubiquitous in the road environment, and are a crucial and cost-effective means of ensuring traffic safety. In Queensland, Australia, a class of temporary traffic signs is used for roadwork applications, and has recently been expanded to include Multiple-Message Signs: a novel, and as yet empirically untested system, which presents numerous advantages in terms of flexibility and economy. However, potential Human Factors problems surround aspects of the design of multiple message signs. In particular, the efficiency with which information is communication may be compromised relative to single message signs. The project involved a series of laboratory studies focussing on the behavioural requirements of temporary roadworks signs, beginning with the improvement of response characteristics of a sign used to communicate lane-closure. In the first empirical study, a proposed redesign of the Lane-Status sign based on principles of warning communication was found to be more effective than the original sign. The same sign was then examined in the context of multiple-message presentation, and significant cost s with respect to the speed and accuracy of responses relative to single-message presentation were found. A subsequent study investigated multiple-message presentation of speed limit information, which is more familiar and widely encountered than lane-closure information. Similar costs for multiple-message presentation were found. However, there were data to suggest that the additional information in multiple-message signs, if used correctly, may offer drivers and additional incentive to reduce speed. The next two studies were concerned with the effects of presentation, content type (e.g., speed-limit, symbolic and text-based) and visual clutter on recognition and visual search for traffic signs. The presentation of information via multiple message signs was compared with spatially distributed single message signs, with information matched with respect to message length and sign content. Overall advantages for multiple message presentation were found for recognition, which were particularly robust for speed limit information. The results for visual search indicated some benefits to multiple message presentation, but were less decisive than those for recognition. The final two studies investigated the possibility of improving response characteristics of single-message signs with sequential, rather then individual presentation. The role of the temporal interval between successive sign presentations was explored, which has implications for the feasibility of sequential presentation in practice. In addition, the nature of sign pairs presented in sequence – identical, or of the same meaning – was found to be important. Generally, benefits to sequential presentation diminished with increases in the temporal separation interval. In terms of practical implications, the viability of introducing the proposed design changes to the Lane Status sign is discussed. The results pertaining to multiple-message sign are evaluated in the context of published design guidelines, and theoretical and practical issues surrounding sequential sign presentation are reviewed. Finally, possibilities for future research, in part based on the limitations of the current work, are expounded.
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Traffic signs for roadworks applications: Evaluation and driver-centred methods of improvementCloete, S. Unknown Date (has links)
Traffic signs are ubiquitous in the road environment, and are a crucial and cost-effective means of ensuring traffic safety. In Queensland, Australia, a class of temporary traffic signs is used for roadwork applications, and has recently been expanded to include Multiple-Message Signs: a novel, and as yet empirically untested system, which presents numerous advantages in terms of flexibility and economy. However, potential Human Factors problems surround aspects of the design of multiple message signs. In particular, the efficiency with which information is communication may be compromised relative to single message signs. The project involved a series of laboratory studies focussing on the behavioural requirements of temporary roadworks signs, beginning with the improvement of response characteristics of a sign used to communicate lane-closure. In the first empirical study, a proposed redesign of the Lane-Status sign based on principles of warning communication was found to be more effective than the original sign. The same sign was then examined in the context of multiple-message presentation, and significant cost s with respect to the speed and accuracy of responses relative to single-message presentation were found. A subsequent study investigated multiple-message presentation of speed limit information, which is more familiar and widely encountered than lane-closure information. Similar costs for multiple-message presentation were found. However, there were data to suggest that the additional information in multiple-message signs, if used correctly, may offer drivers and additional incentive to reduce speed. The next two studies were concerned with the effects of presentation, content type (e.g., speed-limit, symbolic and text-based) and visual clutter on recognition and visual search for traffic signs. The presentation of information via multiple message signs was compared with spatially distributed single message signs, with information matched with respect to message length and sign content. Overall advantages for multiple message presentation were found for recognition, which were particularly robust for speed limit information. The results for visual search indicated some benefits to multiple message presentation, but were less decisive than those for recognition. The final two studies investigated the possibility of improving response characteristics of single-message signs with sequential, rather then individual presentation. The role of the temporal interval between successive sign presentations was explored, which has implications for the feasibility of sequential presentation in practice. In addition, the nature of sign pairs presented in sequence – identical, or of the same meaning – was found to be important. Generally, benefits to sequential presentation diminished with increases in the temporal separation interval. In terms of practical implications, the viability of introducing the proposed design changes to the Lane Status sign is discussed. The results pertaining to multiple-message sign are evaluated in the context of published design guidelines, and theoretical and practical issues surrounding sequential sign presentation are reviewed. Finally, possibilities for future research, in part based on the limitations of the current work, are expounded.
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Perception of Embodiment in Immersive Virtual Experiences: An Exploratory StudyPatrick M Teall (9728555) 15 December 2020 (has links)
<p>The technology availability and hype of virtual
reality has intersected as of 2016, bringing a lot of attention to virtual
reality (VR) games. The research into this technology has been ongoing since its
early exploration in the 1970’s. Methods have been created to try to understand
and predict what causes phenomena such as motion and simulator sickness in the
human computer interaction devices. Heuristics have been developed to aid the
design these applications and to avoid such discomforting circumstances.
Concepts and their continued exploration have been growing to improve the
experience of virtual reality technology and continue the expanding imagination
of what is capable with this technology. All the tools are available to create
highly immersive virtual experiences, but it is up to the interpretant, the
user to decide how believable, immersive and enjoyable these experiences are.
By conducting an interview study on a part of the VR gaming community, more can
be understood about the success and failure of immersive design by exploring
the experiences of certain highly immersive games. This study takes the
opportunity to listen to gamers as a means of highlighting significant key
challenges and characteristics creating immersive VR games. By evaluating transcripts
via thematic analysis, themes were created to understand and categorize the
various aspects that are most important to the immersion and embodiment in VR
games. This study and themes drawn from it reflect on the experiences and
feelings of experienced VR gamers in the context of role-playing games.</p>
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