Specific dietary intakes were compared by menstrual status among endurance-trained athletes categorized as either eumenorrheic (EU) (N = 11), oligomenorrheic (OL) (N = 4) or amenorrheic (AM) (N = 5). It was hypothesized that nutrient intakes among endurance-trained women would be significantly different based on menstrual status. No significant differences in nutrient intakes were found among groups. The OL and the AM groups were significantly (p ≤ .05) younger than the EU group and the AM group had a significantly higher percent body fat when estimated by hydrostatic weighing (PFHW) than the EU group. Further comparisons of nutrient intakes were made between EU (N = 10) and AM (N = 4) runners. Zinc intake was significantly lower in the AM runners as compared to the EU runners. The AM runners were also significantly younger and had significantly higher PFHW than the EU runners. In conclusion, energy nutrient intakes appeared to not be significant factors in menstrual status. However, zinc intake was significantly lower (p ≤ .05) in AM runners as compared to EU runners.

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To Wing Kee William. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-118). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; questionnaires in Chinese. / Declaration --- p.3 / List of Abbreviations and definitions --- p.4 / List of Tables and Figures --- p.5 / Acknowledgement --- p.6 / Abstract of thesis --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- "Menstrual dysfunction, physical exercises and bone mineral density - a review" --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Assessment of bone mineral density in young females - a review --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Objectives of the study --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- A comparison of bone mineral density in adolescents with polycystic ovaries and normal ovaries --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The effects of oligomenorrhoea and amenorrhoea on bone mineral density in collegiate dance students --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Comparison of bone mineral density in young dancers and non-dancing young women --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Rate of interval changes in bone mineral density in exercising and non-exercising young women - an 18-month longitudinal assessment --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Summative discussion and conclusion --- p.95 / References --- p.102 / Appendix 1 Questionnaire for recruited dance students --- p.119 / Appendix 2 Information sheet and consent form for dance students --- p.124 / Appendix 3 Questionnaire for subjects recruited from Adolescent Clinic --- p.125 / Appendix 4 Proformer sheet for subjects recruited from Adolescent Clinic --- p.129 / Appendix 5 Consent form and information sheet for subjects from Adolescent Clinic --- p.130 / Abstracts presented in relation to thesis --- p.134 / Papers submitted in relation to thesis --- p.135

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Graduation date: 1994

Women with exercise associated amenorrhea display a disturbance in basal and exercise levels of reproductive, anti-reproductive and stress hormones. Co-incident with chronic exercise are other factors, which alone, also affect the menstrual cycle. Therefore, amenorrheic runners (AR), regularly menstruating runners (RMR) and regularly menstruating sedentary controls (RMSC) were compared for plasma progesterone levels, plasma lipid levels, menstrual cycle characteristics, physical characteristics and nutritional adequacy to determine if the difference in menstrual status could be explained, and to determine whether exercise alone could be attributed as the cause of menstrual cycle disturbances.Plasma progesterone levels were significantly lower in the AR group (. 28 + .02 ng/ml) than in the RMR group (.41 + .06 ng/ml) and the RMSC group (.49 + .06 ng/ml) in the follicular phase. Regularly menstruating runners demonstrated lower plasma progesterone levels in the luteal phase (9.76 + 1.05 ng/ml) than RMSC subjects (10.24 + 2.21 ng/ml). Regularly menstruating runners had a significantly shorter luteal phase length relative to their cycle length (.35 + .01) than RMSC subjects (.46 + .01). Mean age, incidence of parity, age of menarche, height, weight, body composition, max V02 and number of miles run per week did not differ between the RMR and AR subjects. Amenorrheic runners took in significantly less fat, red meat, phosphorous and total calories than the RMR subjects. Serum LDL-C was significantly higher in the AR subjects (89.2 + 9.7 mg/dl) than in the RMR subjects in both the luteal (67.8+ 3.4 mg/dl) and follicular (66.8+ 5.6 mg/dl) phases. Serum HDL-C was significantly higher in the RMR subjects in both the luteal (62.9+ 4.1 mg/dl) and follicular (59.2+ 2.9 mg/dl) phase, and in the AR subjects (63.9+ 4.2 mg/dl), than in the RMSC subjects in the luteal (49.2+ 5.9 mg/dl) and follicular (47.2+ 2.4 mg/dl) phase. Serum VLDL-C did not differ between any groups.This investigation demonstrates that hormonal and lipid level alterations with exercise are significantly different in the amenorrheic runner. However, regularly menstruating runners display alterations which may represent and intermediate or potential phase of menstrual cycle disturbances. The nutritional inadequacy or energy imbalance separates amenorrheic runners from regularly menstruating runners. Thus, it appears that exercise alone is not enough to cause the hormonal disturbances that trigger amenorrhea, and, that exercise associated amenorrhea is not unlike other amenorrheas of hypothalamic origin.

Thesis--M.D., University of Hong Kong, 1977. / Typescript.

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Doctor of Medicine