Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T19:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 3 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Essa investigação dedica-se a estudar as elites mercantis de Cachoeira do Sul, no período compreendido entre 1845e 1865. O estudo sobre comerciantes no período Imperial no Rio grande do Sul é um tema ainda pouco explorado pela historiografia, por isso buscaremos entender a atuação e as estratégias utilizadas para a inserção deste grupo na sociedade oitocentista. Utilizaremos como guia a trajetória do comerciante Antonio Vicente da Fontoura. Para compreender os sujeitos pertencentes às elites mercantis utilizamos como fonte principal os inventários post-mortem, além da documentação avulsa pertencente à Câmara de Vereadores de Cachoeira do Sul, processos crimes e fontes privadas. Contudo, se ocupar um lugar na elite mercantil significava ter poder econômico, esse não bastava para manter-se no topo. Com isso, havia a necessidade de tecer redes horizontais e verticais. Dessa interação com os pares e os subalternos as elites mercantis se reiteravam no poder e se inseriam politicamente. / This inquiry is dedicated to study the mercantile elites of Cachoeira do Sul, in the period from 1845 to 1865. The study about merchants in the Imperial period in Rio Grande do Sul is a subject still very little explored by the historiography. That is why we will seek to understand the actions and strategies adopted for the insertion of this group in the eight hundredth’s society, using the path of the merchant Antonio Vicente da Fontoura as a guideline. In order to understand the subjects belonging to the mercantile elites, the main source used was the post-mortem inventories, as well as the documentation found in the city council of Cachoeira do Sul, crime processes and private sources. However, if occupying a place in the mercantile elite meant having economical power, that was not enough to maintain oneself on the top. Therefore, there was the need to weave vertical and horizontal networks. From that interaction with the pairs and the subordinates the mercantile elites were confirmed in the power and inse

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008. / Vita: p. 75. Thesis director: Willem Thorbeck. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Aug. 27, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-74). Also issued in print.

Thesis--Columbia, 1930. / Reprint of the 1930 ed. published by the author, New York. Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-190) and index.

Orientador: Eduardo Barros Mariutti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_CarlosAlbertoCordovano_D.pdf: 2383039 bytes, checksum: 9b9b111d3b268c91139ccb21b8facf89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O trabalho propõe uma discussão teórica e historiográfica em torno do capital mercantil no período de "transição" entre o "feudalismo" e o "capitalismo" e, sempre que vinculado a esse tema, propõe, também, uma discussão em torno do Estado absolutista. Para tanto, compõe-se de uma sessão teórica, em que discute, principalmente, os conceitos de "capital", "capital mercantil" e "capitalismo" à luz da crítica da economia política, bem como os traços gerais da acumulação primitiva. Compõe-se, também, de uma sessão historiográfica, em que contrasta duas vertentes, respectivamente ligadas à tradição do materialismo histórico e à historiografia de inspiração braudeliana, procurando, a partir da observação de suas contribuições e limites, propor uma chave para o exame dos nexos entre o capital mercantil e o absolutismo. Com isso, pretende-se demonstrar que a noção de Antigo Regime, como período específico de transição, permite uma melhor apreensão desses nexos e, pois, da dinâmica subjacente à formação do modo de produção capitalista / Abstract: In this work we propose a theoretical and historiographical discussion on mercantile capital during the transition from "feudalism" to "capitalism" and, since it?s concerned with this subject, we propose also a discussion on the absolutist state. This work has a theoretical session, in which we discuss mainly the concepts of "capital", "mercantile capital" and "capitalism", throught the critic of political economy, as well as the general aspects of primitive accumulation. It also has a historiographical session in which we contrast the tradition of historical materialism and the braudelian historiography concentrated in the connections between mercantile capital and absolutism. We aim demonstrate that the notion of Old Regime, as an specific period of transition, is a key to the apprehension of these nexus and of the dynamic of the transition to the capitalist mode of production / Doutorado / Historia Economica / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

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How does material production become socially recognised in capitalism? This is a fundamental question to be addressed in capitalist production, since material production takes place privately and independently in a global and atomistic system. This thesis shows that the question is tackled by Marx in the first three chapters of Capital. The process of social recognition of material production is that of the realisation of work carried out privately and independently as part of the social labour. For Marx this occurs through the private and independent work becoming objective social labour as the substance of the value of commodities, and through the latter finding its necessary developed mercantile expression in the price form of commodities. Therefore, private and independent work becomes social labour through the recognition of its product as equivalent to a certain amount of money. The thesis argues that Marx's answer is powerfully insightful but flawed because it did not succeed in fully characterising the historical specificity of commodity. Commodity is not merely the differentiated unity of use value and value but of use value and mercantile use value, and of labour value and mercantile value. The former dialectic is immediate and distinguishes between the utility of commodity as a direct means of consumption or production and that as a means of exchange, fully determining the behaviour of the private and independent commodity producer. The latter dialectic is objective and distinguishes between commodity as the embodiment of the social labour necessary to reproduce it and as the embodiment of command over social labour, enabling the adjustment of the productive structure. Both dialectics are mediated by the mercantile form of value, which allows the indirect expression of labour value as the gravitational force of the system. The theory of commodity offered in this thesis, unlike that of Marx, consistently hinges on the atomistic private and independent commodity producer. The thesis shows that commodity production is the organisation of society's labour for its material reproduction, just as in any previous mode of production. The discovery of the generic aspect of commodity production breaks the false immediate link between production and supply, and that between the labour theory of value and both the supply-side-determined theory of price and the single-factor theory of production. The thesis also shows that the mercantile form of value is what allows society's labour to become an objective and autonomous materially abstract substance regulating the adjustment of the productive system under the form of material signals. This is the specific aspect of a global mode of production comprised of free and independent individuals. The mercantile form of value is thus Adam Smith's invisible hand. Finally, the thesis analyses some implications of the framework with regard to the analysis of monetary phenomena, capital accumulation and sustainable development, and reviews the most popular Marxian topic in Economics: the transformation of values into prices of production.

Thesis (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The freedom to transfer an undertaking is part of the employer’s freedom of contract. The transferee of an undertaking under the common law has the right to choose whether he wants to contract with employees or not. By the implementation of section 197 of the Labour Relations Act (1995) and the amended sections 197, 197A of the Labour Relations Act (2002) the legislator provides for an automatic transfer in cases where the undertaking is transferred as a going concern. The former accordance with the regulations of the insolvency law and the fact that sequestration or the winding-up of an insolvent undertaking had to be to the advantage of the creditors was lost after the legislative steps of 1995. The effects of the above-mentioned sections and especially the problems regarding the transfer of insolvent undertakings shall be analysed in this thesis. It is the aim of this thesis to examine how sections 197, 197A of the Labour Relations Act and section 38 of the Insolvency Act should be applied and interpreted to achieve social justice. This makes it necessary to examine the history and development of the South African law of transfer of an insolvent undertaking too. Section 197 of the Labour Relations Act is mostly based on European law. Although it is not the intention of this thesis to compare the European law with the South African law, several South African aspects will be examined from a European and especially German perspective.

Thesis (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The research defines derivatives as private contracts, with future rights and obligations imposed on all parties, used to hedge or transfer risk, which derives value from an underlying asset price or index, which asset price or index may take on various forms. The nature of derivatives is that the instruments are intended to be risk management tools. The objectives of derivatives are either to hedge a risk, or to speculate. Derivatives may be classified by the manner in which they are traded, either over the counter (OTC) or on exchange. Alternatively, derivatives may be classified on the basis of structure and mechanisms, i.e. forwards, futures, options or swaps. Risk and risk management are defined in the third chapter with the focus on merchant banking. The nature of risk is that it is inherent in all activities. The nature of risk management is that it aims to ensure that the risks faced by the merchant bank are managed on a daily basis. The objective of risk management is to ensure that losses are minimised and the appropriate level of risk is taken in order to maximise profits. Risk may be classified as operational, operations, market, systemic, credit and legal risk. A comprehensive discussion of credit risk is presented, as it pertains to the legal risk in derivatives in a merchant bank. This includes insolvency, set-off, netting, credit derivatives and collateral. Legal risk is defined as the risk of loss primarily caused by legal unenforceability (i.e. a defective transaction, for instance a contract), legal liability (i.e. a claim) or failure to take legal steps to protect assets (e.g. intellectual property). The nature of legal risk is that it is caused by jurisdictional and other cross-border factors, inadequate documentation, the behaviour of financial institutions, a lack of internal controls, financial innovation or the inherent uncertainty of the law. The objectives of legal risk management in derivatives are to avoid the direct and indirect costs associated with legal risk materialising. This includes reputational damage. Derivatives attract specific legal risks due to the complexity of the instruments as well as the constant innovation in the market. There remains some legal uncertainty regarding derivatives in terms of gaming, wagering and gambling, as well as insurance. The relationship between risk and derivatives is that due to the complexity and constant innovation associated with derivatives, there are some inherent risks to trading in derivatives. It is therefore important to ensure that there is a vested risk management culture in the derivatives trading environment. Chapter four gives an overview of derivatives legislation in foreign jurisdictions and in South Africa. The contractual and documentation issues are discussed with reference to ad hoc agreements, master agreements and ISDA agreements. The practical implementation issues of master agreements and ad hoc agreements are also discussed. The recommendations are that legal risk management be approached in a similar manner to credit, market and other risk disciplines. A legal risk management policy needs to be developed and implemented. The second recommendation is that a derivative to manage the legal risk in derivatives be developed.

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Arbitration as a mode of dispute settlement has been growing steadily all over the world. The momentum for commercial arbitration in particular was provided by the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (“the Model Law”). Legislation based on the Model Law has been enacted in many countries. The arbitration laws of three of these countries, Kenya, Nigeria and Zimbabwe, are selected for consideration in this dissertation because of their common origins, similar statutes, similar problems, shared experiences, and their regional distribution. As the writer’s arbitration practice is based in Kenya, that jurisdiction is the primary, albeit not the only, source and foundation for this work, the focal point of reference and the citations from the law and practice incorporated in this research. The work consists of three chapters. Chapter one is a brief introduction and an overview of arbitration. This is followed by the statement of the research question, the justification for the research, methodology and the structure and content of the dissertation. Chapter two describes the legal and contextual framework for the investigation of the research questions in the selected jurisdictions of Kenya, Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Customary Law arbitration is included as a significant feature of African arbitration law. The UNCITRAL Model Law, the Arbitration Act, 1995 (Kenya), the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1988 (Nigeria), the Arbitration Act, 1996 (Zimbabwe), the Arbitration Act, 1996 (England), and the South African Draft Arbitration Bill are all used as legislative or statutory points of reference in the discussion of the research questions. Chapter 3 contains the main focus of the dissertation in which six recurrent arbitration problems in Kenya are discussed in the context of domestic arbitration. The research investigates (i) the illusiveness of consent as the basis for consensual arbitration (ii) jurisdictional challenges (iii) the procedural powers of the arbitral tribunal (iv) the disruptive effect of adjournments and postponements on the arbitral process (v) constraints on the granting of interim relief and (vi) the enforcement of the arbitral award. Original, creative and innovative proposals in response to these problems include: the express legislative recognition of the manifestation of consent in both the verbal and written forms of the arbitration agreement, the use of the constructive dispute resolution technique, statutory recognition of customary law arbitration, the use of an expedited arbitration procedure, the award of exemplary and punitive damages in arbitration, a code of sanctions to facilitate the arbitration process, and a simplified method of enforcement and execution of the arbitral award. The dissertation concludes with reflections on the future of arbitration in Africa, and the need for modernization and harmonization of arbitration laws for peaceful resolution of disputes and serious conflicts across Africa. The aim of this study is best illustrated by a short story: In the early nineties there was a man, untrained in any known discipline, who strutted court corridors, trade centres and market places, carrying a placard advertising himself to lawyers, traders and marketers as “An Arbitrator and Private Judge”. He attracted business, charged a handsome percentage fee on the value of the claim, was duly paid, until officialdom caught up with him and put paid to his burgeoning career as “Arbitrator-Judge”. But the reckless enthusiasm spawned by his wit and imagination, and the idiosyncratic practices in dispute resolution persisted and are manifest in Kenyan arbitration culture today. The need to remove bad practices, avoidable impediments, and inefficiency in the arbitration culture of Kenya in order to make its procedures and processes more efficacious, is the heart of this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Arbitrasie as ‘n wyse van geskilbeslegting is wêreldwyd aan die toeneem. Die 1985 UNCITRAL Modelwetgewing insake Internasionale Kommersiële Arbitrasie het die momentum hiervoor gebied. Talle lande het vervolgens gereageer deur wetgewing geskoei op hierdie model te promulgeer. Die arbitrasiereg van drie lande, tewete Kenia, Nigerië en Zimbabwe, is vir doeleindes van hierdie proefskrif gekies op die basis van gemeenskaplike geskiedenis, soortgelyke wetgewing, soortgelyke probleme, gedeelde ervaringe en regionale verspreiding. Aangesien die skrywer se arbitrasie-praktyk in Kenia gebaseer is, word hierdie jurisdiksie as die primêre, alhoewel nie die enigste, bron en basis vir die navorsing gebruik. Die werk beslaan drie hoofstukke. Hoofstuk een verskaf ‘n kort inleiding tot en oorsig van die reg rakende arbitrasie. Dit word gevolg deur die navorsingsvraag, die rasionaal vir die navorsing, metodiek en die struktuur en inhoud van die proefskrif. Hoofstuk twee bied die regs- en kontekstuele raamwerk vir die ondersoek in die gekose jurisdiksies, nl. Kenia, Nigerië en Zimbabwe. ‘n Bespreking van gewoonteregtelike arbitrasie word ingesluit, aangesien dit ‘n belangrike deel van Arbitrasiereg in Afrika uitmaak. Die UNCITRAL Modelwetgewing, die Wet op Arbitrasie 1995 (Kenia), die Wet op Abitrasie en Konsiliasie 1988 (Nigerië), die Wet op Arbitrasie 1996 (Zimbabwe), die Wet op Arbitrasie 1996 (Engeland) en die Suid-Afrikaanse Konsepwet op Arbitrasie word gebruik as die statutêre basis vir die bespreking van die navorsingsvrae. Hoofstuk 3 handel met die hooffokus van die proefskrif. Ses probleme wat telkemale opduik in die konteks van plaaslike arbitrasies in Kenia, en wat as die navorsingsvrae geïdentifiseer is, word vervolgens bespreek. Hierdie probleme is (i) die ontwykendheid van toestemming as basis vir arbitrasie deur ooreenkoms; (ii) jurisdiksionêre uitdagings; (iii) die proseduele magte van ‘n arbitrasie tribunaal; (iv) die onderbrekende effek van verdagings en uitstelle van arbitrasie-verhore; (v) beperkinge op die verlening van tussentydse regshulp, en (vi) afdwinging en uitvoering van die arbitrasie-toekenning. Oorspronklike, kreatiewe en innoverende voorstelle as antwoord op hierdie probleme sluit in: die uitdruklike statutêre erkenning van toestemming tot arbitrasie in beide mondelinge en geskrewe vorms; die gebruik van konstruktiewe dispuutoplossingstegnieke; statutêre erkenning van gewoonteregtelike arbitrasies; die gebruik van ‘n versnelde arbitrasie-prosedure; die verlening van skadevergoeding in die vorm van ‘n strafbedrag; ‘n kode van sanksies om die arbitrasie proses te fasiliteer; en ‘n vereenvoudigde wyse waarop arbitrasie-toekennings afgedwing en uitgevoer kan word. Die proefskrif sluit af deur die toekoms van arbitrasie in Afrika te bespreek, asook die behoefte aan modernisering en harmonisering van arbitrasiereg ten einde geskille dwarsoor Afrika op ‘n vreedsame wyse te kan besleg.