No description available.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que buscou verificar se as normas vigentes no Brasil para os alojamentos dos tripulantes de navios mercantes são efetivas em propiciar boas condições de habitabilidade e segurança. O processo utilizado para esta verificação foi o de comparar tais normas com recomendações e determinações de diversas fontes. A opção por este objeto de pesquisa se justifica uma vez que atualmente, após mais de duas décadas de decadência da indústria naval e da frota mercante brasileiras, há um grande número de navios em construção. Além disso, a vida útil dos navios é de aproximadamente trinta anos, o que significa que a inadequação das normas segundo as quais são construídos implicaria em consequências de longo prazo e difíceis de serem revertidas, em função da complexidade dos navios. Por outro lado, a Organização Marítima Internacional e outras fontes citam o projeto dos alojamentos como um dos fatores que podem influenciar no aumento do número de casos e na intensidade da fadiga entre os tripulantes, com reflexos na incidência de erros humanos e, consequentemente, de acidentes marítimos. Um indicador da existência de deficiências na configuração dos espaços de alojamento é o número de acidentes pessoais neles ocorridos, relativamente alto quando comparado com o das áreas de trabalho e operação da embarcação, onde o risco de acidentes é consideravelmente maior. A confrontação das normas vigentes no Brasil com recomendações e determinações das diversas fontes consultadas evidenciou que estas admitem condições mais desfavoráveis do que as aceitas para embarcações destinadas a fins especiais e em navios de algumas marinhas de guerra. Ademais, sua análise revelou que não especificam os níveis considerados apropriados ao conforto térmico, acústico, iluminação e vibrações, o que indica que estão desatualizadas e aponta para a necessidade de sua revisão com base em estudos atuais. / This Master\'s dissertation presents the results of research which seeks to establish whether the prevailing standards for crew accommodation in merchant shipping in Brazil is effective in providing good conditions of habitability and safety. The verification process used was to compare such standards with recommendations and requirements from several different sources. The justification for this choice of research is that following more than two decades of decline in the shipbuilding sector and the Brazilian merchant navy, there are now a large number of ships once more under construction in indigenous shipyards. Since ships have a useful life of approximately thirty years, this means failure to adhere to construction standards would imply long term consequences, difficult to revert in the light of the complexity of vessels. Conversely, the International Maritime Organization as well as other sources, cites the onboard accommodation project as one of the factors that can impact the number of cases of fatigue and its intensity among crew members. This in turn is reflected in the level of human error and consequently, maritime accidents. One indicator of deficiencies in accommodation configuration is the number of personal accidents that occur in them, relatively high compared with onboard working and operational areas where risk of accidents is considerably greater. The comparison of the prevailing standards in Brazil with recommendations and requirements of several sources which have been consulted, revealed that these tolerate conditions which are less favorable than those acceptable in special purpose vessels and in the ships of some navies. Additionally, comparison showed that standards prevailing in Brazil fail to specify the levels deemed appropriate for thermal and acoustic comfort, lighting and vibration. The indication is that such are out-of-date - pointing to a need for review based on current studies.

Past research on eighteenth-century ships has primarily taken one of two avenues, either focusing on naval warship construction or examining the merchant shipping industry as a whole in terms of trends and economics. While these areas are important to pursue, comparatively little is known about actual construction techniques used on the ordinary merchant vessels of the period. Most modern sources emphasize hull design and lines drawings; contemporary sources take a similar direction, explaining the theory of ship design but often leaving out how to put the ship together. In recent years, however, new information has come to light through archaeological excavations regarding Anglo-American merchant ship construction. In this study, several of these shipwrecks were examined in light of economic factors and the literary evidence from the period in an attempt to gain a better understanding of colonial American merchant ship construction in the eighteenth century. While the data set was not large enough to make conclusive statements, this type of comparative analysis should begin to establish a framework for the interpretation of future shipwreck excavations.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que buscou verificar se as normas vigentes no Brasil para os alojamentos dos tripulantes de navios mercantes são efetivas em propiciar boas condições de habitabilidade e segurança. O processo utilizado para esta verificação foi o de comparar tais normas com recomendações e determinações de diversas fontes. A opção por este objeto de pesquisa se justifica uma vez que atualmente, após mais de duas décadas de decadência da indústria naval e da frota mercante brasileiras, há um grande número de navios em construção. Além disso, a vida útil dos navios é de aproximadamente trinta anos, o que significa que a inadequação das normas segundo as quais são construídos implicaria em consequências de longo prazo e difíceis de serem revertidas, em função da complexidade dos navios. Por outro lado, a Organização Marítima Internacional e outras fontes citam o projeto dos alojamentos como um dos fatores que podem influenciar no aumento do número de casos e na intensidade da fadiga entre os tripulantes, com reflexos na incidência de erros humanos e, consequentemente, de acidentes marítimos. Um indicador da existência de deficiências na configuração dos espaços de alojamento é o número de acidentes pessoais neles ocorridos, relativamente alto quando comparado com o das áreas de trabalho e operação da embarcação, onde o risco de acidentes é consideravelmente maior. A confrontação das normas vigentes no Brasil com recomendações e determinações das diversas fontes consultadas evidenciou que estas admitem condições mais desfavoráveis do que as aceitas para embarcações destinadas a fins especiais e em navios de algumas marinhas de guerra. Ademais, sua análise revelou que não especificam os níveis considerados apropriados ao conforto térmico, acústico, iluminação e vibrações, o que indica que estão desatualizadas e aponta para a necessidade de sua revisão com base em estudos atuais. / This Master\'s dissertation presents the results of research which seeks to establish whether the prevailing standards for crew accommodation in merchant shipping in Brazil is effective in providing good conditions of habitability and safety. The verification process used was to compare such standards with recommendations and requirements from several different sources. The justification for this choice of research is that following more than two decades of decline in the shipbuilding sector and the Brazilian merchant navy, there are now a large number of ships once more under construction in indigenous shipyards. Since ships have a useful life of approximately thirty years, this means failure to adhere to construction standards would imply long term consequences, difficult to revert in the light of the complexity of vessels. Conversely, the International Maritime Organization as well as other sources, cites the onboard accommodation project as one of the factors that can impact the number of cases of fatigue and its intensity among crew members. This in turn is reflected in the level of human error and consequently, maritime accidents. One indicator of deficiencies in accommodation configuration is the number of personal accidents that occur in them, relatively high compared with onboard working and operational areas where risk of accidents is considerably greater. The comparison of the prevailing standards in Brazil with recommendations and requirements of several sources which have been consulted, revealed that these tolerate conditions which are less favorable than those acceptable in special purpose vessels and in the ships of some navies. Additionally, comparison showed that standards prevailing in Brazil fail to specify the levels deemed appropriate for thermal and acoustic comfort, lighting and vibration. The indication is that such are out-of-date - pointing to a need for review based on current studies.

L’activité du port de Bordeaux en plein essor au XVIIIe siècle est bien connue des historiens modernistes. Paradoxalement, les développements consacrés aux professionnels embarqués sur les gréements sont plus rares, alors qu’une telle étude a déjà été réalisée pour la capitale de la Guyenne à la fin du Moyen-âge. Parmi les « gens de mer » demeurés dans l’ombre, les capitaines de navire se démarquent à plus d’un titre. Par la charge symbolique mais aussi juridique que revêt la fonction, en premier lieu, dans le convoi des hommes et des marchandises au-delà des océans. Par le champ de compétences étendu que recouvre la profession, ensuite. Les commandants de bord doivent en effet non seulement être en capacité de piloter un bâtiment au long cours, mais en outre diriger un équipage bigarré, tout en versant dans le commerce au moment jugé le plus opportun. Les capitaines apparaissent ainsi comme des acteurs incontournables des échanges maritimes à l'époque moderne, cernés par un océan d’archives dont l’importance des fonds conservés à Bordeaux, en dépit des ravages du temps, rend parfaitement compte. Par les perspectives de mobilité sociale offertes par le métier, en dernier lieu. Affiliée aux négociants avec lesquels elle partage une même communauté de vues et de pratiques, contrôlant l’information, brouillant les pistes entre les acteurs de l’échange, la figure du « capitaine-géreur » placée à la tête des expéditions maritimes ou paradant parmi les cercles mondains révèle une confusion des genres pouvant induire des changements d’état. Il s’agit de déterminer si le négoce à temps plein constitue un horizon accessible puis pérenne, parmi d’autres opportunités de reconversion à portée du groupe. Alors que le commerce colonial et négrier assure la prospérité de la capitale de la Guyenne, c’est l’identité de la profession via sa capacité à se fondre parmi les élites urbaines qui questionne, de la Régence à la Révolution française. / Modern historians have good knowledge of the 18th century growth of Bordeaux harbour activity. But works about crew members are scarce while paradoxically such a study had already been led for the « Guyenne » capital as early as in the end of the Middle Ages. Ship commanders stand out from all other rather discreet socio-professional categories related to sailors for many reasons : first, because of the symbolical and legal dimension of their occupation which implies their responsibility whenever it comes to the transportation of men and goods ; secondly, because of their huge fields of expertise, like to be able to steer boats over long distance, to handle crews of dozens of members or to carry out commercial transactions ; last, but not least, because of the social mobility offered by their position. Highly documented in a rich archive collection kept and preserved in Bordeaux, captains have turned into key players of the maritime trade of the modern era. By frequently working and diverting themselves with traders and ship owners, they developed a trusting relationship with them. The question is to determine how this cooperation was shaped, and to know if trading or ship armament were possible career changes within the reach of captains, and if not, how they could integrate the urban elites at work under the « Ancien Régime ». When the colonial and slave trade ensured the Bordeaux harbour’s prosperity, it is the identity of the merchant navy ship commanders working from the capital of « Guyenne » that will be here studied, from the Regency to the French Revolution.