Zugl.: Witten, Herdecke, Univ., Diss., 2006.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Würzburg, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-209).

Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2007.

Zugl.: Dortmund, Techn. Universiẗat, Diss.

The research examines what drives Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) using a theoretical and empirical approach. The theoretical part uses flexible optimal policies which adjust to changes in the market structure following a merger. The empirical part tests the major theoretical predictions to identify determinants of M&As in advanced economies. Chapters 1 and 2 consider M&As among firms in a pollution-intensive sector. Chapter 1 shows that identical polluting firms engage in M&As only if environmental policies are flexible. Chapter 2 shows that the flexibility of environmental policy increases the incentive to merge among heterogeneous firms. In addition, with flexible policy highly polluting firms have the highest incentive to merge than less polluting firms in a given sector. The empirical evidence suggests that the decision of manufacturing firms to engage in M&As is affected by environmental policy and firms may engage in merger deals in anticipation of a change in policy. Chapter 3 shows that with a flexible consumption tax firms in a bigger, more efficient country takeover firms in a smaller, less efficient country. The incentive to merge increases with the efficiency and market size of the host country. The empirical result obtained from 7 OECD countries shows that market size and firm efficiency play a major role in triggering international mergers.

A volatilidade tem se mostrado como um dos mais relevantes conceitos nos estudos de finanças, pois está associada diretamente ao conceito de risco. A volatilidade pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores como, por exemplo, eventos corporativos. Dentre esses eventos, destacam-se as fusões e aquisições (F&A), as quais se apresentam como um contexto interessante para realização de estudos voltados para a observação de possíveis mudanças no comportamento da volatilidade quando da sua ocorrência. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar o comportamento da volatilidade dos retornos das ações de empresas que passaram por processos de fusão e aquisição, compreendendo tanto o seu anúncio quanto a sua conclusão. Após a adoção de critérios de elegibilidade, foram estudados 33 eventos relativos a 23 ativos de 19 empresas. A metodologia para a estimação da volatilidade compreendeu principalmente o uso do modelo GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity), em um procedimento similar a um estudo de evento. Como resultado, observou-se que, de uma forma global, tanto o anúncio da operação de F&A quanto a sua conclusão não produziu impacto na volatilidade. Adicionalmente, ao se observar o impacto no risco, medido pelo beta, observou-se que o anúncio produziu impacto no beta de 30 dias, enquanto a conclusão da operação proporcionou mudança no beta tanto de 30 quanto de 60 dias. No entanto, ao se tentar relacionar os resultados com algumas características dos eventos (como: tipo da ação, setor de atuação, tipo da operação, papel desempenhado na operação e tempo transcorrido entre o anúncio da operação e a sua conclusão) foi observado que estas não possuíam nenhum poder explicativo. / Volatility has been considered a relevant concept in finance due to its association with the risk concept. Volatility can be influenced by many factors such as corporate events. Among these events, we can emphasize mergers&acquisitions (M&A), that has become an interesting context for studies about the volatility behavior and its changes. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the behavior of the volatility of stock returns of companies that participated of mergers&acquisitions during the the announcement and the conclusion periods. It was determined eligibility criteria that result a sample with 23 stocks from 19 companies. The methodology for volatility estimation involved mainly the GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) model and the procedure was similar to event study. The results reveal that, in general, the announcement of M&A and its conclusion had no effects on the volatility. In addition, the observation of the risk impact, measured by beta, revealed an effect on the 30 days’ beta and the conclusion caused an impact on the 30 and 60 days’ beta. Finally, the observation about possible relationship between results and characteristics (like stock type, sector, event type, role played in the event and time passed between announce and conclusion) revealed no explanation power.

Submitted by Amanda Pinheiro (amandapin@uol.com.br) on 2010-06-30T17:35:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Retornos anormais em F&A_Amanda Pinheiro.pdf: 235217 bytes, checksum: bef9fc06ec589d5207ae4af647c9f340 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Gammaro(gisele.gammaro@fgv.br) on 2010-06-30T19:58:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Retornos anormais em F&A_Amanda Pinheiro.pdf: 235217 bytes, checksum: bef9fc06ec589d5207ae4af647c9f340 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-07-02T19:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Retornos anormais em F&A_Amanda Pinheiro.pdf: 235217 bytes, checksum: bef9fc06ec589d5207ae4af647c9f340 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21 / The objective of this work is to analyze the abnormal returns of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) in Brazil and to verify if they can be explained by firm characteristics. This research provides contribution to the literature in two ways. First, it analyzes the longest period in the research of M&As in Brazil (1997-2009). Furthermore, this research analyzes the behavior of abnormal returns on M&As in different sub-periods, allowing to evaluate whether there have been changes over time. The results indicate that the abnormal returns of both firms are positive and statistically significant, and that the abnormal returns of acquired firms are larger than those of the acquirer firms. The results have changed over time. From 1997 to 2004, the abnormal returns of target firms are positive and the abnormal returns of acquirers are negative. However, from 2005 to 2009, the abnormal returns of both firms are positive. The target firms abnormal returns are positively related to the market value of both firms and negatively related to Tobin's Q and ROA of the acquirer. Moreover, in the most recent period, the abnormal returns of target firms are also positively related to their ROA and leverage. / O objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar os retornos anormais de Fusões e Aquisições (F&As) no Brasil e verificar se os mesmos podem ser explicados por características das empresas. Essa pesquisa traz contribuição à literatura de duas formas. Primeiro, analisa o período mais longo em pesquisa de F&As no Brasil (1997 a 2009). Além disso, essa pesquisa analisa o comportamento dos retornos anormais em F&As em diferentes sub-períodos, permitindo avaliar se houve alterações ao longo do tempo. Os resultados indicam que os retornos anormais de ambas as empresas são positivos e estatisticamente significativos, sendo que os da firma adquirida são maiores do que os da adquirente. Os resultados mudam ao longo do tempo. De 1997 a 2004, o retorno anormal das empresas alvo é positivo e o retorno anormal das empresas adquirentes é negativo. Por sua vez, de 2005 e 2009, os retornos anormais de ambas as empresas são positivos. O retorno anormal da empresa alvo é positivamente relacionado ao valor de mercado de ambas as firmas e negativamente relacionado ao Q de Tobin e ROA da empresa adquirente. Além disso, no período mais recente, o retorno anormal das empresas alvo também é positivamente relacionado à alavancagem e ROA das mesmas.

The internationalisation of Chinese firms has attracted attention worldwide although most of Chinese MNEs are still in their early stage of internationalisation. Chinese firms internationalisation has unique characteristics due to their home country s unique political environment, culture and economic structure. This thesis aims to investigate the implications of both of short-term stock market performance and long-term operating performance of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by Chinese firms. Drawing on signalling theory and the institution-based view, the thesis firstly examines the extent of stock market reactions to the announcement of cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) deals from a financial perspective, based on an event study of a sample of Chinese firms during the period 2000-2012. The findings indicate that Chinese firms cross-border M&As result in a positive stock market reaction. The shareholders of Chinese firms that acquire a target firm in a host country with a low level of political risk gain higher cumulative abnormal returns than those firms targeting companies in countries with a high level of political risk. However, the shareholders of Chinese state-owned enterprises experience lower abnormal returns compared with those of Chinese privately owned firms when engaging in cross-border M&A deals. The thesis further examines the impact of M&As on Chinese firms post-acquisition operating performance by integrating organisational learning theory with the institution-based view. The findings indicate that firms with serial cross-border M&As achieve better performance than those engaged in first-time cross-border M&As, and those with horizontal M&As perform better than those carrying out vertical M&As. The positive effects of acquisition experience and horizontal acquisitions on the post-acquisition performance of Chinese acquiring firms are reinforced by the institutional quality and language similarity of host countries. Finally, this thesis investigates from a management perspective how Chinese MNEs adopt different management strategies (e.g. expatriates and subsidiary autonomy) to respond to environmental challenges and improve the performance of overseas subsidiaries. Drawing on the resource dependence theory, this thesis examines the indirect effects of expatriates on subsidiary performance via subsidiary autonomy based on a survey sample of Chinese MNEs. The findings show that an increase in expatriates reduces the level of subsidiary autonomy and thus negatively affects subsidiary performance. This study also finds that the institutional quality of host countries reinforces the negative impact of expatriates on subsidiary autonomy, but reduces the importance of the latter on subsidiary performance.

This case completes the trilogy and attempts to answer the open questions raised in the A and B Cases. It offers a retrospective of the events since the IBM-Lenovo merger in 2005 until August 2012. The main focus is on the period between the global financial crisis and mid-2012. The case describes the frequent changes at the top management level and highlights the leadership issues involved in making Lenovo a global leader in the PC industry. An industry and market overview reveals that while Lenovo was attempting to deal with internal issues during the post-merger integration phase it lost market share to competitors. A series of strategic changes, organizational restructurings, and changes in organizational culture paved the way for a new era in Lenovo's history, marked by strong financial performance, product innovation, and promising growth. / Series: WU Case Series

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é a pesquisa das boas práticas e dos fatores críticos de sucesso, em processos de fusão e aquisição, para apoiar a análise da integração dos processos de compras de duas empresas do setor farmacêutico. Desde o surgimento das primeiras indústrias, este setor possui grande histórico de negociações nos processos de fusões e aquisições. O trabalho descreve e analisa as principais atividades de compra e as tecnologias utilizadas pela empresa compradora, as quais foram definidas como padrões na integração das empresas. Para que esta análise ocorra de forma completa, foi necessário a realização de pesquisas em temas complementares, considerados importantes para o entendimento de todo o processo da integração como: aspectos motivacionais da integração das empresas, boas práticas na gestão da cadeia de suprimentos relacionadas com a função compras, detalhamento das atividades do processo de compras e das tecnologias da informação de apoio. Foi feito um exame relacionando a prática com o referencial teórico, elucidando se a prática seguiu a teoria. A conclusão levou em consideração a crítica do processo da integração dos processos com sugestões para próximos casos e pesquisas na área. / [en] The focus of this dissertation is on the good practices research and the critical success factors for merging and acquisition processes, used as basis for a critical analysis of the purchasing integration processes of two companies from the pharmaceutical sector. Since the birth of the first industries, this sector has had many historical negotiations in the merging and acquisitions processes. The paper describes and analyzes the main activities of purchasing and the technologies used by the acquiring company, which were defined as standards in integrating businesses. In order to have a throughout analysis, other complementary subjects were analyzed. They were of great importance for the overview of the integration process such as: motivational aspects used on merging companies, the functional detailing of the purchasing process and the supporting information technology. An analysis correlating the theory with real practices was done to verify their similarities. The conclusion took in consideration the merging processes review with suggestions for next studies and researches in the area.