Thesis advisor: Michael Numan / Maternal behavior is a primary social characteristic of mammals. By studying maternal behavior in rats, broader inferences can be made about the neural circuits that influence maternal behavior in other mammals, including humans. Maternal behavior of rats includes nest building, pup grooming, nursing, and pup retrieval. The projections from the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus (MPOA) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the mesolimbic dopamine system are known to regulate maternal behavior in post-partum rats. The aim of the present study was to examine how inhibition of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), an area that projects to the nucleus accumbens-ventral palldium (NA-VP) circuit of the mesolimbic dopamine system, bilaterally with muscimol (a GABA-A agonist) might interrupt the retrieval of pups by post-partum rats. Females injected with muscimol, but not those injected with saline, displayed significant deficits in retrieval behavior, suggesting that the BLA is a region important for the promotion of maternal behavior. The effects were also reversible, as all females displayed normal maternal behavior 24-hours post-injection. Follow-up studies should use asymmetric neuron-specific lesions of the BLA and the VP to show that the projections from the BLA to the VP are essential for maternal behavior. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology.

Melanocortins (MCs) play an important role in feeding, metabolism, and energy expenditure. While melanocortin receptor (MCR) mRNA has been found in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway, the ability of melanocortins to regulate feeding and other behaviors through actions on the mesolimbic DA system have not been examined. Short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were created targeting MC3R and MC4R and were tested via in vitro studies for their ability to knockdown their target receptor. A total of three shRNAs were created targeting each receptor, and each shRNA caused successful knockdown. These shRNAs are tools that can be used for future in vivo studies to examine the various behavioral effects of melanocortins on the mesolimbic DA pathway.

The salience of natural or drug-associated reward is mediated by phasic dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) arising from DAergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Circulating sex steroid hormones can modulate reward associated with drugs of abuse; yet, it still remains unclear which brain regions are responsible for this modulation. The medial preoptic area (mPOA) is a hypothalamic brain area involved in the expression of naturally rewarding behaviors as well as the regulation and reception of circulating sex steroid hormones in female rats. Considering its role in regulating naturally rewarding behaviors, its well-established anatomical connectivity with the VTA, and its responsiveness to circulating sex steroid hormones, the mPOA is an ideal neural node through which hormones could modulate the rewarding facets of drugs of abuse. Here I show that preoptotegmental efferents to the VTA are primarily GABAergic, that they appose putative DAergic cell bodies in the VTA that project to the NAc, and that they are capable of responding to sex steroid hormones and changes in DA release. Furthermore, cocaine influences neural activity in mPOA efferents that project to the VTA. Removal of the mPOA also enhanced cocaine-induced locomotion, Fos-immunoreactivity in the mesolimbic reward system, DA release in the NAc, and augmented conditioned place preference. Together these findings suggest that the mPOA modulates the release of DA in the mesolimbic reward circuitry via inhibitory connections with DA neurons residing in the VTA, and sex steroid hormones, in turn, may act in the mPOA to modulate response to cocaine. / text

Mesolimbic dopamine plays an important role in ethanol reinforcement, and studies have shown that accumbal dopamine increases during operant ethanol self-administration. However, no one has ever studied this dopaminergic response during the acquisition of ethanol self-administration. Furthermore, some studies have shown that the dopamine signal does not correlate with the pharmacological effects of ethanol, but with the time during which the animal consumes the majority of the ethanol solution and when the sensory stimuli of ethanol are strongest. However, there is currently no direct evidence showing that the sensory stimuli of ethanol is indeed what causes the brief increase in accumbal dopamine during ethanol self-administration. The studies in this dissertation attempted to elucidate these issues. We designed and tested a placebo spout, which was to be used to study the relationship between accumbal dopamine and the sensory stimuli of ethanol during self-administration. Unfortunately, the placebo designs were either not feasible for performing microdialysis or did not show promising behavioral data. We also developed and tested a self-administration protocol in which the concentrations of ethanol (10%) were kept constant throughout the study. The new protocol was successful in initiating and maintaining ethanol self-administration, and the animals doubled their intake from day 1 to day 2 of ethanol consumption. Using this protocol, we trained male Long Evans rats to self-administer ethanol and measured accumbal dopamine during the first two days of ethanol self-administration through microdialysis. The behavioral and neurochemical data matched. A single exposure to ethanol was sufficient for the animals to double their ethanol consumption by day 2 and to cause an increase in accumbal dopamine during the first 5 minutes of ethanol self-administration. The dopamine response was observed during the time when the sensory stimuli of ethanol were strongest, but before ethanol reached peak concentrations in the brain. Overall, these results suggest that the dopamine response to ethanol self-administration may not be solely pharmacological and that a single exposure to ethanol is sufficient to learn the association between ethanol and its cues. These findings give us greater insight into mesolimbic dopamine's role in the early stages of ethanol reinforcement. / text

Implications for the endocannabinoid system in global cerebral ischemia has not been clearly defined. Ischemia produces an excitotoxic environment that is severely damaging to neurons, causing degradation of cell membrane and ultimately cell death. Contradicting research suggests both the benefits and adverse effects of endocannabinoids on neurological injury. Due to the excitotoxic nature of ischemic injury, and the mechanisms at play with endocannabinoid agonists, such as increased transmission of dopamine and glutamate, it is suspected that endocannabinoid antagonists, such as AM251, may a provide cell protection.40 male Wistar rats were separated into 4 groups (n=10/group). The first group of rats were administered AM251 (2 mg/kg, i.p) 30 minutes prior to global cerebral ischemia (four vessel occlusion), while the second group were given AM251, 30 minutes prior to sham surgery. Finally the last two groups were given a vehicle control instead of AM251 and given either ischemia or the sham surgery. Behavioural testing, open field test and elevated plus maze, took place after a five day recovery period following ischemia. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed using to mark tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine receptor 1(DRD1) to compare dopamine function amongst groups. Cell survival was also evaluated using thionin staining. Ischemia induced significant reduction in dopamine within the mesolimbic circuit, including: ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, CA3 & CA1 of the hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala. These reductions in dopamine transmission by global ischemia were partially or fully reversed when AM251 was given beforehand. Furthermore, cell survival was increased in the CA1 from treatment of AM251. Behavioural results show similar results that AM251 reversed emotional irregularities associated with ischemia insult. The endocannabinoid antagonist AM251 improves deficits in dopamine function, prevents cell death and regulates emotionality when given prior global cerebral ischemia.

x, 73 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The current study measured BOLD brain response using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the hypothesis that women with bulimia nervosa have a hyper-responsivity of the mesolimbic reward system. Women with bulimia nervosa and healthy controls (N=24) completed an fMRI paradigm involving anticipated and actual receipt of chocolate milkshake and a tasteless control solution. Women with bulimia nervosa showed less activation than healthy controls in the right anterior insula in response to anticipatory food reward and in the left medial orbitofrontal cortex, right posterior insula, right precentral gyms, and right mid dorsal insula in response to consummatory food reward. Covariates related to bulimia diagnosis accounted for some of these effects, but not all. Results suggest that bulimia nervosa may be related to hypo-functioning of the brain reward system rather than hyper-functioning. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed. / Committee in charge: Jeffrey Measelle, Chairperson, Psychology; Jennifer Ablow, Member, Psychology; Don Tucker, Member, Psychology; Eric Stice, Member, Not from U of 0; William Harbaugh, Outside Member, Economics

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Implications for the endocannabinoid system in global cerebral ischemia has not been clearly defined. Ischemia produces an excitotoxic environment that is severely damaging to neurons, causing degradation of cell membrane and ultimately cell death. Contradicting research suggests both the benefits and adverse effects of endocannabinoids on neurological injury. Due to the excitotoxic nature of ischemic injury, and the mechanisms at play with endocannabinoid agonists, such as increased transmission of dopamine and glutamate, it is suspected that endocannabinoid antagonists, such as AM251, may a provide cell protection.40 male Wistar rats were separated into 4 groups (n=10/group). The first group of rats were administered AM251 (2 mg/kg, i.p) 30 minutes prior to global cerebral ischemia (four vessel occlusion), while the second group were given AM251, 30 minutes prior to sham surgery. Finally the last two groups were given a vehicle control instead of AM251 and given either ischemia or the sham surgery. Behavioural testing, open field test and elevated plus maze, took place after a five day recovery period following ischemia. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed using to mark tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine receptor 1(DRD1) to compare dopamine function amongst groups. Cell survival was also evaluated using thionin staining. Ischemia induced significant reduction in dopamine within the mesolimbic circuit, including: ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, CA3 & CA1 of the hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala. These reductions in dopamine transmission by global ischemia were partially or fully reversed when AM251 was given beforehand. Furthermore, cell survival was increased in the CA1 from treatment of AM251. Behavioural results show similar results that AM251 reversed emotional irregularities associated with ischemia insult. The endocannabinoid antagonist AM251 improves deficits in dopamine function, prevents cell death and regulates emotionality when given prior global cerebral ischemia.

L’inflammation systémique induite par l’obésité augmente la neuroinflammation et la réactivité gliale dans le noyau accumbens (NAc), associées à des comportements de type dépressif et anxieux. Les neurones à épines moyennes (MSN) du NAc font partie intégrante des circuits neuronaux qui contrôlent la motivation et l’humeur. Les différences fonctionnelles dans les entrées et les sorties des sous-régions du NAc – le cœur du NAc (NAcC) et la coquille du NAc (NAcSh) – fournissent une base pour étudier la divergence fonctionnelle dans les sous-territoires. Nos résultats biochimiques et chimiogénétiques préliminaires suggèrent que l’inflammation causée par une alimentation chronique riche en graisses entraîne une diminution de l’excitabilité des récepteurs D1 de la dopamine (D1R) des MSN. Notre objectif était d’étudier l’impact des états inflammatoires aigus et chroniques en étudiant l’impact du LPS et de l’alimentation riche en graisses saturées (HFD) sur l’activité des MSN du NAc et la plasticité synaptique. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé deux méthodes électrophysiologiques, les enregistrements de champ extracellulaire et le patch clamp intracellulaire à cellules entières, pour étudier la potentialisation à long terme (LTP) et l’activité excitatrice cellulaire dans le NAc en réponse à l’inflammation aiguë et chronique. Nos résultats suggèrent que le LPS peut induire des changements dans la LTP dans les champs de neurones du NAcC. Cela suggère que la neuroinflammation aiguë peut induire des changements dans la transmission du signal entre les synapses du NAcC. Dans les cellules patchées, nous avons constaté que les entrées excitatrices sur les MSN D1R du NAcC et du NAcSh présentaient une fréquence réduite, en réponse au LPS. Nous avons également constaté que le LPS peut induire une réduction de l’amplitude maximale des entrées inhibitrices sur les MSN D1R du NAcC et du NAcSh. Après 12 semaines d’un régime à base d’huile de palme (graisse saturée) amenant à l’obésité, les entrées excitatrices sur les MSN NAc D1R n’ont pas montré de changements significatifs. Collectivement, nos données suggèrent qu’un défi aigu au LPS, mais pas un défi chronique au Palm, peut provoquer des changements aigus dans l’activité neuronale du NAc qui pourraient être médiés par des changements dans la signalisation de la dopamine. / Obesity induced systemic inflammation upregulates neuroinflammation and glial reactivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) which is associated with depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the NAc are integral populations of the neural circuitry controlling motivation and mood. Functional differences in the inputs and outputs of NAc subregions- NAc core (NAcC) and NAc shell (NAcSh)- provide a basis to study functional divergence in the subterritories. Our preliminary biochemical and chemogenetic findings suggest that inflammation caused by chronic high-fat feeding results in decreased excitability of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) MSNs. Our aims were to investigate the impact of acute and chronic inflammatory states by studying the impact of LPS and Palm saturated high-fat diet (HFD) on NAc MSN activity and synaptic plasticity. Given this, we used two electrophysiology methods, extracellular field recordings & intracellular whole-cell patch clamp, to study NAc long-term potentiation (LTP) and cellular excitatory activity in response to acute and chronic inflammation. Our results suggest that LPS may induce changes in LTP in neuron fields in the NAcC. This suggests that acute neuroinflammation may induce changes in signal transmission between synapses of the NAcC. In patched cells, excitatory inputs onto D1R MSNs of the NAcC and NAcSh displayed reduced frequency in response to LPS. We also demonstrate that LPS induces a reduction in the peak amplitude of inhibitory inputs onto both NAcC and NAcSh D1R MSNs. After 12 weeks on a saturated Palm diet, NAc D1R MSN excitatory inputs displayed no significant changes. Collectively, our data suggests that an acute LPS, but not chronic Palm challenge may illicit acute changes in NAc neuronal activity, perhaps mediated by changes in DA signaling.

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