Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-28T22:19:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Fabio Correia de Oliveira.pdf: 16207784 bytes, checksum: a56a70047e182649108ead85f148320c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-06T22:00:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Fabio Correia de Oliveira.pdf: 16207784 bytes, checksum: a56a70047e182649108ead85f148320c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T22:00:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Fabio Correia de Oliveira.pdf: 16207784 bytes, checksum: a56a70047e182649108ead85f148320c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Esta Dissertação estuda as condições de microacessibilidade relativa ao transporte público de passageiros com foco em áreas de relevo movimentado, tendo por objeto de trabalho os morros da zona norte da cidade do Recife. A pesquisa propõe considerar como medida de impedância, o esforço físico despendido nos deslocamentos de casa para ao sistema de transporte, e não apenas a distância e o tempo gastos nesses deslocamentos. O cálculo do gasto energético é baseado no conceito do Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET), o qual foi aplicado considerando as condições físicas de usuário padrão. Como tentativa para identificar as reais necessidades da população local, foram feitas, inicialmente, entrevistas de caráter qualitativo com grupos focais. Os cálculos, aplicados sobre a base cartográfica, deram origem a uma nuvem de pontos cotados que, com o auxílio do AutoCAD Civil3D, permitiu a geração Curvas de Isoesforço capazes de evidenciar as áreas menos favorecidas do ponto de vista da microacessibilidade. Por fim os cálculos foram refeitos, considerando uma nova realidade, incluindo intervenções no tecido urbano de forma a promover novas conexões por meio da inclusão de novas vias de pedestres nos trechos com pior microacessibilidade. As novas feições resultantes se mostraram satisfatórias, evidenciando a necessidade de se considerar o esforço físico no trato do transporte nessas áreas. / This paper studies the microaccessibility conditions related to the public transport of passengers with focus on areas of difficult topography, having as object of work the hills of the northern part of the city of Recife. The research proposes to consider as a measure of impedance, the physical effort expended in the trips from home to the transportation system, and not only the distance and the time spent in these displacements. The calculation of the energy expenditure is based on the Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET) concept, which was applied considering the standard physical conditions of the user. In order to identify the real needs of the local population, qualitative interviews were initially conducted with focus groups. The calculations, applied to the cartographic base, gave rise to a cloud of quoted points that, with the aid of AutoCAD Civil3D, allowed the generation of Isoforces Curves capable of showing the areas less favored from the point of view of microaccessibility. Finally, the calculations were redone, considering a new reality, including interventions in the urban fabric in order to promote new connections through the inclusion of new pedestrian paths in the sections with worse micro accessibility. The resulting new features were satisfactory, evidencing the need to consider physical effort in the treatment of transportation in these areas.

Numerical Weather Predictions (NWPs) are subject to systematic errors and biases. Hence, the continuous verification of NWP model outputs in order to contribute to model improvement became very important over recent years. Verification results provide numerical measures of how well NWP models perform, in an objective way. It also allows for monitoring of how NWPs improve over time. In the day-to-day operation of weather forecasting one might find biases in either forecasts generated by the NWP model, or biases that result from the weather forecaster’s interpretation of NWP output, or both. The use of verification statistics might help to identify the source of these biases, which might lead to research targeted to improve the scientific understanding of the underlying processes required to improve NWP forecasts. This study investigates the potential of the 20km x 20km resolution Limited Area Model over Africa (Africa LAM) developed by the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UK Met Office) to be used as supplementary tool to improve weather forecast output to end-users over the Western Sahel (WS) and Nigeria. In the study, Africa LAM T+24h forecasts dataset was verified against daily observed rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature data, of 36 selected meteorological point stations over the WS from January 2005 to December 2006. 12 meteorological point stations were selected across each of the three identified climate zones of the WS, namely (1) Wet Equatorial (WE) climate zone (from the southern coastline up to a latitude of 8.00ºN), (2) Wet and Dry Tropics (WDT) climate zone (between latitude 8.00ºN and 12.00ºN) and (3) Semi-Arid (SA) climate zone (between latitude 12.00ºN and 15.00ºN). The dataset was also stratified into four seasons, namely (1) January-February-March (JFM), (2) April-May-June (AMJ), (3) July-August-September (JAS) and (4) October-November-December (OND). The verification algorithms and measures used in this study are in accordance with the WMO NWP verification standards. The verification results indicate that the Africa LAM model temperature forecasts show skill, more so during the raining seasons (AMJ and JAS) than during the dry seasons (JFM and OND) over the WS. The model rainfall forecasts, however, show more skill during the dry seasons (JFM and OND) than during the raining seasons (AMJ and JAS). The results further indicate that, on a regional basis, the model temperature forecasts show more spatial skill over the WE climate zone than over the WDT and SA climate zones of the WS, while rainfall forecasts show more skill over the SA climate zone than over the WDT and WE climate zones of the WS. Additional results from simple bias corrections and Model Output Statistics (MOS) which are some of the suggested post-processing techniques in this study are presented. These results give a better understanding of the model forecast errors, and also provide the feedback necessary for a possible improvement of Africa LAM forecasts by scientists at the UK Met Office. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc / Unrestricted

This thesis explores the post-war history of the British Meteorological Office (MO), which saw the development of public weather services and a more prominent profile for the organisation in British public life. Situated within a post-war growth in the scientific civil service and the government’s use of science in policy making, the emergence of MO extreme weather warnings and forecasts afforded the organisation an authoritative expert position. Part of meteorology’s twentieth century professionalisation, the services developed through the application of advances in meteorological practice and technologies, significantly altered the organisation’s public profile and status as a scientific expert body.By considering these developments the thesis illuminates how, as the MO increasingly presented forecasts and warnings to all sectors of British society, they became managers of the risks posed by extreme weather. Through exploring these historical developments at the MO, we see a broader narrative emerge on how the communication of risk by scientific experts interacts with public expectations and manifestations of blame. Central to the narrative presented is the role of extreme weather events themselves in affecting response, policy developments, new MO warning services, and the manifestation of blame.

This diploma thesis deals with the problem of ecological design and optimization of electrical products. The theoretical part describes the ecodesign legislation and assessment tools. The practical part is deals with created software for evaluation and comparison of electrical products. I analyzed three flash drives, which are commonly used. In these flash drives analyze packages and these packages were evaluated and compared with software. The last section describes the problems of availability of the necessary information.

Résumé : Les instruments de spectrométrie de masse à ionisation secondaire (SIMS) doivent être améliorés afin de satisfaire les exigences et tendances dans de nombreux domaines qui demandent des outils d'analyse pouvant cartographier les échantillons à la fois avec une excellente résolution et une haute sensibilité chimique, mais également avec des temps d’analyse plus court. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont : rechercher à améliorer la résolution en masse des spectromètres de masse à double focalisation en remplaçant le secteur sphérique standard par une nouvelle géométrie sphéroïde ayant de meilleures propriétés de focalisation, et d’étudier la réduction du temps d'analyse en imagerie SIMS, par la preuve de concept du système SIMS à multifaisceaux d'ions. Une comparaison des principales propriétés de focalisation du secteur sphérique, de la géométrie sphéroïde et d’une géométrie de sphéroïde hybride, a été réalisée en utilisant le logiciel SIMION. Une comparaison dans une configuration Nier-Johnson entre le secteur sphérique et le sphéroïde, a montré que le faisceau présente une rotation de 90 ° à la sortie de l'aimant nuisant à la résolution de masse dans la configuration sphéroïde. En ajoutant un élément électrostatique pouvant tourner le faisceau à 90 ° les performances du spectromètre de masse pourrait être amélioré. Toutefois, une comparaison des performances entre les secteurs sphériques et hybrides dans une configuration Mattauch-Herzog a montré que lorsque la double condition de focalisation est optimisée, une meilleure résolution de masse pourrait être obtenue avec la géométrie sphéroïde. Un système multi-faisceau ionique a été étudié pour l'analyse SIMS. La simulation à travers l’optique secondaire d'un Cameca IMS XF de neuf faisceaux a montré une transmission réussie des faisceaux, résultant en neuf points concentrés sur le détecteur plaque à canaux multiples (MCP). La preuve de concept a été achevée expérimentalement dans l'IMS 6F de Cameca, où une ouverture à trous multiples était montée dans la colonne principale, générant 9 et 16 faisceaux de tailles comprises entre 4 µm à 10 µm. Des images d'une grille AlCu ont été obtenues en balayant l'échantillon par le système de multifaisceaux d’ions. Ces résultats montrent que le système multi-faisceau d'ions est une technique possible pour l'imagerie SIMS et qu'en optimisant leur conception les multi-nano-faisceaux d'ions seront une solution permettant de réduire considérablement le temps d'analyse. / Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) instruments need to be improved in order to satisfy the demands of trends in many fields that require analytical tools that can map samples with both excellent resolution and high-sensitivity chemical information, but also with shorter time of analysis. The objectives of this thesis are: investigate the enhancement of the mass resolution of double focusing mass spectrometers by replacing the standard spherical sector with a novel spheroid geometry which has better focusing properties, and to investigate the reduction of the time of analysis in imaging SIMS by the proof-of-concept of the SIMS multi-ion- beam system.A comparison of the main focusing properties of the spherical sector, the spheroid geometry and a hybrid spheroid geometry, was made using the SIMION software. A comparison in a Nier-Johnson configuration between the spherical sector and the spheroid, showed that the beam presents a rotation of 90° at the exit of the magnet harming the mass resolution in the spheroid configuration. By adding an electrostatic element that can rotate the beam 90° the performance of the mass spectrometer could be improved. However, a comparison of the performances between the spherical and hybrid sectors simulated in a Mattauch-Herzog configuration, showed that when the double focusing condition is properly satisfied, better mass resolution could be achieved with the spheroid geometry.A multi-ion-beam system was investigated for SIMS analysis. A simulation through the secondary optics of a Cameca IMS XF showed successful transmission of nine beams through the optics resulting in nine well focussed spots on the multi channel plate (MCP) detector. The proof-of-concept was completed experimentally in the Cameca IMS 6F, where a multi-hole aperture was mounted in the primary column generating 9 and 16 beams of sizes between 4 μm to 10 μm. Images of an AlCu grid were obtained when t the multi-ion-beam system was scanned over the sample. These results showed that the multi-ion-beam system is a feasible technique for imaging SIMS and by optimizing the design multi-nano-ion-beams will be a solution for reducing drastically the time of analysis.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23597号 / 理博第4759号 / 新制||理||1682(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)長野 邦浩, 教授 中家 剛, 准教授 吉岡 興一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Helicobacter pylori infection is a leading cause of gastric cancer, which is the second-most common cancer-related death in the world. The chronic inflammatory environment in the gastric mucosal epithelia during H. pylori infection stimulates intracellular signaling pathways, namely inflammatory signals, which may lead to the promotion and progression of cancer cells. We herein report two important signal transduction pathways, the LPS-TLR4 and CagA-MET pathways. Upon H. pylori stimulation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binds to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mainly on macrophages and gastric epithelial cells. This induces an inflammatory response in the gastric epithelia to upregulate transcription factors, such as NF-κB, AP-1, and IRFs, all of which contribute to the initiation and progression of gastric cancer cells. Compared with other bacterial LPSs, H. pylori LPS has a unique function of inhibiting the mononuclear cell (MNC)-based production of IL-12 and IFN-γ. While this mechanism reduces the degree of inflammatory reaction of immune cells, it also promotes the survival of gastric cancer cells. The HGF/SF-MET signaling plays a major role in promoting cellular proliferation, motility, migration, survival, and angiogenesis, all of which are essential factors for cancer progression. H. pylori infection may facilitate MET downstream signaling in gastric cancer cells through its CagA protein via phosphorylation-dependent and/or phosphorylation-independent pathways. Other signaling pathways involved in H. pylori infection include EGFR, FAK, and Wnt/β-Catenin. These pathways function in the inflammatory process of gastric epithelial mucosa, as well as the progression of gastric cancer cells. Thus, H. pylori infection-mediated chronic inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of gastric cancer.

Meteorological and other multidimensional, georeferenced data is used extensively in science and engineering. These datasets are produced, shared, and used by organizations all over the world. Conventions have been developed specifying the metadata and format of these datasets in an effort to standardize the data and make it compatible with current and future software and web services. By necessity, the conventions are complex and difficult to implement correctly, resulting in useful datasets that are unusable in many applications due to lack of compliance with the conventions. By programmatically assigning metadata and guiding the dataset creator through the dataset creation process, convention compliant datasets can be consistently and repeatably created by people with a limited knowledge of the standards. These datasets can then be used in any application that supports the specific standard. This paper examines the process of building multidimensional, georeferenced netCDF datasets that are compliant with the Climate and Forecast Conventions and presents a new python package called cfbuild that automates the process of making the datasets compliant.

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