During reading, readers engage in comprehension and metacognitive processes. When problems in integrating the current information with the situation model occur, readers tend to make regressions—backward eye movements—to find information in prior text to resolve the problem (Schotter et al., 2014). Prior research suggests that cues related to regressions are used when making metacomprehension judgments. The usage of these cues may be influenced by a person’s ability to attend to comprehension processes during reading. The current study examined the relationship between comprehension and metacomprehension processes by using regressions as a measure of online monitoring. Experiment 1 examined how attention to end-of-sentence regressions affected the usage of cues related to regressions. During reading, participants heard tones when an end-of-sentence regression was made, random tones, or did not hear tones. Participants in the random tone condition were less likely to use cues related to regressions than participants that did not hear any tones. Experiment 2 examined how awareness of comprehension difficulties and working memory affected the usage of cues related to regressions when making metacomprehension judgments. During reading, participants performed a secondary task that influenced the ability to attend to comprehension processes. Participants also completed working memory tasks. Participants in the distracted condition were less likely to use cues related to regressions than participants in the control condition. In addition, participants with low attentional control were more likely to use cues related to regressions than participants with high attentional control. The findings suggest that attention to comprehension processes and working memory play an important role in the relationship between comprehension and metacomprehension.

No description available.

1. AIM - The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between metacognition and reading comprehension and also the relationship between metacognition, age and reading comprehension. 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE STUDY - In chapter 2 the cognitive approach to learning and reading, according to which the learner/reader plays an active role in the processing of information, is discussed. The human information processing system is discussed and the chapter is concluded with a discussion of how reading comprehension failures occur due to problems associated with the information processing system. In chapter 3 metacognition is defined and discussed based on the views of John Flavell, Ann Brown and Scott Paris and his co-workers. Certain factors affecting metacognition are also discussed. In chapter 4 the teaching of metacognition and reading strategies are discussed. Text processing strategies and text reorganising strategies are discussed which enable readers to regulate the level of their reading comprehension when comprehension failures occur. 3. EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW - An ex post facto research was undertaken involving all the standard 1 and standard 3 pupils of the largest of three primary schools in a specific town in the PI/IN region. Two questionnaires were used. One questionnaire, which was completed by both groups, tested metacognitive knowledge and skills such as evaluation, planning, regulation and conditional knowledge. Another questionnaire tested reading comprehension by means of a cloze test, an error detection test and a conventional comprehension test. Two different questionnaires were used for the two groups. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the data to determine the contribution of each independent variable (planning, evaluation, regulation and conditional knowledge) on the dependent variables (cloze test, error detection test and comprehension test). 3.1 Results - The following metacognitive variables influenced performance in the reading comprehension tests: * Error detection test : planning and conditional knowledge at std. 1 level and evaluation and regulation at std. 3-level. * Cloze test : only planning at std. 1 level and planning, regulation and conditional knowledge at std. 3 level. * Comprehension test : only conditional knowledge at std. 3 level. The results seem to indicate that metacognitive variables do affect performance in reading comprehension tests and that metacognition is related to age, considering the fact that the more "advanced" components of metacognition namely conditional knowledge and regulation affect performance mainly at std. 3 level. The number of metacognitive variables affecting performance in the three comprehension tests, three at std. 1 level and six at standerd three level, also indicates that metacognition develops with age. Due to the small population sample used in the study, however, no general conclusion can be drawn from these results. / Skripsie (MEd (Psigo-opvoedkunde)--PU vir CHO, 1995

1. AIM - The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between metacognition and reading comprehension and also the relationship between metacognition, age and reading comprehension. 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE STUDY - In chapter 2 the cognitive approach to learning and reading, according to which the learner/reader plays an active role in the processing of information, is discussed. The human information processing system is discussed and the chapter is concluded with a discussion of how reading comprehension failures occur due to problems associated with the information processing system. In chapter 3 metacognition is defined and discussed based on the views of John Flavell, Ann Brown and Scott Paris and his co-workers. Certain factors affecting metacognition are also discussed. In chapter 4 the teaching of metacognition and reading strategies are discussed. Text processing strategies and text reorganising strategies are discussed which enable readers to regulate the level of their reading comprehension when comprehension failures occur. 3. EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW - An ex post facto research was undertaken involving all the standard 1 and standard 3 pupils of the largest of three primary schools in a specific town in the PI/IN region. Two questionnaires were used. One questionnaire, which was completed by both groups, tested metacognitive knowledge and skills such as evaluation, planning, regulation and conditional knowledge. Another questionnaire tested reading comprehension by means of a cloze test, an error detection test and a conventional comprehension test. Two different questionnaires were used for the two groups. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the data to determine the contribution of each independent variable (planning, evaluation, regulation and conditional knowledge) on the dependent variables (cloze test, error detection test and comprehension test). 3.1 Results - The following metacognitive variables influenced performance in the reading comprehension tests: * Error detection test : planning and conditional knowledge at std. 1 level and evaluation and regulation at std. 3-level. * Cloze test : only planning at std. 1 level and planning, regulation and conditional knowledge at std. 3 level. * Comprehension test : only conditional knowledge at std. 3 level. The results seem to indicate that metacognitive variables do affect performance in reading comprehension tests and that metacognition is related to age, considering the fact that the more "advanced" components of metacognition namely conditional knowledge and regulation affect performance mainly at std. 3 level. The number of metacognitive variables affecting performance in the three comprehension tests, three at std. 1 level and six at standerd three level, also indicates that metacognition develops with age. Due to the small population sample used in the study, however, no general conclusion can be drawn from these results. / Skripsie (MEd (Psigo-opvoedkunde)--PU vir CHO, 1995

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第21491号 / 文博第796号 / 新制||文||672(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 蘆田 宏, 教授 Anderson James Russell, 教授 Emmanuel MANALO / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

The aim of this dissertation was to investigate whether improving metacomprehension accuracy via the monitoring process impacted learning strategy selection implemented by the control process so that comprehension was also improved. A new paradigm—the multi trial metacomprehension paradigm—was introduced to investigate this aim. Participants studied a text using an effective or ineffective learning strategy, made metacomprehension predictions about their future comprehension, and took a comprehension test; there were three trials of this procedure. The goal was to determine whether metacomprehension accuracy improved—leading to improved comprehension accuracy—for the third trial. Experiment 1 tested whether metacomprehension accuracy improved across multiple trials when compared against single trials. Although no difference in metacomprehension accuracy between multiple and single trial conditions was found, comprehension accuracy did improve with multiple trials. However, for a subset of participants whose metacomprehension accuracy across trials did improve, their comprehension accuracy also improved. Although there was no effect of learning strategy on either metacomprehension accuracy or comprehension accuracy overall, the effective learning strategy produced the highest metacomprehension accuracy on the first trial, leaving no room for improvement at later trials. Metacomprehension accuracy only improved when using the ineffective learning strategy if it was used on multiple trials, but never to the same degree as when using an effective learning strategy. Experiment 2 tested whether improved metacomprehension accuracy affected the control process of learning strategy selection by allowing participants to select which learning strategy to use during the third trial. Participants overwhelmingly selected the ineffective learning strategy, even in case in which metacomprehension accuracy improved across trials. This finding calls into question the theory that improved monitoring accuracy informing the meta level leads to better implementation of control process on the object level. However, while metacomprehension accuracy might be necessary to improve comprehension accuracy—and to result in selection of effective learning strategies toward that end—it might not be sufficient. Students should not just be told to use an effective learning strategy; they should also be taught how to use cues during the monitoring process that are diagnostic of future comprehension.

No description available.

Este trabalho objetivou verificar a relação entre a compreensão da leitura e alguns dos processos envolvidos no ato de ler, tais como: a competência de leitura, a fluência verbal, o uso de estratégias metacompreensivas e o monitoramento metacognitivo, assim como, uma entrevista clínica. Com um de método misto, os resultados das avaliações foram analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa. A amostra foi composta por 38 alunos com idades entre 10 e 12 anos, matriculados no 6º ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola particular da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, adotando-se como critério de divisão a média do desempenho na compreensão leitora avaliada pelo teste de Cloze. Neste critério de divisão verificou-se que estes dois grupos, quantitativamente, foram homogêneos nos seus desempenhos. No entanto, qualitativamente, evidenciaram-se as particularidades de cada grupo. Assim, encontraram-se alunos competentes na leitura de palavras e com baixa compreensão leitora, sendo que os erros mais frequentes desses alunos, com baixa competência na leitura de palavras, se concentrou nas palavras pseudohomófonas. Na análise da relação entre a compreensão leitora e a fluência verbal evidenciou-se a presença de uma dupla dissociação, ou seja, alunos com alta fluência verbal e baixa compreensão leitora e alunos com baixa fluência verbal e alta compreensão leitora. Na relação entre o uso das estratégias metacompreensivas de leitura e a compreensão leitora, encontrou-se a ocorrência de quatro subgrupos. Estes subgrupos estavam formaram-se por alunos com alta compreensão na leitura e alto relato de uso de estratégias metacompreensivas; alunos com alta compreensão na leitura e baixo relato do uso de estratégias metacompreensivas; alunos com baixa compreensão da leitura e alto relato de uso de estratégias metacompreensivas e alunos com baixa compreensão da leitura e baixo relato do uso de estratégias metacompreensivas. Com relação ao uso das estratégias, as mais utilizadas, de acordo com o autorrelato, foram as de solução de problemas e as mais frequentes concentraram-se no momento durante a leitura. Os dados do julgamento metacognitivo mostraram-se mais precisos na pós-dição do que na predição. Na entrevista clínica, evidenciou-se que fatores como diferentes habilidades e características pessoais tiveram influência sobre o desempenho dos alunos. Portanto, os resultados evidenciam que o ato de ler envolve vários processos cognitivos, o que implica que muitos fatores podem interferir no desenvolvimento desta habilidade o que mostra a complexidade do processo ensino-aprendizagem. / This work aimed to verify the relationship between reading comprehension and some of the processes involved in the act of reading, such as reading competence, verbal fluency, use of reading comprehension strategies and metacognitive monitoring, as well as a clinical interview. With a mixed method, the evaluation results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The sample was composed of 38 students aged between 10 and 12 years enrolled in the 6th grade of elementary education at a private school in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. The participants were divided into two groups, adopting as criterion for dividing the average performance in reading comprehension measured by Cloze test. In this criterion verified that these two groups, quantitatively, were homogeneous in their performances. However, qualitatively, was possible to find the specificities. Thus, were found students competent in word reading and poor in reading comprehension and the most common errors of students with low competence in word reading focused on the pseudo words homophones. The analysis of reading comprehension and verbal fluency revealed the presence of a double dissociation, that is, students with high reading comprehension and low verbal fluency and students with low verbal fluency and high reading comprehension. Regarding to the use of reading metacomprehension strategies, we found the occurrence of four subgroups of students with high reading comprehension and higher reported use of metacomprehensives strategies; students with high reading comprehension and low reported use of metacomprehension strategies; students with low reading comprehension and higher reported use of metacomprehension strategies and students with low reading comprehension and low reported use of metacomprehension strategies. However, the strategies most commonly used, in accordance with the self-reported, were problem solving frequently focused upon while reading. The results of metacognitive judgments were more accurate in posdiction than in prediction. In the clinical interview, it became clear that different factors such as skills and personal characteristics influenced the performance of students. Therefore, the results suggest that the act of reading involves several cognitive processes, which implies that many can affect the development of this skill which shows the complexity of the teaching-learning process.

Este trabalho objetivou verificar a relação entre a compreensão da leitura e alguns dos processos envolvidos no ato de ler, tais como: a competência de leitura, a fluência verbal, o uso de estratégias metacompreensivas e o monitoramento metacognitivo, assim como, uma entrevista clínica. Com um de método misto, os resultados das avaliações foram analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa. A amostra foi composta por 38 alunos com idades entre 10 e 12 anos, matriculados no 6º ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola particular da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, adotando-se como critério de divisão a média do desempenho na compreensão leitora avaliada pelo teste de Cloze. Neste critério de divisão verificou-se que estes dois grupos, quantitativamente, foram homogêneos nos seus desempenhos. No entanto, qualitativamente, evidenciaram-se as particularidades de cada grupo. Assim, encontraram-se alunos competentes na leitura de palavras e com baixa compreensão leitora, sendo que os erros mais frequentes desses alunos, com baixa competência na leitura de palavras, se concentrou nas palavras pseudohomófonas. Na análise da relação entre a compreensão leitora e a fluência verbal evidenciou-se a presença de uma dupla dissociação, ou seja, alunos com alta fluência verbal e baixa compreensão leitora e alunos com baixa fluência verbal e alta compreensão leitora. Na relação entre o uso das estratégias metacompreensivas de leitura e a compreensão leitora, encontrou-se a ocorrência de quatro subgrupos. Estes subgrupos estavam formaram-se por alunos com alta compreensão na leitura e alto relato de uso de estratégias metacompreensivas; alunos com alta compreensão na leitura e baixo relato do uso de estratégias metacompreensivas; alunos com baixa compreensão da leitura e alto relato de uso de estratégias metacompreensivas e alunos com baixa compreensão da leitura e baixo relato do uso de estratégias metacompreensivas. Com relação ao uso das estratégias, as mais utilizadas, de acordo com o autorrelato, foram as de solução de problemas e as mais frequentes concentraram-se no momento durante a leitura. Os dados do julgamento metacognitivo mostraram-se mais precisos na pós-dição do que na predição. Na entrevista clínica, evidenciou-se que fatores como diferentes habilidades e características pessoais tiveram influência sobre o desempenho dos alunos. Portanto, os resultados evidenciam que o ato de ler envolve vários processos cognitivos, o que implica que muitos fatores podem interferir no desenvolvimento desta habilidade o que mostra a complexidade do processo ensino-aprendizagem. / This work aimed to verify the relationship between reading comprehension and some of the processes involved in the act of reading, such as reading competence, verbal fluency, use of reading comprehension strategies and metacognitive monitoring, as well as a clinical interview. With a mixed method, the evaluation results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The sample was composed of 38 students aged between 10 and 12 years enrolled in the 6th grade of elementary education at a private school in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. The participants were divided into two groups, adopting as criterion for dividing the average performance in reading comprehension measured by Cloze test. In this criterion verified that these two groups, quantitatively, were homogeneous in their performances. However, qualitatively, was possible to find the specificities. Thus, were found students competent in word reading and poor in reading comprehension and the most common errors of students with low competence in word reading focused on the pseudo words homophones. The analysis of reading comprehension and verbal fluency revealed the presence of a double dissociation, that is, students with high reading comprehension and low verbal fluency and students with low verbal fluency and high reading comprehension. Regarding to the use of reading metacomprehension strategies, we found the occurrence of four subgroups of students with high reading comprehension and higher reported use of metacomprehensives strategies; students with high reading comprehension and low reported use of metacomprehension strategies; students with low reading comprehension and higher reported use of metacomprehension strategies and students with low reading comprehension and low reported use of metacomprehension strategies. However, the strategies most commonly used, in accordance with the self-reported, were problem solving frequently focused upon while reading. The results of metacognitive judgments were more accurate in posdiction than in prediction. In the clinical interview, it became clear that different factors such as skills and personal characteristics influenced the performance of students. Therefore, the results suggest that the act of reading involves several cognitive processes, which implies that many can affect the development of this skill which shows the complexity of the teaching-learning process.

Este trabalho objetivou verificar a relação entre a compreensão da leitura e alguns dos processos envolvidos no ato de ler, tais como: a competência de leitura, a fluência verbal, o uso de estratégias metacompreensivas e o monitoramento metacognitivo, assim como, uma entrevista clínica. Com um de método misto, os resultados das avaliações foram analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa. A amostra foi composta por 38 alunos com idades entre 10 e 12 anos, matriculados no 6º ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola particular da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, adotando-se como critério de divisão a média do desempenho na compreensão leitora avaliada pelo teste de Cloze. Neste critério de divisão verificou-se que estes dois grupos, quantitativamente, foram homogêneos nos seus desempenhos. No entanto, qualitativamente, evidenciaram-se as particularidades de cada grupo. Assim, encontraram-se alunos competentes na leitura de palavras e com baixa compreensão leitora, sendo que os erros mais frequentes desses alunos, com baixa competência na leitura de palavras, se concentrou nas palavras pseudohomófonas. Na análise da relação entre a compreensão leitora e a fluência verbal evidenciou-se a presença de uma dupla dissociação, ou seja, alunos com alta fluência verbal e baixa compreensão leitora e alunos com baixa fluência verbal e alta compreensão leitora. Na relação entre o uso das estratégias metacompreensivas de leitura e a compreensão leitora, encontrou-se a ocorrência de quatro subgrupos. Estes subgrupos estavam formaram-se por alunos com alta compreensão na leitura e alto relato de uso de estratégias metacompreensivas; alunos com alta compreensão na leitura e baixo relato do uso de estratégias metacompreensivas; alunos com baixa compreensão da leitura e alto relato de uso de estratégias metacompreensivas e alunos com baixa compreensão da leitura e baixo relato do uso de estratégias metacompreensivas. Com relação ao uso das estratégias, as mais utilizadas, de acordo com o autorrelato, foram as de solução de problemas e as mais frequentes concentraram-se no momento durante a leitura. Os dados do julgamento metacognitivo mostraram-se mais precisos na pós-dição do que na predição. Na entrevista clínica, evidenciou-se que fatores como diferentes habilidades e características pessoais tiveram influência sobre o desempenho dos alunos. Portanto, os resultados evidenciam que o ato de ler envolve vários processos cognitivos, o que implica que muitos fatores podem interferir no desenvolvimento desta habilidade o que mostra a complexidade do processo ensino-aprendizagem. / This work aimed to verify the relationship between reading comprehension and some of the processes involved in the act of reading, such as reading competence, verbal fluency, use of reading comprehension strategies and metacognitive monitoring, as well as a clinical interview. With a mixed method, the evaluation results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The sample was composed of 38 students aged between 10 and 12 years enrolled in the 6th grade of elementary education at a private school in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. The participants were divided into two groups, adopting as criterion for dividing the average performance in reading comprehension measured by Cloze test. In this criterion verified that these two groups, quantitatively, were homogeneous in their performances. However, qualitatively, was possible to find the specificities. Thus, were found students competent in word reading and poor in reading comprehension and the most common errors of students with low competence in word reading focused on the pseudo words homophones. The analysis of reading comprehension and verbal fluency revealed the presence of a double dissociation, that is, students with high reading comprehension and low verbal fluency and students with low verbal fluency and high reading comprehension. Regarding to the use of reading metacomprehension strategies, we found the occurrence of four subgroups of students with high reading comprehension and higher reported use of metacomprehensives strategies; students with high reading comprehension and low reported use of metacomprehension strategies; students with low reading comprehension and higher reported use of metacomprehension strategies and students with low reading comprehension and low reported use of metacomprehension strategies. However, the strategies most commonly used, in accordance with the self-reported, were problem solving frequently focused upon while reading. The results of metacognitive judgments were more accurate in posdiction than in prediction. In the clinical interview, it became clear that different factors such as skills and personal characteristics influenced the performance of students. Therefore, the results suggest that the act of reading involves several cognitive processes, which implies that many can affect the development of this skill which shows the complexity of the teaching-learning process.