Conditions of 8kb and 800°C are estimated for sillimanite K feldspar bearing metapelites and garnet-clinopyroxene bearing amnphibolites in Glen Muick. These conditions are inconsistent with the simultaneous nearby presence of equilibrium between andalusite and kyanite. Andalusite in the Glen Muick area is late. The sillimanite zone may have been in part primary. There is a transition without major structural break between Tay Nappe flat belt and the "Banff Nappe". A dataset has been derived for phases in the system KCMASHCO₂. The MHSRK equation of Kerrick and Jacobs (1981) has been used to extract data from mixed devolatilisation equilibria. Heats of formation are in agreement with calorimetrically determined values. Phlogopite equilibria calculated using disordered phlogopite data seem most appropriate to natural metapelite assemblages. Variations in pressure and temperature have been constrained across the Dalradian using various calibrated reactions. Temperatures vary from about 500°C in the low kyanite zone to 800°C in the sillimanite-K feldspar zone and pressures vary from 4kb to 10kb. Pressure estimates are justified on the basis that they are consistent with the aluminosilicate phase diagram. Rocks from the Central Highlands to Glen Clova underwent a decrease in pressure during evolution through peak metamorphic conditions. Amphibolites from the southern Moines show evidence of a former eclogitic assemblage of early Grampian age or earlier. High temperature regional metamorphic rocks lie at high structural levels and are are suggested to be an allochthonous unit, the Banff Nappe of Grampian age. The western margin of the Banff Nappe is marked by a temperature maximum to the immediate east, sharp thermal transitions, a train of metabasites and a high strain zone. It is suggested that emplacement of a Banff Nappe resulted in the deformation and metamorphism of structurally lower rocks.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Entre os principais problemas ambientais e econômicos enfrentados pela mineração está a estocagem de grandes quantidades de resíduos em barragens. Estudos que buscam usos para esses resíduos têm sido realizados com a finalidade de torná-los matérias-primas para fabricação de diversos produtos, como cerâmicas, vidros, argamassas e pedras compostas, entre outros. Tratamentos físico-químicos, como separação magnética a seco e lixiviação ácida, aplicados ao resíduo arenoso proveniente do processo de beneficiamento do mineral itabirito, mostram a possibilidade de sua transformação em matéria-prima para os setores de maior consumo de areia de alta pureza, como as indústrias de sílica metalúrgica, de cerâmicas e de vidros. Verificou-se que a separação magnética com um campo permanente de 21.000 gauss, aplicada ao resíduo arenoso com teor mássico médio de 13% de ferro, foi capaz de gerar uma fração magnética com teor mássico de 37% de ferro e uma fração não-magnética com 0,5% de ferro. A lixiviação ácida da fração não-magnética, realizada em recipientes tubulares de teflon, com pressão de 1,03 MPa e temperaturas em torno de 180C, possibilitou a obtenção de uma sílica com teores de ferro de 0,003%. Foram obtidas amostras de vidro, esmaltes cerâmicos e cerâmicas vermelha e de revestimento com utilização da fração nãomagnética antes e depois da lixiviação, as quais apresentaram características de acordo com os requisitos do mercado. / Among the major environmental and economic problems concerning mining is the large quantities of residues that should be stored in dams. Studies are being carried out seeking uses for these residues as raw materials for manufacturing of products such as ceramics, glass, mortar, and composite stones. Dry magnetic separation and acid leaching were applied to a sandy residue (iron content averaging 13 %) from banded iron formations exploitation to obtain high purity silica. The magnetic separation with a permanent field of 21000 gauss was able to produce a magnetic fraction with content of 37% iron and a nonmagnetic fraction with 0.5% iron. The acid leaching of the non-magnetic fraction was carried out in tubular containers of Teflon (inner pressure 1.03 MPa and temperatures around 180 C) and produced silica with an iron content of 0.003%. Glass, ceramic glazes, and ceramic samples were obtained from the non-magnetic fraction before and after leaching with properties according to market requirements.

Numerosos terrenos pré-cambrianos de origem enigmática são individualizados nas regiões do vale e serrania do Rio Ribeira e Planalto Alto Turvo (SP, PR), com base em histórias evolutivas contrastantes e diferentes padrões litotectônicos, metamórficos e estruturais. Esses terrenos suspeitos formam três grandes terrenos compostos justapostos no final do Ciclo Brasiliano: Terreno Apiaí, Terreno Curitiba e Terreno Luís Alves. A evolução geotectônica de uma área que abrange estes três terrenos compostos foi investigada por meio da integração de análises petrológicas, microestruturais e estruturais, apoiadas com trabalhos de mapeamento geológico e compilação e integração de dados geocronológicos disponíveis. Os estudos foram concentrados em unidades geológicas representativas de cada um dos três terrenos compostos. Análises petrológicas, estimativas geotermobarométricas e quantificações de trajetórias PT mostram que os terrenos estudados apresentam assinaturas metamórficas contrastantes, refletindo ambientes geotectônicos distintos. O Grupo Votuverava e a Seqüência Serra das Andorinhas (Terreno Apiaí) passaram por metamorfismo barroviano com caminhamento P-T horário sob pressões e temperaturas máximas ao redor de 8 kbar e 550-650ºC. Parte do Complexo Turvo-Cajati (Terreno Curitiba) apresenta gradiente metamórfico acima do barroviano, com pico metamórfico (650-800ºC) sob pressões relativamente altas (9-12 kbar). Parte desta unidade passou por uma trajetória horária com aquecimento isobárico até atingir o pico térmico, enquanto algumas rochas passaram por descompressão praticamente isotérmica. Datações químicas em monazita indicam que o pico metamórfico do Complexo Turvo-Cajati ocorreu entre 590 e 575 Ma, sendo consideravelmente posterior ao clímax metamórfico das unidades do Terreno Apiaí (>= 600-620 Ma). Trajetórias P-T estimadas para o Complexo Atuba (Terreno Curitiba) sugerem um caminhamento retrógrado com resfriamento praticamente isobárico de 750ºC até um reequilíbrio ao redor de 650-700ºC e 6-7 kbar; a união dos dados petrológicos, microestruturais e geocronológicos sugere que o pico metamórfico teria ocorrido no Paleoproterozóico e o reequilíbrio no Ediacarano. A Suíte Alto Turvo (Terreno Luís Alves) compreende granulitos máficos a intermediários formados no Paleoproterozóico sob temperaturas mínimas ao redor de 850ºC, parcialmente reequilibrados em condições de fácies xisto verde ainda neste período e marginalmente re-metamorfizados em condições de fácies xisto verde a anfibolito no Ediacarano, seguindo uma trajetória horária com pico metamórfico ao redor de 650ºC e 6 kbar. Os padrões estruturais do Terreno Curitiba na área estudada estão associados a uma tectônica de cavalgamentos para oeste e nappismo tardios em relação ao Ciclo Brasiliano e concomitantes com a atuação do sistema transcorrente destral regional na Faixa Ribeira. Os dados multidisciplinares disponíveis indicam que as relações espaciais atualmente observadas para os terrenos estudados não decorrem de relações genéticas e geográficas pretéritas. Os dados convergem para uma evolução geotectônica onde a acresção de diferentes terrenos suspeitos e, em alguns casos, exóticos teria ocorrido em posições diferentes das atualmente observadas, sendo que a justaposição final teria sido controlada por dispersão lateral ao longo das grandes zonas de cisalhamento transcorrentes em períodos tardi- a pós-metamórficos. / Numerous Precambrian terranes of enigmatic origin are recognized in the Ribeira Valley and Alto Turvo Plateau regions (Southeastern Brazil), based on contrasting evolutive histories and distinct lithotectonic, metamorphic and structural patterns. These suspect terranes form three major composite terranes juxtaposed during the late Brasiliano Cycle: Apiaí Terrane, Curitiba Terrane and Luís Alves Terrane. The geotectonic evolution of an area that covers these three composite units was investigated by the integration of petrological, microstructural and structural analysis supported by geological mapping and compilation and integration of available geochronological data. The studies were concentrated on representative geological units from the three composite terranes. Petrological analysis, geothermobarometric estimatives and P-T path quantifications show that the studied terranes exhibit contrasting metamorphic signatures, refleting distinct geotectonic environments. The Votuverava Group and the Serra das Andorinhas Sequence (Apiaí Terrane) underwent barrovian metamorphism with clockwise P-T paths under maximum pressures and temperatures at around of 8 kbar and 550-650ºC. A part of the Turvo-Cajati Complex (Curitiba Terrane) shows a metamorphic field gradient above the barrovian type, with metamorphic peak (650-800ºC) under relatively high pressures (9-12 kbar). A part of this unit underwent a clockwise path with isobaric heating until to reach the thermal peak, while some rocks underwent a near isothermal descompression. Chemical dating of monazite indicate that the metamorphic peak of the Turvo-Cajati Complex occurred between 590 and 575 Ma, a period significantly younger than the metamorphic climax of the Apiaí Terrane units (>= 600-620 Ma). P-T paths from rocks of the Atuba Complex (Curitiba Terrane) suggest a retrograde path following near isobaric cooling from 750ºC to a reequilibration at around of 650-700ºC and 6-7 kbar; the integration of petrological, microstructural and geochronological data suggests that the metamorphic peak would have occurred during the Paleoproterozoic and the metamorphic reequilibration during the Ediacaran. The Alto Turvo Suite (Luís Alves Terrane) comprises mafic and intermediate granulites formed in the Paleoproterozoic under minimum temperatures at about 850ºC, partially reequilibrated under greenschist facies conditions yet in the same period and marginally remetamorphosed from greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions during the Ediacaran, following a clockwise path with metamorphic peak at around of 650ºC and 6 kbar. The structural patterns of the Curitiba Terrane in the studied area are related to a thrust nappe tectonics with westward movement late in relation to the Brasiliano Cycle and concomitant with the activation of the regional dextral transcurrent system in the Ribeira Belt. The available multidisciplinary data indicates that the present spatial relationships between the studied terranes do not imply in previous genetic and geographic relations. The data suggest a geotectonic evolution where the accretion of distinct suspect terranes, and in some cases exotic terranes, would have occurred in different positions in relation to the present array, and the final terrane juxtaposition would have been controlled by lateral dispersion along the major transcurrent shear zones during late- to post-metamorphic periods.

A Klippe Carrancas, frente do Sistema de Nappes Carrancas, está posicionada na borda sul do Cráton do São Francisco. A klippe é composta por rochas do Grupo Carrancas e estruturada da base para topo por quartzitos puros a micáceos, gradando verticalmente para estaurolita-granada-cloritóide-clorita filito ou cianita-estaurolita-granada xisto cinza porfiroblástico, dependendo das condições do metamorfismo. O metamorfismo gravado nas rochas aumenta para sudeste, da fácies xisto verde superior, na Serra da Estância, até a transição das fácies anfibolito-eclogito na Serra das Bicas, próximo a cidade de Carrancas. Os mapas metamórficos precedentes indicam a posição da isógrada da estaurolita nas proximidades de Itutinga, extremo leste da Serra do Pombeiro, e a ausência de biotita na Serra de Carrancas. A presente investigação reconheceu, a sudoeste de Itumirim, rochas com paragêneses da fácies xisto verde (cianita + clorita + cloritóide + muscovita + quartzo) e na Serra da Estância da fácies anfibolito inferior, zona da estaurolita, que é alcançada com a quebra do cloritóide em presença de cianita (granada + estaurolita + clorita +muscovita + quartzo ± cloritóide ± cianita). Na Serra do Pombeiro as condições da fácies anfibolito médio são alcançadas com o desaparecimento da clorita. Nas Serras de Carrancas e das Bicas ocorre paragênese da fácies anfibolito médio formada por cianita + estaurolita + granada + quartzo + muscovita. A influência da composição química da rocha no desenvolvimento das paragêneses foi avaliada em modelagem usando pseudosseções nos sistemas químicos KFMASH e MnKFMASH. O Mn aumenta consideravelmente o campo de estabilidade da granada. A previsão das associações minerais presentes no restante da região foi examinada a partir da composição química de algumas amostras, havendo boa concordância com os dados de campo. Aliadas às pseudosseções, técnicas de geotermobarometria, via razões catiônicas e geotermobarometria otimizada, permitiram determinar com boa confiabilidade as condições de metamorfismo para rochas dos dois extremos metamórficos descritos na Klippe Carrancas. Os resultados obtidos da comparação dos campos de estabilidade das paragêneses das amostras no sistema MnKFMASH, com os intervalos P-T da geotermobarometria otimizada forneceram condições de pico metamórfico para a Serra da Estância em 10,0 ±1,7 kbar e 577 ±8°C. Para a Serra das Bicas o pico metamórfico foi alcançado em 12,9 ±1,0 kbar e 608,5 ±19,5°C, com paragênese retro-metamórfica estabilizada em 7,0 ±2,2 kbar e 541,5 ±25,5°C. As associações minerais das amostras estudadas (estaurolita-granada-clorita-cloritóide-muscovita-quartzo - Serra da Estância; cianita-estaurolita-granada-quartzo-cianita - Serra das Bicas) são paragêneses típicas das fácies xisto-verde superior e anfibolito, respectivamente. No entanto, os resultados da geotermobarometria otimizada indicam que as rochas foram expostas a regimes mais elevados de pressão, colocando-as na transição com a fácies eclogito. Como as rochas são pelitos verdadeiros, de composição química restrita, as associações minerais de fácies anfibolito persistem em condições de maior pressão. / The Carrancas Klippe, front of the Carrancas Nappe System, is positioned at the southern edge of the São Francisco Craton. The klippe is composed of rocks from Carrancas Group and is structured from base to top by a pure to micaceous quartzite, grading vertically to a staurolite-garnet-chloritoid- chlorite phyllite or a gray porphyroblastic kyanite-staurolite-garnet schist, depending on the conditions of metamorphism. The metamorphism recorded in these rocks increases to the southeast, from upper greenschist facies in the Serra da Estância to the transition to eclogite facies on Serra das Bicas, nearby Carrancas town. Previous metamorphic maps indicate the position of the staurolite-in isograd near Itutinga town, at far east of the Serra do Pombeiro, and the absence of biotite in the Serra de Carrancas. In this research it was recognized that to the southwest of Itumirim town, the rocks bear greenschist facies paragenesis (kyanite + chlorite + chloritoid + muscovite + quartz) and in Serra da Estância a low amphibolite facies, in the staurolite zone, which is achieved with the breakdown of chloritoid in the presence of kyanite (garnet + staurolite + chlorite + muscovite + quartz ± chloritoid ± kyanite). At Serra do Pombeiro conditions of intermediate amphibolite facies are reached with the disappearance of chlorite. On Serra de Carrancas and Bicas occurs intermediate amphibolites facies paragenesis, formed by kyanite + staurolite + garnet + quartz + muscovite. The influence of bulk composition in the development of some parageneses was evaluated using pseudo-section modelling in KFMASH and MnKFMASH systems. Mn increases the stability field of garnet. The prediction of mineral associations present in the rest of the region was done using the bulk composition of some samples, which show good agreement with field data. Allied to pseudo-sections, isopleth-geothermobarometry and optimal geothermobarometry allowed to determine, with good reliability, the metamorphic peak conditions for rocks of the two metamorphic extremes described in the Carrancas Klippe. The results of comparing the stability fields of the parageneses in the MnKFMASH system of the samples, with P-T intervals from optimal geothermobarometry, provide reliable conditions for the metamorphic peak. In Serra da Estância, peak metamorphic conditions were at 10.0 ± 1.7 kbar and 577 ± 8?. For Serra das Bicas, metamorphic peak conditions were reached at 12.9 ± 1.0 kbar and 608.5 ± 19.5°C, with retro-metamorphic paragenesis stabilized at 7.0 ± 2.2 kbar and 541.5 ± 25.5°C. The mineral associations of the studied samples (staurolite-garnet-chlorite-chloritoid-muscovite-quartz - Serra da Estância; kyanite-staurolite-garnet-quartz-kyanite - Serra das Bicas) are typical parageneses of the greenschist facies and upper amphibolites facies, respectively. However, the results of optimal geothermobarometry indicate that the rocks were exposed to higher pressure regimes, reaching the transition to eclogite facies. Since the rocks are true pelites, with restricted bulk composition, the mineral associations of amphibolite facies persist through conditions of greater pressure.

No topo do sistema de nappes Andrelândia, borda sul do cráton do São Francisco, ocorrem nappes formadas predominantemente por rochas metasedimentares com metabásicas e metaultramáficas subordinadas, que registram metamorfismo de fácies granulito de alta pressão no Ediacarano. São as nappes Três Pontas - Varginha, Pouso Alto e as klippen Aiuruoca e Carvalhos. Na Klippe Carvalhos predominam paragnaisses a rutilo, cianita, granada e ortoclásio pertítico, que estão colocados sobre micaxistos em fácies anfibolito da Nappe Liberdade. A assembléia mineral dos paragnaisses sugere uma progressão metamórfica saindo do campo de estabilidade da estaurolita (inclusa em granada), passando pela quebra de muscovita (ausente nos litotipos com menor retrogressão) e chegando na quebra parcial de biotita com geração de granada + ortoclásio + fundido. Durante a retrogressão essas reações foram novamente cruzadas em sentido contrário, sendo que a granada foi parcialmente a totalmente consumida por intercrescimentos vermiformes e/ou esqueletais de biotita + quartzo. Na porção leste da klippe e nas proximidades de zonas de cisalhamento é comum a ocorência de silimanita + biotita substituindo parcialmente granada e substituições diretas de cianita por silimanita. Rochas metabásicas, boudinadas dentro dos paragnaisses, apresentam paragênese reliquiar de granada + clinopiroxênio + quartzo ± plagioclásio. Nessas rochas a retrogressão está registrada em coronas de intercrescimentos de hornblenda + plagioclásio que substituem parcial a totalmente a granada. Localmente essas coronas são seguidas por uma fina e descontínua corona de minerais opacos granulares, possivelmente ilmenita. Na hidratação os cristais de clinopiroxênio, ricos em microexsoluções de quartzo e/ou feldspato, foram parcial a totalmente substituídos por hornblenda. E em locais com retrogressão mais intensa, próximos a zonas de cisalhamento, ocorre ortopiroxênio associado a clinopiroxênio. Em sua porção sudoeste, a klippe está em contato com gnaisses Paleoproterozóicos conhecidos como Migmatitos Alagoa. As rochas básicas intercaladas nesses gnaisses, em geral, registram metamorfismo de fácies anfibolito. Porém próximo ao contato com a klippe, ocorre um corpo com composição granítica e ortopiroxênio ígneo (charnockito), que apresenta coronas de granada + clinopiroxênio + quartzo + plagioclásio entre os cristais de ortopiroxênio e plagioclásio, evidenciando um metamorfismo progressivo chegando ao fácies granulito de alta pressão. Essas coronas podem estar relacionadas a superimposição do metamorfismo de alta pressão, sofrido pelas rochas da klippe no Ediacarano, no embasamento mais antigo. O pico metamórfico calculado para os paragnaisses da klippe através do termômetro de Zr em rutilo e do barômetro GASP é de 850 ºC e 16 Kbar. Esses dados corroboram com os cálculos termométricos realizados através da reintegração de feldspatos ternários (plagioclásio antipertítico) que chegam a temperaturas de 870 ± 50ºC. Em rochas metabásicas os resultados dos cálculos termobarométricos são 850ºC e 15 ± 2 Kbar. Datações U-Pb (ID-TIMS) de monazita colocam o pico metamórfico em 618 ± 2.2Ma. E datações K-Ar em anfibolio de 582.9 ± 14.8 Ma não são coerentes com resfriamento, em uma trajetória de exumação rápida, evidenciada pela preservação das paragêneses de pico metamórfico. Os metasedimentos presentes na Klippe Carvalhos apresentam composição variada, desde metasedimentos pelíticos com altas razões A/CNK até metasedimentos imaturos, ricos em feldspato, como metagraywackes e metarcósios. Apesar do alto grau metamórfico, os metasedimentos presentes na klippe apresentam padrões de ETR muito semelhantes aos de rochas sedimentares pós-arqueanas. Os granada-biotita-plagioclásio gnaisses da klippe, possíveis metarenitos imaturos, apresentam uma composição química aparentemente sem perda considerável de líquidos silicáticos gerados por fusão parcial. Isso provavelmente é resultado de baixas taxas de fusão parcial (<10%), que não permitem a conexão e extração dos líquidos. Essas baixas taxas de fusão parcial provelmente estão relacionadas às pequenas quantidades de muscovita nessas composições. Portanto, os granada-biotita-plagioclásio gnaisses provavelmente não foram composições férteis para geração magmas. Provavelmente os metapelitos foram as principais fontes de magma dentro da klippe, devido a quantidade elevada de muscovita nessas composições, que permitem uma geração considerável de líquidos através da quebra de muscovita, em temperaturas inferiores a 850ºC. / At the top of Andrelândia Nappes System, southern border of São Francisco craton, occur nappes formed dominantly by metasedimentary rocks with subordinated metabasics and metaultramafics which record metamorphism of high pressure granulite facies in the Ediacaran. These nappes are Três Pontas - Varginha, Pouso Alto and Klippen Airuoca and Carvalhos. In Carvalhos Klippe are predominant rutile, kyanite, garnet and pertitic orthoclase bearing paragneisses, which are placed over micaschists in amphibolite facies of Liberdade Nappe. The mineral assemblage of paragneisses suggests a metamorphic progression starting from stability field of estaurolite (as inclusion inside garnet), passing by muscovite breakdown (absent in lithotypes with less retrogresion) and reaching parcial breakdown of biotite, forming garnet + orthoclase + melt. During retrogression these reactions were crossed again in the opposite way, with granet being partially to totally consumed by vermiforms and/or eskeletals intergrowths of biotite + quartz. In the eastern portion of the Klippe and near shear zones are very common the substitution of garnet by sillimanite + biotite or kyanite by sillimanite. Metabasic rocks, boudinated inside paragneisses, exhibit relicts of garnet + clinopyroxene + quartz ± plagioclase. In these rocks retrogression is recorded in intergrowth coronas of hornblende + plagioclase which substitute garnet partially to totally. Locally these coronas followed by a thin and descontinuous corona formed by granular opaque minerals, probably ilmenite. During hidratation reactions, clinopyroxene crystals, rich in microexsolutions of quartz and/or feldspar, were partial to totally replaced by hornblende. Where retrogression were more intense, nearby shear zones, occur orthopyroxene associated with clinopyroxene. In its southwestern portion is in contact with Paleoproterozoic gneisses known as Alagoa Migmatites. The basic rocks, intercalated with these gneisses, usually record amphibolite facies metamorphism. However, close to the contact with klippe, occur a body with granitic composition and igneous orthopyroxene (charnockite), which presents coronas of garnet + clinopyroxene + quartz + plagioclase, between orthopyroxene and plagioclase crystals, showing a progressive metamorphism reaching high pressure granulite facies. These coronas can be related to a superimposed metamorphism of high pressure in the older embasement. The metamorphic peak calculated for the paragneisses of klippe using Zr-inrutile thermometer and the GASP barometer is 850ºC and 16Kbar. These data are compatible with thermometric calculations done by ternary feldspar reintegration (antiperthitic plagioclase), which reachs temperatures of 870±50ºC. In metabasic rocks, the results of themobarometric calculations are 850ºC and 15±2Kbar. U-Pb dating (ID-TIMS) of monazite put the metamorphic peak in 618±2.2Ma and K-Ar dating in amphibole of 582.9±14.8Ma are not coherent with cooling in a fast exhumation pathway, showed by preservation of metamorphic peak paragneisses. The metasediments present in Carvalhos Klippe show variated composition, including pelitic metasediments with high A/CNK ratios and imature metasediments, rich in feldspar, like metagraywackes and metarkoses. In spite of high metamorphic grade, the metasediments present in the klippe show ETR patterns very similar to the post-archean rocks. The garnet-biotite-plagioclase gneisses of Klippe, probably imature metarenites, show a chemical composition aparently without considerable loss of silicatic melts, formed by partial melt. This probably results from low partial melt rates (<10%), which dont allow the conection and extraction of the liquids. The low partial melt rates are probably related to small amounts of muscovite in these compositions. Therefore, the garnet-biotiteplagioclase gneisses probably were not fertile compositions to form magmas. Probably the metapelites were the main sources of magma inside the klippe, due to high amounts of muscovite in these compositions, which allow a considerable generation of liquids through the muscovite breakdown, in temperatures below 850ºC.

Fiordland is located southwest of South Island of New Zealand. The field area of this thesis is in northern Fiordland, at the boundary of pristine arc rocks (Median Tectonic Zone) and a belt of Paleozoic paragneisses and orthogneisses of variable age that represent the metamorphosed paleo-Pacific Gondwana margin.

Berggrunden på norra Utö har karterats i fält som en del av projektet Metamorphic map of Sweden. Vidare har stuffer analyserats i tunnslip och mikrosond, för att med datorprogrammen THERMOCALC, AX samt Anovitz &amp; Essenses kalcit-dolomit-geotermometer (1987) för kunna fastställa vilken grad av metamorfos området utsatts för. Berggrunden visade sig utgöras främst av pelagiska metasediment som karbonatbergarter och gråvackor, med avbrott i form av felsiska vulkaniter som följer lagringen. I fält såväl som mikroskop indikerade resultaten en relativt låg grad av metamorfos. De geotermobarymetriska uträkningarna som utförs i rapporten stöder detta resultat och bestämmer temperaturen till mellan 430 och 697°C samt trycket 4.5±2.3Kbar, vilket placerar metamorfosen inom ”Amphibolite facies”. Undersökningar kring XCO2-värdet i den fluid som verkat under metamorfosen uppvisade resultat med stora osäkerheter. / metamorphic map of sweden

The Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO) has been recognized as a continent-continent collisional belt along which the Eastern and Western Blocks amalgamated to form the North China Craton. However, controversy has surrounded the timing and tectonic processes involved in the collision between the two blocks, ranging from the westward-directed subduction with final collision at ~2.5 Ga, through the west-dipping subduction with two collisional events at ~2.1 Ga and ~1.85 Ga, to the eastward-directed subduction with final collision at ~1.85 Ga. This project aims to present detailed lithostratigraphic, geochronological and isotopic data for the low-grade supracrustal successions in the TNCO to examine current models and to establish a reasonable scenario for the tectonic evolution of the TNCO in the Paleoproterozoic. The low-grade supracrustal successions include the Hutuo and Yejishan Groups in the middle sector of the TNCO and the Songjiashan, Lower Zhongtiao, Upper Zhongtiao, Danshanshi and Songshan Groups in the southern sector. Lithostratigraphic data indicate that the Songjiashan, Lower Zhongtiao Groups and lower parts of the Hutuo and Yejishan Groups are composed of metaclastic rocks, carbonates and metavolcanic rocks, interpreted as back-arc basin deposits, whereas the Upper Zhongtiao, Danshanshi, Songshan Groups and the upper parts of the Hutuo and Yejishan Groups consist only of metaconglomerates and metasandstones, interpreted as foreland basin deposits. To constrain the provenance and maximum depositional ages for these low-grade supracrustal successions, the LA-MC-ICP-MS technique was applied to analyze U-Pb and Hf isotopic compositions for detrital zircons from them. For the Hutuo and Yejishan Groups, we found major age peaks at ~2.5 and ~2.2 Ga and minor amounts of 2.8-2.6 Ga detrital zircons, which are consistent with ages of the lithological units in the middle sector of the TNCO. On the other hand, for the Songjiashan, Lower Zhongtiao, Upper Zhongtiao, Danshanshi and Songshan Groups, detrital zircons from them have the major age population of 2.85-1.95 Ma and the minor age population of 3.6-3.1 Ga, of which the former is comparable with ages of the lithological units in the southern sector of the TNCO and the latter was derived from the Paleoarchean and Mesoarchean crust of the Eastern Block. The maximum depositional ages of the low-grade supracrustal successions have also been well constrained in this study. For the back-arc basin deposits, their maximum depositional ages were constrained between ~2.15 and ~2.10 Ga. For the foreland basin deposits, the presence of ~1.85 Ga detrital zircons indicates that they were deposited after this time. Taken together, we present a brief scenario for the evolution of the sedimentary basins in the TNCO. At 2.15-2.10 Ga, a series of back-arc basins developed behind an “Andean-type” arc that were subsequently incorporated into the TNCO during the collision of the Eastern and Western Blocks. At ~1.85 Ga, the two blocks collided along the TNCO, resulting in the crustal thickening followed by rapid exhumation/uplift, which shifted the back-arc basins to foreland basins. Such a shift in the late Paleoproterozoic supports the model that the collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks occurred at ~1.85 Ga. / published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Oracle granite, probably emplaced in older Precambrian time contains the relic pattern imposed on the Pinal schist by the Mazatzal orogeny. The "granite" of that time was a granodiorite. It is now a porphyritic quartz monzonite that varies unsystematically toward granodiarite and biotite granite. The trend of its principal Precambrian foliation is northeast-southwest and this is crossed by northwesterly-trending Precambrian foliation. After the Mazatzal orogeny, peneplanation, and deposition of the younger Precambrian Apache group, a series of dikes was emplaced in the Oracle granite, beginning with coarse and medium grained diabase and ending with andesite and rhyolite. The earlier members of the sequence, including diabase, aplite, pegmatite, quartz and latite were emplaced when tensional stresses opened a series of northwest trending fractures. The tension seems to have been related to right lateral strike-slip along the Mogul fault zone, which forms the southern border of the granite. In Jurassic or Cretaceous time the strike-slip on the Mogul fault was reversed; northeast-trending Pinal schist south of the fault was rotated counter-clockwise into partial parallelism with the fault, a transition zone north of the fault was likewise dragged and andesite and rhyolite dikes were emplaced in northeast-trending "feather fractures." The structural and petrographic evidence suggests that metasomatism was important in the origin of the Precambrian granodiorite, but the existence of some magma cannot be precluded. Likewise the evidence suggests that the potash metasomatism that changed the granodiorite to quartz monzonite may have taken place at the time of the later intense movements, that is, during Jurassic or Cretaceous time. However, an earlier age of potash introduction is not unlikely.

Η Ικαρία βρίσκεται στο ανατολικό τμήμα της Αττικο-Κυκλαδικής Μάζας, πολύ κοντά στην προς τα ανατολικά της συνέχιση, δηλ. τη Μάζα του Μεντερές. Διακρίνονται τρεις τεκτονικές/λιθοστρωματογραφικές ενότητες (Κτενάς 1969, Παπανικολάου 1978) που ξεκινώντας από τα κατώτερα μέλη προς τα ανώτερα είναι: α) η ενότητα Ικαρίας, β) η ενότητα Μεσαριάς, και γ) η ενότητα Κεφάλας. Καταγράφονται δύο γρανιτικά σώματα τα οποία διεισδύουν στην ενότητα Ικαρίας. Το μεγαλύτερο από αυτά είναι I-τύπου και καταλαμβάνει όλο το δυτικό τμήμα του νησιού, ενώ το δεύτερο είναι αρκετά μικρότερο με χαρακτηριστικά S-τύπου και εμφανίζεται κοντά στον οικισμό Ξυλοσύρτης (ΝΑ Ικαρία). Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν να αποκωδικοποιήσει τη μεταμορφική ιστορία των ενοτήτων αυτών και να εκτιμήσει τις μεταμορφικές συνθήκες σχηματισμού τους. Η προσέγγιση που ακολουθήθηκε είχε δύο σκέλη, ένα με χαρακτήρα επαγωγικό και ένα με το χαρακτήρα της μοντελοποίησης. Η επαγωγική προσέγγιση συμπεριλαμβάνει κατά πρώτον την έρευνα πεδίου (χαρτογράφηση και δειγματοληψία περισσότερων των 600 δειγμάτων) και την πετρογραφική παρατήρηση σε πολωτικό μικροσκόπιο, και κατά δεύτερο, τη χρησιμοποίηση τεχνικών όπως περιθλασιμετρία και φθορισιμετρία ακτίνων Χ, μικροανάλυση και ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία. Η προσέγγιση μέσω μοντελοποίησης είχε ως σκοπό: α) τη διερεύνηση των δυνατοτήτων που προσφέρει η κατασκευή και χρήση ισοχημικών τομών P/T διαγραμμάτων φάσεων (pseudosections) και η δυναμική τους ως πετρολογικού εργαλείου, και β) η μοντελοποίηση των μεταπηλιτικών παραγενέσεων της κύριας τεκτονομεταμορφικής ενότητας της Ικαρίας (Ενότητα Ικαρίας). Η ενότητα Ικαρίας υποδιαιρείται στις ακόλουθες υποενότητες, ξεκινώντας από τη βάση: α)το Μάρμαρο Νίκαρη, β) την ακολουθία των Γνευσίων Πλαγιάς στην οποία απαντώνται μεταπηλίτες (σχιστόλιθοι και γνεύσιοι) με ενδιαστρώσεις και φακούς αμφιβολιτών, ασβεστοπυριτικά πετρώματα και χαλαζίτες, γ) το Μάρμαρο Πούντας που αποτελείται από ασβεστιτικά και δολομιτικά μάρμαρα με σπάνιους μεταβωξιτικούς φακούς, και δ) ο σχηματισμός Πετροπουλίου στον οποίο συμμετέχουν μεταπηλίτες πλούσιοι σε χλωρίτη, αμφιβολίτες, ασβεστοπυριτικά πετρώματα και μάρμαρα. Τα Ι- και S-τύπου γρανιτικά σώματα διεισδύουν στην ενότητα Ικαρίας κατά το κάτω Μειόκαινο, προκαλώντας τοπικά ανακρυστάλλωση λόγω θερμικής μεταμόρφωσης και δημιουργία τυπικών ορυκτών αυτού του είδους μεταμόρφωσης, όπως: ανδαλουσίτη, κορδιερίτη, σιλλιμανίτη (στα μεταπηλιτικά δείγματα), σκαπόλιθο, κλινοζωϊσίτη (στα ασβεστοπυριτικής σύστασης πετρώματα), και πυρόξενο, γρανάτη (στα μεταβασικά πετρώματα). Η ενότητα Μεσαριάς επωθείται επί της ενότητας Ικαρίας, και αποτελείται από μάρμαρα, πλούσιους σε γραφίτη ασβεστιτικούς σχιστόλιθους και φυλλίτες και σπάνιους πρασινοσχιστόλιθους. Η ανώτερη λιθοστρωματογραφική ενότητα της Κεφάλας, είναι ένα τεκτονικό ράκος καλύμματος και συνίσταται από μάρμαρα/κρυσταλλικό ασβεστόλιθο άνω Τριαδικής ηλικίας στα οποία διεισδύει ένα διοριτικής σύστασης πλουτώνιο σώμα, που προκαλεί τοπική άλω θερμικής μεταμόρφωσης με αποτελέσματα ανάλογα αυτών που παρατηρήθηκαν στις γρανιτικές διεισδύσεις. Η γεωχημική μελέτη σε επιλεγμένα αντιπροσωπευτικά δείγματα όλων των ενοτήτων προσδιόρισε το θολεϊτικό τύπου MORB χαρακτήρα των μεταβασικών πετρωμάτων, ενώ επιβεβαίωσε τον \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"πάρα\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" χαρακτήρα των ήδη χαρακτηρισμένων μέσω τη πετρογραφικής εξέτασης ως μεταϊζηματογενών πετρωμάτων, και επιπλέον πρότεινε ως πιθανό πρωτόλιθό τους τον πετρογραφικό τύπο των σχιστών αργίλων. Μέσω της ορυκτοχημείας προέκυψαν στοιχεία που υποδεικνύουν ότι οι μεταμορφικές συνθήκες τις οποίες έχουν υποστεί τα πετρώματα της ενότητας Ικαρίας κυμαίνονται μεταξύ της πρασινοσχιστολιθικής και της μέσης έως υψηλής αμφιβολιτικής φάσης, ενώ η ενότητα Μεσαριάς δεν πρέπει να έχει υποστεί συνθήκες ανώτερες εκείνων που χαρακτηρίζουν την πρασινοσχιστολιθική φάση. Ο συνδυασμός της πετρογραφικής παρατήρησης και της ορυκτοχημείας επέτρεψε να αναγνωρισθούν ορυκτές φάσεις οι οποίες για πρώτη φορά αναγνωρίστηκαν στην Ικαρία, όπως για παράδειγμα τα ορυκτά: ανδαλουσίτης, κορδιερίτης, σιλλιμανίτης, σκαπόλιθος, γιαροσίτης, αλλοκλασίτης/γκερσντορφίτης, οσμιρίδιο και συνχυσίτης. Ωστόσο ακόμη πιο σπάνιες ήταν οι ορυκτές φάσεις που αναγνωρίστηκαν στον Μn-ούχο λιθοτύπο \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Ικαρίτη\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\": σπεσσαρτίνης με σημαντικές ποσότητες μπλιθιτικού συστατικού (πλούσιο σε Mn3+), τεφροΐτη (Mn-ούχος ολιβίνης), κελσιανός και κυμρίτης (βαριούχοι άστριοι), ροδονίτης, βραουνίτης, γιακομπσίτης, πυροφανίτης (Mn-ούχος σπινέλιος). Στον ίδιο λιθολογικό τύπο αναγνωρίστηκε επίσης και μαγγανοκουμινγκτονίτης (\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"τιροδίτης\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\") ο οποίος συνυπήρχε με Ca-ούχο αμφίβολο, συνύπαρξη που μόνο σπάνια έχει αναφερθεί στην διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, και αποτελεί πιθανά την πρώτη αναφορά του ορυκτού αυτού από τον ελλαδικό χώρο. Οι γεωθερμοβαρομετρικές εκτιμήσεις βασίστηκαν σε σημαντικό αριθμό γεωθερμοβαρομέτρων, χρησιμοποιώντας παλαιότερες αλλά και τις πιο πρόσφατες ρυθμίσεις τους. Οι συνθήκες P/T που προσδιορίστηκαν για την Ενότητα Ικαρίας, κυμαίνονται μεταξύ 441-623o C και 5.1-7.9 kbar, με τα ανώτερα μέλη της (δηλ. το σχημ/σμό Πετροπουλίου και τους μεταπηλίτες της ακολουθίας των Γνευσίων Πλαγιάς χωρίς γρανάτη και αλουμινοπυριτική φάση), να εμφανίζουν τους χαμηλότερους βαθμούς μεταμόρφωσης (ανώτερη πρασινοσχιστολιθική ως κατώτερη αμφιβολιτική) και τα κατώτερα μέλη της (δηλ. ακολουθία Γνευσίων Πλαγιάς) να προσεγγίζουν ως και την ανώτερη αμφιβολιτική φάση. Οι υψηλότερες πιέσεις (9.5-11.9) και οι χαμηλότερες θερμοκρασίες (~320-340o C) στην Ικαρία, καταγράφηκαν στους φυλλίτες της ενότητας Μεσαριάς. Ιδιαίτερου ενδιαφέροντος στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν οι μεταβωξιτικές εμφανίσεις καθώς και ο μεταμαγγανιούχος λιθοτύπος γνωστός ως \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Ικαρίτης\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" (κατά Κτενά, 1969), ο οποίος εμφανίζεται σε κοντινή σχετικά απόσταση (<500m) από τον διεισδύοντα γρανίτη του Ξυλοσύρτη. Τα μεταβωξιτικά πετρώματα της Ικαρίας ταξινομούνται πετρογραφικά ως σμύριδα, τα δε γεωχημικά τους χαρακτηριστικά δείχνουν γενετική συσχέτιση με τις βωξιτικές αποθέσεις Ιουρασικής ηλικίας που παρατηρούνται αρκετά δυτικότερα, στον ηπειρωτικό ελληνικό χώρο, υποδεικνύοντας παρόμοια ηλικία για τους πρωτόλιθούς τους. Η ορυκτοχημεία των ορυκτών φάσεων που αποτελούν τα πετρώματα αυτού του τύπου βοήθησε στην εκτίμηση των μεταμορφικών συνθηκών που οδήγησαν στη δημιουργία τους, καθώς και στη σύγκρισή τους με παρόμοιου τύπου μεταβωξιτικές εμφανίσεις στο Αττικοκυκλαδικό σύμπλεγμα και το γειτονικό του σύμπλεγμα του Μεντερές (νοτιοδυτική Τουρκία). Η μελέτη των πετρωμάτων αυτών εστιάστηκε ιδιαίτερα στο ζεύγος γκανίτη (Zn-σπινελίου) – Zn-χεγκμπομίτη, που αν και συμμετείχαν σε μικρές αναλογίες, ήταν δυνατό να δώσουν σημαντικές πληροφορίες για την πορεία που ακολούθησαν οι πορείες P-T στις οποίες οφείλεται ο σχηματισμός τους. Το σχήμα ζώνωσης που παρατηρήθηκε στα ορυκτά αυτά, και κυρίως στον Zn- χεγκμπομίτη, υποδεικνύουν προοδευτικού τύπου μεταμόρφωση. Η περιεκτικότητα σε Zn του συνυπάρχοντα γκανίτη βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στις υψηλότερες που έχουν αναφερθεί σε παρόμοιου τύπου πετρώματα (πχ. Σάμος και Μεντερές). Σε δείγματα από το Mn-ούχο λιθοτύπο \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Ικαρίτη\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" βρέθηκαν να συνυπάρχουν πλέον των 20 ορυκτών φάσεων σε επιφάνεια έκτασης που αντιστοιχεί στις διαστάσεις μίας τυπικής λεπτής τομής, πολλές από τις οποίες αναφέρονται για πρώτη φορά από την Ικαρία, όπως αναφέρθηκε και παραπάνω. Ως πιο πιθανή διεργασία για το σχηματισμό του λιθοτύπου αυτού προτείνεται η επίδραση πυρομετασωματικών ρευστών που συνδέονται γενετικά με την παρακείμενη γρανιτική διείσδυση του Ξυλοσύρτη. Ενδιαφέροντα αναμένεται να είναι τα αποτελέσματα που θα προκύψουν για τις συνθήκες P/T που οδήγησαν στο σχηματισμό του Ικαρίτη, μέσω της εν εξελίξει μελέτης του, στην κλίμακα των μικροπεριοχών του, που ορίζουν παραγενέσεις ισορροπίας. Η προσέγγιση που είχε το χαρακτήρα της πρόβλεψης, στηρίχτηκε στη χρήση ισοχημικών τομών P-T διαγραμμάτων φάσεων (isochemical P-T phase diagram sec-tions όπως προτείνεται σαν ονομασία τους από τους Tinkham & Ghent 2005), ευρύτερα γνωστών ως pseudosections, οι οποίες έχουν αποδειχθεί ως ένα πολύ χρήσιμο εργαλείο για τη μεταμορφική πετρολογία. Στην εργασία αυτή δοκιμάζεται η εφαρμογή του σε μεταπηλιτικά πετρώματα μετρίων βαθμών μεταμόρφωσης (πρασινοσχιστολιθική – αμφιβολιτική φάση) της κύριας λιθοστρωματογραφικής ενότητας της νήσου Ικαρίας (ενότητα Ικαρίας). Η χρήση τέτοιων διαγραμμάτων έδωσε τη δυνατότητα της μοντελοποίησης των παρατηρούμενων παραγενέσεων, καθώς και την αποκωδικοποίηση σημαντικού τμήματος της πορείας των μεταμορφικών συνθηκών P-T, που επέδρασαν επί των αντίστοιχων πετρωμάτων. Η δημιουργία ισοχημικών τομών με βάση δύο εκ των πλέον χρησιμοποιούμενων συστημάτων (KFMASH και MnKFMASH) για τρεις κύριες συστάσεις (ΑΙΚ, ΒΙΚ, και CIK) που προέκυψαν από την ομαδοποίηση παρομοίου χημισμού συστάσεων πετρωμάτων, επέτρεψε σε πρώτη φάση την αναγνώριση της επίδρασης του Mn στο σύστημα και την επιλογή του πλέον κατάλληλου συστήματος για την ιδανικότερη μοντελοποίηση της κάθε σύστασης/ομάδας παραγενέσεων. Τα διαγράμματα αυτά τέλος επέτρεψαν την με γεωθερμοβαρομετρικούς όρους προσέγγιση παραγενέσεων για τις οποίες η κλασική γεωθερμοβαρομετρία αδυνατεί να δώσει αποτελέσματα, λόγω της απουσίας των κατάλληλων ορυκτών φάσεων. Έγινε δυνατό να περιγραφούν δύο μεταμορφικά στάδια (στάδιο 1 και στάδιο 2), κάθε ένα από τα οποία αντιστοιχείται σε ξεχωριστό επεισόδιο θερμικής κορύφωσης. Τα τελευταία πιστεύεται ότι συνδέονται με τα μεταμορφικά επεισόδια που είναι υπεύθυνα για την τεκτονομεταμορφική ιστορία της Αττικο-Κυκλαδικής μάζας (Μ2 και Μ3, αντίστοιχα). Η παρούσα μελέτη έδειξε ότι η ενότητα Ικαρίας δέχτηκε μια μεταμόρφωση τύπου Barrow, με συνθήκες που αντιστοιχούν στην πρασινοσχιστολιθική έως μέση-ανώτερη αμφιβολιτική φάση. Τα πετρώματα της ενότητας Μεσαριάς επηρεάστηκαν κυρίως από μεταμορφικές συνθήκες της πρασινοσχιστολιθικής φάσης. Η καταγραφή του κατω-Ηωκαινικού γεγονότος υψηλής πίεσης (μεταμορφικό επεισόδιο Μ1) που επηρέασε την Αττικο-Κυκλαδικής μάζας στα πετρώματα της Ικαρίας δεν έγινε δυνατή. Μόνο ασθενείς ενδείξεις του γεγονότος αυτού έγινε δυνατόν να προσδιορισθούν, όπως η συχνή παρουσία γρανατικών εγκλεισμάτων σε κρυστάλλους ολιγοκλάστου των χαμηλότερου βαθμού μεταμόρφωσης σχιστόλιθων της ακολουθίας των Γνευσίων Πλαγιάς και των μεταπηλιτών του σχημ/σμου Πετροπουλίου. Ως πιο ξεκάθαρο στοιχείο ωστόσο του συγκεκριμένου μεταμορφικού επεισοδίου αναφέρεται η γεωβαρομετρική εκτίμηση υψηλών πιέσεων που πραγματοποιήθηκε για τους φυλλίτες της ενότητας Μεσαριάς. Τέλος, προτείνονται δύο εναλλακτικά μοντέλα για την περιγραφή της \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"θερμικής μηχανής\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\", που ήταν υπεύθυνη για τη μεταμόρφωση και το μαγματισμό στην περιοχή της Ικαρίας. Το πρώτο βασίζεται στο αντίστοιχο προτεινόμενο από τον Μπορονκάϋ (1995) μοντέλο, το οποίο υποθέτει την ύπαρξη μιας μανδυακής πηγής που συνδέεται με τον μηχανισμό οπισθοχώρησης τεμάχους (slab roll-back). Οι διαδικασίες τήξης-αφυδάτωσης του τεμάχους αυτού παρήγαγαν ένυδρα τήγματα τα οποία κινούμενα ανοδικά προς την υπο-ηπειρωτική λιθόσφαιρα, έδωσαν γένεση στις γρανιτικές διεισδύσεις που παρατηρούνται στην περιοχή. Το δεύτερο μοντέλο είναι παρόμοιο με εκείνο που προτάθηκε από τους Whitney & Dilek (1998) για να ερμηνεύσουν την τεκτονομεταμορφική ιστορία της μάζας του Nidge, που αποτελεί τμήμα του κρυσταλλικού συμπλέγματος της κεντρικής Ανατολίας. Μέσω του μοντέλου αυτού προτείνεται η απόδοση του ενταφιασμού και της μερικής τήξης υλικού του φλοιού (κυρίως μεταγραουβακών και μετα-ανδεσιτών) στο ίδιο τεκτονομεταμορφικό καθεστώς, το οποίο είναι υπεύθυνο για την μεταμόρφωση που αποτυπώνεται στα μέλη της ενότητας της Ικαρίας. / The island of Ikaria is located in the eastern part of the Attic-Cycladic Massif, very close to its eastern continuation, the Menderes Massif. Three tectonic units can be distinguished (Ktenas, Marinos ed. 1969, Papanikolaou 1978) from bottom to top: a) the Ikaria unit, b) the Messaria unit and c) the Kefala unit. Two granitic bodies, a bigger I-type (diameter of c. 15 km) and a smaller S-type (dimension c. 3x1 km) intruded the Ikaria unit, in the western and eastern part of the island, respectively. The aim of this study is to unravel the metamorphic history of these units and the prevailing P-T conditions. To accomplish this task a two-fold approach was followed: a deductive and a predictive one. The former included field survey (mapping and sampling of more than 600 samples), petrographic study of more than 600 thin sections, of which representative samples were selected for further analysis, through X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, microprobe analysis and scanning electron microscopy (with EDS/WDS capabilities). The main task through the predictive approach was to: a) explore the potential of isochemical P/T phase diagram sections (pseudosections) to define phase relations and infer thermodynamic implication, and b) to model the metamorphic paragenesis of the metapelitic compositions of Ikaria unit, the main tectonometamorphic unit of Ikaria. The Ikaria unit consists of the following formations starting from the base: a) Nikaris marble, b) Plagia gneisses consisting of metapelites (schists and gneisses) with intercalations and lenses of amphibolites, calcsilicate rocks and quartzites, c) Pounta marble consisting of dolomites and marbles with rare metabauxitic lenses and d) Petropouli formation consisting of metapelites, amphibolites, calcsilicate rocks and marbles. During the Early Miocene the Ikaria unit was intruded of two granitic bodies of I- and S-type, respectively. This caused, local contact metamorphic recrystallization along with the formation of typical contact metamorphic minerals such as andalusite, cordierite, sillimanite (in metapelites), scapolite, clinozoisite (in calcsilicate rocks) and pyroxene, garnet (in amphibolites). The Messaria unit is thrusted on the Ikaria unit. It consists of marbles, graphite-rich calc mica schists, phyllites and rare greenschists. The rocks of this unit experienced metamorphism of greenschist face. The uppermost unit (Kefala unit) is a large “klippe” consisting of marbles of late Triassic age. It was intruded by a dioritic body, producing a thermal aureole and effects analogous to those of the granitic intrusions. Geochemical analyses of representative samples revealed the tholeitic MORB affinities of the metabasites, whilst it verified the para- (sedimentary) character obtained through the petrographic examination for the metasediments, and pointed to a “slate” type as their precursor rocks. Mineral chemistry indicates metamorphic conditions ranging from greenschist to medium-upper amphibolite facies for Ikaria unit and of greenschist facies for the Mesaria unit. A systematic petrographic and mineral chemistry study revealed, for the first time in Ikaria, the occurrence of: andalusite, cordierite, sillimanite, scapolite, jarosite, alloclasite/gersdorffite, osmiridium and synchisite. Of particular interest is the identification of uncommon mineral varieties withing the Mn-rich rock type “Ikarite”: spessartine containing significant amounts of blythite (Mn3+-rich component); tephroite (Mn-rich olivine variety); celsian and cymrite (Ba-rich feldspars); rodonite; braunite; jacobsite; pyrophanite (Mn-rich spinel). In addition, manganocummingtonite (“tirodite”) was found to coexist with Ca-amphibole (a pair that is only very rarely reported in the literature), and is believed to be its first occurrence ever reported from the greek territory. Geothermobarometric estimation was based upon a significant number of geothermobarometers, using various recalibrations, both older and recently published ones. The P/T range for the “Ikaria unit” can be bracketed between 441-623o C and 5.1-7.9 kbar. Its lower members (ie. Plagia Gneiss formation) exhibiting the higher temperature conditions recorded on the island (reaching the upper amphibolite facies), whereas in the upper members (ie. Petropouli formation as well as garnet- and Al-silicate free metapelites of the Plagia Gneiss formation) the metamorphic grade ranges between the upper greenschist and the lower amphibolite facies. The Mesaria unit exhibits the highest pressures (9.5-11.9), and lowest temperatures (~320-340o C) encountered from allover Ikaria island. Of great interest during the present study was the metabauxitic occurrences and the Mn-rich rock type, cropping out in proximity to the Xyslosyrtis granite (<500m), named “Ikarite” after Ktenas (1969). Mineral chemistry of all the mineral phases involved in these rocks allowed the estimation of the metamorphic conditions they underwent, as well as the comparison to similar metabauxitic occurrences in the Attic-Cycladic Compex (Cyclades, Greece) and its neighboring Menderes Complex (Southwest Turkey). This study is particularly focused on the Zn-spinel - Zn-högbomite pair, which (although present in accessory quantities) can provide valuable information for the possible P-T-t path of the rocks under study. The zoning patterns of these minerals, and particularly that of the Zn-Högbomite, indicate a prograde type of metamorphism. The Zn-content of the co-existing Zn-spinel is among the highest reported from similar rocks (ie. Samos and Menderes). In specimens of the Mn-rich rock type “Ikarite” more than 20 recognized minerals are found to co-exist in the scale of a thin section, most of them are reported for the fist time from Ikaria, as mentioned above. The most possible process for its formation is proposed to be the influence of pyrometasomatic fluids which are genetically linked to the intruding Xylosyrtis granite. Very interesting results about the prevailing P-T conditions are expected to be obtained by the ongoing research on this outcrop, in a microdomain scale. The predictive kind of approach was based on isochemichal P-T phase-diagram sections (broadly known as pseudosections), which have been proved to be a very useful tool for metamorphic petrology. In the present work the use of these diagrams is employed on metapelitic rocks of medium grade (greenschist-amphibolite facies) from the main tectonic unit of the island, the Ikaria unit. These diagrams have permitted us to model the observed mineralogical assemblages and to trace segments of the P-T path these rocks had followed. Iso-chemical sections were made for three representative mean compositions of rock analyses (AIK, BIK and CIK) with similar mineral associations. These diagrams shed light on the influence of Mn on garnet stability and helped us selecting the appropriate chemical system (KFMASH or MnKFMASH) for each bulk composition involved, in order to better modeling the relative assemblages. Finally, the isochemical sections helped to infer preliminary thermobarometric constraints for mineral assemblages that conventional geothermobarometry is of very limited use. Two different metamorphic stages (stage 1 and stage 2) have been described, each one of which is attributed to a different thermal peak. These thermal peaks are believed to be linked with the metamorphic events which are responsible for the tectonometamorphic history of the Attic Cycladic belt (M2 and M3, respectively). The present study has pointed out that the Ikaria unit underwent a Barrowian type metamorphism of greenschist to medium-upper amphibolite grade. The rocks of the Mesaria unit experienced a greenschist facies metamorphism. On the other hand, this study has failed to reveal clear evidence of the early Miocene HP event (M1 event), which however has affected most of the Attic Cycladic belt. The only indirect evidence for a HP event in the Ikaria unit is considered to be the frequent occurrence of garnet inclusions in oligoclase crystals within the less metamorphosed members of this unit (ie. Petropouli formation and garnet- and Al-silicate- free schists of the Plagia gneiss formation). A much clearer evidence is believed to be the high pressure estimated through geobarometry for the phyllites of Mesaria unit, which underlines the possibility that this unit has experienced the HP event. In conclusion, two alternative models are proposed to describe the “thermal engine” responsible for the metamorphism and magmatism in Ikaria. The first model is based on the model given by Boronkay (1994) and involves a mantle thermal source which accompanied the slab roll-back mechanism. Dehydration melting of this slab produced hydrous melts which moved upwards, towards the sub-continental lithosphere, giving birth to granitic intrusions occurring in the area. The second model, is similar to the one used by Whitney & Dilek (1998) to unfold the tectonometamorphic history of Nidge Massif in Central Anatolia Crystalline Complex. It proposes that burial and partial melting of crustal material (namely metagreywackes and meta-andesites) are the result of the same tectonometamorphic regime, which is responsible for the regional metamorphism imprinted on the members of “Ikaria unit”.