Migmatites are a common rock type in the Adirondack Mountains, NY. We analyzed a single sample of biotite-garnet-sillimanite paragneiss with foliation parallel leucosome along Route 22 south of Whitehall, NY in order to determine the timing of melting using both in-situ monazite and zircon U/Pb geochronology from the restite and leucosome layers of the same rock. Monazite was analyzed via in-situ EMPA on the Ultrachron microprobe at the University of Massachusetts. Zircon was analyzed via LA-ICP-MS (in-situ and mounted mineral separates) at the LaserChron Center. Monazite analyses from the restite yielded six compositionally distinct populations with dates of 1178 ± 16, 1139 ± 4, 1064 ± 6, 1049 ± 4, 1030 ± 5, and 1004 ± 10 Ma. Yttrium and heavy REEs decrease in monazite in two steps: one dramatic drop from ca. 1150 to 1065 Ma and another between ca. 1065 and 1050, interpreted to reflect two periods of garnet growth and melting. Analyses from the restite zircon separate yielded a significant single peak near 1050 Ma. These zircon grains exhibit fir-tree sector zoning texture which is interpreted to indicate crystallization from melt. Monazite from leucosome yielded a unimodal population at ca. 1050 Ma, however, backscatter images document alteration of monazite to apatite on the edges of the grains, and abundant uranothorite inclusions. Leucosome zircon analyses yielded a ca. 1150 Ma population from cores and a 1050 Ma population from rims. Cathodoluminescence imaging reveals that the zircon rims have textures indicative of fluid alteration. The data are consistent with these rocks undergoing two periods of melting. The first event at ca. 1150 Ma may have involved a non-garnet producing melting reaction, such as muscovite dehydration-melting. The second event at 1065 Ma involved significant garnet growth, interpreted to represent biotite dehydration-melting. Subsequently, the rocks underwent hydrothermal alteration at 1050 Ma. Monazite grains with dates at 1030 ± 5 and 1004 ± 10 Ma have higher yttrium concentrations suggesting garnet breakdown and monazite growth during decompression and retrograde metamorphism. A combination of monazite and zircon dating techniques from each compositional layer is necessary to constrain leucosome-restite relationships and to accurately interpret the timing of melting from migmatites that have experienced multiple phases of melting.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23018号 / 理博第4695号 / 新制||理||1673(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 河上 哲生, 教授 田上 高広, 教授 下林 典正 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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The massive sulphide deposits at Areachap and Kantienpan Cu-Zn Mine are hosted by a ~1600 Ma old volcano sedimentary succession known as the Areachap Group, in the eastern part of Namaqua Metamorphic Province, South Africa. The deposits were affected by a complex deformation and metamorphic history and represent examples of upper amphibolite to granulite grade metamorphosed volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits. The host rocks of both ore deposits are peraluminous-gneisses and the dominant sulphide minerals in the ore zone are pyrite, pyrrhotite sphalerite, and chalcopyrite and trace amounts of galena. Other ore related minerals include barite and anhydrite. The metamorphic minerals in the alteration zones at the Areachap and Kantienpan VHMS deposits are characterized by the presence of plagioclase, almandine and pyrope, enstatite and clinoenstatite, cummingtonite and gedrite, cordierite, sillimanite, and retrograde chlorite and chamosite. Lithogeochemical methods are widely used in exploration geochemistry to identify the primary alteration zones related to VHMS mineralization, as these zones are often exposed, while the massive sulphide ore body itself may be concealed. Especially in areas that were not affected by high grade metamorphism and intensive deformation. Some of these methods include the variation in the relative abundance of major element concentrations throughout the rock successions, mineral chemistry of silicates and spinel minerals near the ore zone, and normative compositions of the rock successions. However, the application of these methods is limited by complex geology in regional metamorphic terranes, such as the Namaqua Metamorphic Province. Therefore, in addition, three of the more advanced lithogeochemical approaches, known as the Isocon method, the Box Plot and Pearce Elemental Ratios, are combined here and adapted for application in such regions. Based on the mineral chemistry, it is evident that plagioclase is more Ca-rich adjacent to the ore zone, pyroxene has the highest relative Mg* ratio (Mg* ratio =100 x cationic ratio of Mg / (Mg + Fe + Ca)), the almandine and pyrope components of garnet are high and the spessartine and grossular components are low. In addition, the Mg-rich variety of mica (phlogopite) is more common near the ore zone and the peraluminous nature of the footwall zone is revealed by the presence of gahnite. Cordierite and retrograde chlorites show the highest Mg#’s (Mg# = Mg/ (Mg + Fe)) in the ore zone. In addition to the above, Pearce Element Ratio analyses of cordierite, pyroxene and garnet may be used to define proximity to sulphide mineralization. Geochemically, the ore zone and alteration zones at Areachap and Kantienpan VHMS ore deposits display a high peraluminous ratio (Al2O3 / (Na2O+K2O+CaO)) confirming the peraluminous nature of these zones as indicated by the mineral chemistry discussed above. The intervals identified in sampled borehole core with low CaO and Na2O and with high MgO and K2O contents represent the alteration zone in the original footwall rocks of the deposit. Isocon studies have shown that the alteration zones at the Areachap and Kantienpan deposits are enriched in Mg, Fe (total), S, Zn, Si, Co and F and depleted in Na, Ca, Sr, Ni, V and La. Elements that behaved relatively immobile include Zr, Ti, P, Mn, Al, Y, and U. The box plot, alteration index versus the chlorite-carbonate-pyrite index, was originally proposed to illustrate the combined effects of hydrothermal and diagenetic alteration and is based on characteristic primary mineral reactions in regions not affected by regional metamorphism. It is demonstrated here that these primary mineral reactions are preserved in a unique set of metamorphic minerals, and that the box plot can be modified for high-grade metamorphic rock types. When samples with very high Mg contents (MgO>>K2O, AI>90% and CCPI>98%) are plotted in the box plot they may be classified as representative of anomalous areas that are highly prospective. Samples with high Mg contents (MgO>K2O, AI>64% and CCPI>93%) may be considered representative of areas that may be classified as of moderate priority in an exploration programme. The findings of the mineral chemical and geochemical investigations of the footwall alteration at the Kantienpan, Areachap and Prieska Cu-Zn ore bodies are used to define various statistical factors. The applicability of these factors in lithogeochemical exploration is demonstrated by calculating the respective factor scores for a regional lithogeochemical data set. It is demonstrated how these factors could be used to identify samples collected from localities that are highly prospective for the discovery of concealed VHMS style mineralization. Based on the statistical analyses of the regional data set, the altered rocks may be distinguished from the metapelitic rocks by their high scores for the alteration factor and low scores for the peraluminous factor. The peraluminous rocks may be separated from the hornblende-gneisses by their high scores for the peraluminous factor, and from the amphibolites by their very low ortho-amphibolite factor scores and high peraluminous factor scores. The variation, of trace elements in the surface calcrete layer that conceals the mineralization in the studied areas, displays the geochemical signature of mineralization, but the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb are much lower at and near surface and increase down depth within the profiles. The absolute concentrations and peak to background ratios of the elements of interest at the surface therefore depend on the thickness of the underlying calcrete layer in the area. Two methods, a total analysis (x-ray fluorescence, XRF) and partial extraction (NH4EDTA solution), were applied in to evaluate results, which would be successful and commercially viable in a general exploration programme, using regolith samples. The results of the two methods above were then compared to another patented partial extraction method (mobile metal ion, MMI) on a data set previously reported on by Rossouw (2003). At Kantienpan, where the sand cover is very shallow to absent, dispersion appears to be more related to the secondary redistributions of gossaniferous clasts, than to dispersion of mobile metal ions on the surface of sand particles. The XRF method shows a wider dispersion halo here than methods based on partial extraction. Whereas, at Areachap, where a relatively thick sand (approximately one metre) covers the calcrete layer, partial extraction (based on a NH4EDTA solution extraction) results in a larger, recognizable, dispersion halo than that detected by XRF. The MMI results show a larger span for Zn, followed by NH4EDTA and finally XRF. For Cu, the NH4EDTA method exhibits the largest span followed by XRF and then MMI. The anomalous Cu, Zn and Pb contents extracted by partial extraction methods from the wind blown sand deposits indicate that these elements were derived from the ore minerals related to the massive sulphide deposits. However, Mn and Fe contents analysed by XRF also show high values that could not be only related to derivation from massive sulphide ores. Some of the high concentrations of these elements in the sand cover is ascribed to the weathering of other iron-rich rock forming minerals. / Thesis (PhD (Geology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Geology / unrestricted

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A deeper understanding of human development and disease is made possible partly through the study of genetically modified model organisms, such as the common mouse (Mus musculus). By genetically modifying such model organisms, scientists can activate, deactivate, or highlight particular characteristics. A genetically modified animal is generated by adding exogenous (foreign) genetic material to one or more embryonic cells at their earliest stages of development. Frequently, this exogenous genetic material consists of specially engineered DNA, which is introduced into a fertilized egg cell (zygote). When successfully introduced into the zygote, the exogenous DNA will be incorporated into the cell's own genome, and the animal that develops from the zygote will exhibit the genetic modification in all of its cells. The current devices and methods for generating genetically modified animals are inefficient, and/or difficult to use. The most common and efficient method for inserting new DNA into zygotes is by directly injecting a DNA solution through a tiny glass tube into the cell in a process called microinjection. Unfortunately, microinjection is quite inefficient (success rates are commonly between 1 and 5%), but often it is the only method for inserting DNA into eggs, zygotes, or early stage embryos. This thesis presents the design and testing of a micrometer sale, pumpless microelectromechanical system (MEMS) nanoinjector. Rather than use pumps and capillaries, the nanoinjector employs electrostatic charges to attract and repel DNA onto and off of the surface of a solid lance. The nanoinjector also includes a mechanical system for constraining the target cells during injection. Initial testing indicates the nanoinjector does not decrease cell viability, and it has a very high initial success rate (up to 90%). With the addition of an on-chip actuator, the nanoinjector could be packaged as an inexpensive, fully automated system, enabling efficient, high volume genetic modification of developing animals. Such a device would greatly increase the ease and speed of generating the model organisms needed to study such critical diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Behovet av tillförlitliga, motståndskraftiga, och beständiga system är uppenbart i vårt samhälle, som i ökande grad blir allt mer beroende av mjukvarulösningar. För att uppnå tillfredsställande nivåer av säkerhet och robusthet måste alla system kontinuerligt genomgå tester. En av de största utmaningarna vid automatisering av programvarutestning är avsaknaden av tillförlitliga orakel kapabla att ge korrekta bedömningar av testfall. Metamorfisk testning är en metod som har visats möjlig att applicera för automatisering av testning, men som däremot kräver identifiering av metamorfiska relationer. Det har gjorts försök att identifiera metamorfiska relationer med hjälp av vissa maskininlärningsmodellers förmåga till mönsterigenkänning. Ett stort problem för sådana tillvägagångssätt är mängden tillgängliga och användbara data som dessa ML-modeller kan tränas på. Det huvudsakliga bidraget denna uppsats levererar är en automatiserad metod för att genomföra utökning av data genom källkodsmutation i syfte att skala befintliga datamängder. Specifikt behandlar denna uppsats producering av icke-ekvivalenta mutanter och deras inverkan på maskininlärningsassisterad identifiering av metamorfiska relationer. Resultaten visar att icke-ekvivalenta mutanter kan genereras effektivt, även om manuell granskning är nödvändig för att härleda korrekta etiketter för varje datapunkt. Det visas också att icke-ekvivalenta mutanter kan påverka klassificeringsprestandan positivt i vissa fall, även om resultaten varierar beroende på mutationsoperator och behandlad metamorfisk relation. Framgångsrika framsteg inom testautomatisering kan potentiellt påverka nuvarande standarder för programvaruutveckling genom att förbättra programvarutestningspraxis. Därmed bidrar denna studie till diskussionen om hur automatiserad programvarutestning kan påverka organisationens prestationsförmåga i ett bredare perspektiv. Diskussionen baseras på ramverket för balanserade styrkort, och slutsatsen visar att testautomatisering kan generera fördelaktiga resultat på flera fronter. Det är dock viktigt att samordna sådana initiativ med organisationens strategiska inriktning och långsiktiga mål. / The need for reliable, resilient, and persistent systems is evident in our society, which is becoming increasingly more dependent on software solutions. In order to achieve satisfactory levels of security and robustness, all systems continuously need to undergo testing to detect faults and unwanted functionality. One of the mayor issues in automating software testing is the lack of reliable oracles capable of deriving test case verdicts. Metamorphic testing has been identified as a testing technique which can be used for test automation, though it requires the identification of metamorphic relations. There have been attempts at identifying metamorphic relations using the pattern recognition capabilities of certain machine learning models. A significant problem for any such approach is obtaining a sufficiently large labeled dataset which the ML models can be trained on. The main contribution of this paper is an automated approach to performing data augmentation through a process of source code mutation with the aim of scaling existing datasets. Specifically, this paper considers the generation of non-equivalent mutants and their impact on machine learning assisted identification of metamorphic relations. The results show that non-equivalent mutants can be efficiently generated, although manual oversight is necessary to derive accurate labels for each sample. It is also shown that non-equivalent mutants can positively impact the classification performance in certain instances, though results vary depending mutation operator and considered metamorphic relation. Furthermore, successful advances in the area of test automation can potentially affect current software development standards by improving software testing practices. As such, this study adds to the discussion on how automated software testing might affect organizational performance. The discussion is based on the balanced scorecard framework, and the discussion concludes that test automation can generate beneficial performance outcomes. However, it is imperative to aligning such endeavours with the strategic direction and long-term objectives of the organization.

A short history of micrometric analyses of rocks; the use of the point counter to determine the effect of orientation on the bulk composition of metamorphic rocks, the variations and limitations of the method with comparison of calculated analyses from the modes with an ordinary chemical analysis. The discrepancies lie within the range of experimental error. A quantitative interpretation by the use of statistics is offered. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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