Honors Project--Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 60--62).

Thesis (M.C.S.)--Regent College, 2005. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-151).

Thesis (M.C.S.)--Regent College, 2005. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-151).

Thesis (S.T.M.)--Trinity Lutheran Seminary, Columbus, Ohio, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-122).

abstract: This research proposes that a cross-cultural disconnect exists between Japanese and American English in the realm of bodily functions used as metaphor. Perhaps nowhere is this notion illustrated more clearly than by a cartoon that was inspired by recent tragic events in Japan. In the afternoon of Friday, March 11, 2011, the northeast coast of Japan was struck by a massive earthquake and tsunami that caused immeasurable loss of life and property and catastrophic damage to the nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture. In the immediate wake of these events, Japanese artist Hachiya Kazuhiko, determined to make the situation comprehensible to children, created a cartoon in which he anthropomorphized the damaged Fukushima Daiichi reactor and likened the dangers associated with it to illness and bodily functions. This cartoon garnered considerable notoriety, both in Japan and abroad. The reactions of English speakers appeared to differ from those of Japanese speakers, suggesting the existence of a possible cross-cultural disconnect. This research into the reactions to the cartoon and other relevant literature (both in English and Japanese), viewed against federal regulations regarding the broadcast of "obscenity" in the United States, commentary on American society, and how the use of similar language in American cartoons is seen, clearly indicates that negative attitudes toward the use of bodily functions as metaphor exist in the United States, while the same usage is seen differently in Japan. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. English 2012

Catchwords and catchphrases denoting crucial ideological concepts or disqualifying an opponent serve as indices pointing to the line of demarcation between political camps. Using the example of three catchwords (Patriotyzm genetyczny genetic patriotism, pka kulturowa cultural shelf, Palikotyzacja X-a Palikotization of X) emerging in the aggravated political debate in Poland between 2000 and 2009, and mainly signaling affiliation with the national conservative PiS-party, a twofold approach combining methods from discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics is proposed. On the one hand, the lexical items are analyzed as keywords in statu nascendi which are disputed, quoted or ridiculed and serve as intertextual hinges which still have the potential to evoke the communicative situation in which they have been created. On the other hand, the selected newly created lexical items are analyzed as conceptual integration networks within the framework of blending theory. The blending analysis reveals the underlying logic of the novel conceptual structure and displays the explanative and argumentative pattern suggested by the blend and condensed in the catchword. By tracing the disputes elicited by these catchwords and analyzing sequences in which these newly created concepts are contested or maintained from a cognitive perspective, we can see how the logic suggested by the blend is either perpetuated or perverted in the process of the ongoing dissemination of the catchword.

LEITE, Ricardo Lopes. Metaforização textual: a construção discursiva do sentido metafórico no texto. 2007. 213f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2007. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T13:06:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_tese_rlleite.pdf: 1125025 bytes, checksum: 0b1b495e9716d4b4aa97bf3c8585e916 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T14:09:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_tese_rlleite.pdf: 1125025 bytes, checksum: 0b1b495e9716d4b4aa97bf3c8585e916 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-25T14:09:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_tese_rlleite.pdf: 1125025 bytes, checksum: 0b1b495e9716d4b4aa97bf3c8585e916 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The present study introduces textual metaphorization: a textual/discursive phenomenon where metaphor is recognized as a practice of constitution of sense, rather than as an ordinary game of similarity figures, restricted to the word or sentence level. First, the study argues on the very concept of metaphor within the main traditional theories, whose interpretation mechanisms are established on the replacement or transfer of semantic features, on the tension set up between a word (focus) and its projection over a sentence structure (frame), or yet, on a pragmatic set to a logic sentential context. Such discussion showed the constraints of metaphor-word and metaphor-sentence theories as it circumscribes the metaphoric phenomenon to a lexicalist Semantics, as well as the need for transferring metaphor to another interpretation stage, the textual/discursive level. Secondly, the research investigates the way how cognitive, textual-linguistic, and socio-cultural features are engaged simultaneously in the foundation of metaphoric sense, from the dilution of literal/metaphoric dichotomy, and the drawing of a cognition concept applied to metaphorization. Finally, it examines the constraints of the concept of metaphorical (re)categorization presented by Lima (2003), in order to propose textual metaphorization and its description trough interpretative mechanisms capable of revealing the plurality of metaphorical senses in a textual/discursive level, further than the word and sentence boundaries. The study presents a theoretical conjunction of the following subject areas: Textual Semiotics, Text Linguistics (studies on Referenciation) and Cognitive Sciences, which made possible the consideration of metaphor as a dynamic, flexible phenomenon, able to emerge and organize itself within socio-communicative interaction. Such an interdisciplinary theoretical blending aided to describe metaphorization through interpretation mechanisms or devices, adapted from Eco’s (2000; 2004) text semiotics and from Bertrand’s (2003) literary semiotics, which are: textual cooperation, the concept of reader/observer, abduction, conceptual properties selection and, lastly, the discursive isotopy concept. The analysis was carried out by applying the previous interpretative devices to a set of samples that comprehended mostly news notes and some humorous texts (jokes) collected from varied sources, with no definite criterion, and without obedience to a systematic order – this could justify the lack of a specific methodological design to validate the analyses. Such analyses showed that by overcoming the word and sentence limits, and by emerging in a textual/discursive level, metaphor becomes a process, the metaphorization. It means that the phenomenon is set in the textual dynamics, within a discursive context where metaphorical meanings can be multiplied whenever an interpretative movement acts during reading / O presente trabalho de tese examinou a metaforização textual: fenômeno textual/discursivo no qual a metáfora é concebida como processo de constituição de sentidos, em vez de um simples jogo de semelhança entre figuras, restrito ao âmbito da palavra ou da sentença. Inicialmente, discutiu-se o conceito de metáfora nas principais teorias tradicionais, cujos mecanismos de interpretação fundamentam-se na substituição ou transferência de traços semânticos, na tensão estabelecida entre uma palavra (foco) e sua projeção sobre uma estrutura sentencial (quadro) ou ainda em uma pragmática presa a um contexto lógico-sentencial. Tal discussão revelou as limitações das teorias da metáfora-palavra e metáfora-sentença em circunscrever o fenômeno metafórico a uma semântica de cunho lexicalista, e a necessidade de deslocamento da metáfora para outro nível de interpretação, o nível textual/discursivo. Em seguida, analisou-se o modo como aspectos cognitivos, lingüístico-textuais e sócio-culturais interagem, simultaneamente, na construção do sentido metafórico a partir da diluição da dicotomia sentido literal/metafórico e da elaboração de um conceito de cognição aplicado à metaforização. Por fim, examinaram-se as limitações do conceito de recategorização metafórica estudado por Lima (2003), a fim de se propor a metaforização textual e sua descrição por meio de mecanismos de interpretação capazes de revelar a pluralidade de sentidos metafóricos em um nível textual/discursivo, além dos limites da palavra e da sentença. Realizou-se uma conjunção teórica das seguintes disciplinas: Semiótica Textual, Lingüística Textual (estudos sobre Referenciação) e Ciências Cognitivas, o que permitiu conceber a metáfora como um fenômeno cognitivo dinâmico, flexível, capaz de emergir e de se organizar na interação sócio-comunicativa. Esse enlace teórico interdisciplinar auxiliou a descrever a metaforização por meio de dispositivos ou mecanismos de interpretação, adaptados da semiótica textual de Eco (2000; 2004) e da semiótica literária de Bertrand (2003), quais sejam: a cooperação textual, o conceito de leitor-observador, a abdução, a seleção de propriedades conceituais e, por fim, o conceito de isotopia discursiva. A análise foi realizada aplicando-se os dispositivos interpretativos citados a um exemplário que compreendeu sobretudo notas jornalísticas e alguns textos humorísticos (piadas) de fontes variadas, coletados sem critérios definidos, e sem obedecer a uma ordem sistemática, procedimento que isentou o estudo de apresentar, em seu corpo, um desenho metodológico específico para justificar as análises. Tais análises demonstraram que, ao ultrapassar os limites da palavra e da sentença, manifestando-se em um nível textual/discursivo, a metáfora transforma-se em processo, em metaforização. Isto implica dizer que o fenômeno enquadra-se na dinâmica do texto, em um contexto discursivo, no qual é possível multiplicarem-se os sentidos metafóricos a cada movimento interpretativo ocorrido durante a leitura.

The role of common metaphors in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was examined in a 35 min brief online workshop targeted at body image dissatisfaction. Participants consisted of 24 graduate level students who were randomly assigned to either the, "ACT as Usual" or "ACT without Metaphors" treatment condition. The "ACT as Usual" treatment condition incorporated common ACT metaphors into the workshop while the "ACT without Metaphors" utilized alternative exercises and literal explanations. Both of the workshops covered all six core components of ACT and provided the same basic information. Results of the present study indicated that there was a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores for the AAQ-W for both groups and no significant differences between pre and post CFQ-13 and PASTAS scores. Further, results indicate the use of common ACT metaphors did not significantly influence participant's scores. Future research should examine the use of ACT metaphors in a variety of settings and situations in order to determine their utility.

Fiction and drama have engaged with madness across the epistemes of the American twentieth century. Given the prominence of the subject of madness, both historically and literarily, we need a unified methodology for analysis and action. As a subfield of disability studies, "mad studies" deals specifically with representations of mental distress rather than physical otherness, examining how "madness" enables writers to convey certain meanings or produce certain stories. In minor characters, these meanings are infused into characters' actantial function within the symbolic model of disability: madness works as a device for plot, psychological depth (of other characters), and thematic resonance. Onstage, these meanings transform as they inhabit the social/political/cultural model of disability rather than the medical or symbolic models. Realistic, expressionistic, and musical theatre across the twentieth century have all found ways to stage not only "madness," but also the social responses and contexts that construct it, while simultaneously giving audiences formal opportunities to sympathize with the so-called mad characters. Mad protagonists follow particular plot patterns prompted by the temporal, existential, or hermeneutic mystery posed by madness. Male madness narratives often engage with the legitimizing etiology of war, freeing them from the temporal mystery - "what caused this to happen?" - and allowing them to address the existential mystery - "what is this like?" - through formal experimentation. Female madness narratives, grappling with a medical discourse that emphasizes endogenous causality for women, retort to such discourse by emphasizing a broader temporal plot. Offering more possible answers to "what caused this to happen" than doctors do, female madness narratives show that subjective experience exists within a social, as well as a biological, framework. Yet, popular as fictions remain, in recent years, the genre of memoir has eclipsed them. Madness memoir engages in a real-world context with the central linguistic challenge of madness. Memoirists' use of metaphor to convey recalcitrant experiences of distress not only engages with existential and hermeneutic mystery (what is it like, and what does it mean), but suggests a way forward for intersubjective understanding that sympathizes without co-opting, allowing for meaningful communication and political action across differences.

The aim of this study has been to investigate whether metaphors in terms of fire and heat in rock lyrics can be interpreted figuratively as well as literally. The terms for these latter two categories are internal and external metaphors. Many rock lyrics are about love, a theme often described with the use of metaphors. One common type of metaphorisation for describing love is to use what in this study has been called “fire and heat metaphors”. These are metaphors that as their source use FIRE and HEAT/WARMTH and map some of these qualities on to the metaphorical target LOVE, which results in metaphorical constructions like I am on fire. Internal and external metaphors are terms coined by Alm-Arvius (2003:78) and they serve the purpose of separating the metaphors that cannot be taken literally from those that can also be given a literal meaning in another context. The main aim of this study has been to investigate whether a set of chosen metaphorical constructions taken from different rock songs can also be interpreted literally in relation to another universe of discourse. Moreover, the semantic and syntactic structures of the metaphor examples have been outlined, and some theories why the constructions should be regarded as internal or external metaphors have been presented. A number of related underlying cognitive structures (conceptual metaphors) were identified in this study, and (BEING IN) LOVE IS (EXPERIENCING) HEAT/WARMTH is a structure that allows external metaphorical constructions. Some cognitive scientists see this cognitive structure as metonymy. However, it seems more adequate to connect it to the occurrence of external metaphors, since the language constructions relating to it can be literal as well as figurative. However, the distinction between internal and external metaphors is not always clear, it is difficult to make a clear distinction. Therefore, a continuum has been presented in this study which shows both the distinction and the occasional overlap between the categories of internal and external metaphors.