A field campaign was conducted in Greece during the summer of 2012 (June 8 – July 26) to investigate ambient particulate matter (PM) levels, chemical composition and contribution of regional and local sources. Simultaneous collection of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 samples took place in seven different sampling sites in Greece. The sampling sites included: i) one urban and one suburban station in Patras, ii) one suburban in Thessaloniki, iii) one suburban and one background station in Athens, iv) one rural background station at the Navarino Environmental Observatory (NEO) in southwest Peloponnese and v) one remote background site at Finokalia in the northeast part of Crete. These different sites were chosen in order to estimate the contributions of the local emissions sources and long range transport. A suite of continuous/online instruments was deployed in selected sites including an Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF AMS), an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), a Proton-Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), a PM2.5/PM10 Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM), filter samplers (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10), nephelometers, aethalometers and gas-phase monitors. The campaign PM2.5 average ranged from 14 to 20 μg m-3 for the different sites. The fine PM mass concentration and chemical measurements were quite similar in all sites suggesting significant contributions of transported regional pollution and smaller contributions of local sources. Sulfate and organics were major PM2.5 components in all sites. Also nitrate, dust and sea-salt for the coastal areas were also important components of the PM10 fraction. The sulfate levels were similar in all sites, while the concentration of the organics and dust were more variable. Most of the organic aerosol was highly oxygenated. Back trajectory analysis, based on FLEXPART, identified five source regions (Greece, Athens, Turkey, Balkans, marine) each of which influenced the PM1 aerosol composition. / --

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Magistratūros studijų baigiamajame darbe įvertintas ir pritaikytas Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelis ropiniuose svogūnuose apsaugai nuo ligų vegetacijos metu. Darbo objektai – ropiniai svogūnai (Allium cepa L.); ligos sukėlėjai - kekerinis lapų dėmėtumas (Botrytis squamosa) ir lapų taškuotoji dėmėtligė (Botrytis cinerea); internetinė „iMETOS®sm“ prognozavimo sistema (Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelis). Tyrimo metodai: tiriamas meteorologinės stotelės „iMETOS®sm“ Botrytis spp. infekcijos prognozavimo modelių pritaikymas ropiniuose svogūnuose. Tirti dviejų Botrytis rūšių sukeliamų ligų prognozavimo modeliai: 1) Botrytis squamosa infekcijos modelis; 2) Botrytis cinerea rizikos modelis. Mikologiniams tyrimams ėminiai surinkti nuo Botrytis grybais pažeistų svogūnų vegetatyvinių dalių vystymosi tarpsniu ir tirti taikant vizualinį – simptomatinį, drėgnų kamerų, sėjimo į Petri lėkšteles, mikroskopavimo metodus. Išskirti izoliatai identifikuoti iki rūšies, remiantis kolonijų kultūrinėmis ir morfologinėmis savybėmis bei lyginant su literatūros duomenimis, naudojant apibūdintojus (Domsch ir kt., 1980, p. 859). Tyrimams pasirinktos dvi apsaugos sistemos: pagal faktinį ligos simtomų aptikimo laiką ir pagal „iMETOS®sm“ Botrytis spp. infekcijos svogūnuose modelio parodymus. Darbo rezultatai. Botrytis squamosa infekcijos prognozavimo modelis parodė, kad svogūnų kekeriniam dėmėtumui plisti palankios sąlygos abiejuose tirtuose rajonuose susidarė birželio–rugpjūčio mėn... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master's degree thesis is evaluated and applied to the Botrytis spp. infection in onion forecasting model for the protection against disease during the growing season. Object of the work - onion (Allium cepa L.) pathogens - Botrytis leaf blight discoloration (Botrytis squamosa) and Botrytis leaf spot in (Botrytis cinerea), an online „iMETOS®sm” Forecasting System (Botrytis spp. infection prediction model). Methods of the work: studied meteorological station „iMETOS®sm” Botrytis spp. infection forecasting models use onion. To explore the two types of diseases caused by Botrytis forecasting models: 1) Botrytis squamosa infection model, 2) risk model Botrytis cinerea. Mycological examination of samples collected fungi Botrytis damaged vegetative parts of the onion stage of development and exploration through visual - symptomatic, moist chambers, seeding in petri dishes, microscopy techniques. Distinguish isolates identified to species based on cultural and morphological colony characteristics and comparison with literature data using apibūdintojus (Domsch et al., 1980, p. 859). For this work, the two security systems based on the actual detection of the disease symptoms at the time and under „iMETOS®sm” Botrytis spp. evidence of infection onion model. The results of work. Botrytis squamosa infection prediction model showed that the onion gray mold to spread favorable conditions in both regions studied occurred between June and August. Kaunas district. B... [to full text]

The economic impact of frost on agriculture remains a global problem. It is a particular concern for the New Zealand wine industry, where the consequences of an unexpected spring frost can be disastrous. Marlborough is located in the north-eastern corner of the South Island and is the largest grape-growing region in New Zealand. The region is surrounded by complex mountainous terrain that gives rise to extremes of climate, particularly large spatial variations of minimum temperature and the frequent occurrence of spring frost. The high spatial variation of near-surface minimum temperature can lead to under-preparedness among grape growers who rely on accurate frost forecasts as part of their frost mitigation systems. Field campaigns of the 1980’s and 90’s extended the understanding of the physical meteorological processes that affect cooling in complex terrain. More recent modelling efforts continue to refine this knowledge, although much less attention is given to the effects of different cooling processes on near-surface temperature. Agricultural developments in areas of complex terrain would benefit from an increased understanding of the meteorological processes that govern near-surface cooling, as this will help with the local prediction of frost. The spatial variation of near-surface minimum temperatures is first explored by identifying relationships with synoptic weather patterns using the Kidson (2000) synoptic classification scheme. Analysis revealed that Kidson types associated with the largest daily variations in near-surface minimum temperature (T, TNW and H) are not always associated with the occurrence of frost. Frost is more likely to occur during the cooler airflows of Kidson type HW, HNW and SW, or during the settled anticyclonic conditions that follow cooler airflows. The relationship between the spatial variation of near-surface minimum temperature and regional airflow patterns is explored using numerical weather prediction (NWP) modelling. Results indicated that a high σ Tmin around the region is a product of interaction between the region’s complex terrain and ambient meteorology, and it could occur in both settled weather and more dynamic synoptic conditions. A high regional σ Tmin during light ridge top winds could occur as a function of a location’s relative susceptibility to ventilation from thermally-induced drainage winds, and it may also occur as a result of the simultaneous ventilation and stagnation of near-surface air layers as synoptic wind interacts with local topography. The influence of the vertical structure of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) on nearsurface minimum temperature was investigated with the University of Canterbury Sonic Detection And Ranging (SODAR). Measurements confirmed the formation of low-level jets (LLJ’s) in the Awatere and Wairau Valleys during settled weather conditions, and that shear-induced turbulence beneath the jets was sufficient to mix warmer air to the surface and increase local temperatures. The process is sufficient to reduce frost risk to some of the region’s upper valleys during clear settled weather. In stronger ridge top winds development of the LLJ’s can be suppressed or eliminated and this was found to reduce shear-induced turbulence near the surface, allowing increased near-surface cooling. While results from this study are of greatest value to the prediction of near-surface minimum temperature and frost in Marlborough, the results could be applied to improved prediction of near-surface minimum temperature in complex terrain around the world. Further research could be directed toward the interaction of synoptic winds with thermally-induced airflows, as the transition zone between these wind systems is believed to govern the temporal and spatial evolution of near-surface stagnation, and this is related to episodes of strong near-surface cooling.

Bibliography: leaves ix-xiii / viii, 171, ix-xiii leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics and Mathematical Physics, 1992

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2007.

Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2004. / Thesis Advisor(s): Carlyle Wash. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49). Also available online.

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/07/07). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2008. / "Graduate Program in Atmospheric Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-128).