O sistema de transporte urbano é um setor essencial nas cidades. A queda da qualidade do transporte público urbano, do qual depende grande parte da população, implica diariamente na degradação da qualidade de vida nas cidades. Muitas cidades brasileiras enfrentam sérios problemas com o transporte urbano de passageiros, sobretudo nas áreas metropolitanas. Destacam-se como principais elementos dessa problemática: o uso massivo do carro, que provoca congestionamentos, poluição atmosférica e elevado número de acidentes; o transporte clandestino e a proliferação das lotações (vans e peruas), que desorganizam o transporte público por ônibus; e a má qualidade do transporte público de massa por falta de investimentos em infra-estrutura e tecnologias mais adequadas. Nesse contexto se insere o presente estudo do sistema de transporte de Natal e Região Metropolitana, que apresenta uma caracterização da situação existente, reflexões sobre o problema e proposições para a melhoria da eficiência e qualidade do transporte público no aglomerado, num enfoque em nível estratégico. O trabalho é fundamentado em estudos anteriormente desenvolvidos; opiniões de técnicos locais em transporte e urbanismo, obtidas em entrevistas pessoais; e conhecimento da autora acerca da situação, obtido no tempo em que atuou como profissional de transporte na cidade. O sistema de transporte público na cidade de Natal tem de ser visto como parta de uma concepção integrada de desenvolvimento urbano no âmbito metropolitano, com integração dos diversos modos públicos com o modo privado. / The system of transportation urban is an essential sector in the cities. The fall of the quality of the urban public transportation, on which depends great part on the population, implies directly in the degradation of the life quality in the cities. Many Brazilian cities face serious problems with the passengers\' urban transportation, over all in the metropolitan areas. They are distinguished as main elements of the following problematic: the huge use of the car, that provokes congestions, atmospheric pollution and a higher number of accidents; the clandestine transportation and the proliferation of the vans (vans), which disorganizes the public transportation by bus; and the bad quality of the mass public transportation due to poor investments in infrastructure and appropriated technology. It is showed in this context the present study of transportation system in Natal and in its Metropolitan Region, which presents a characterization of the existing situation, reflections about the problem and proposals for the improvement of the efficiency and quality of the public transportation carrier in the metropolitan area, with an approach in strategic level. The work is based on studies previously developed; local technicians opinions in public transportation and urbanism, gotten in personal interviews; and author knowledge concerning the situation, gotten in the time which she worked as a transport professional in the city. The system of Natal public transportation has to be seen as part of an integrated conception of urban development in the metropolitan scope, with integration in the several public modes with the private mode.

O sistema de transporte urbano é um setor essencial nas cidades. A queda da qualidade do transporte público urbano, do qual depende grande parte da população, implica diariamente na degradação da qualidade de vida nas cidades. Muitas cidades brasileiras enfrentam sérios problemas com o transporte urbano de passageiros, sobretudo nas áreas metropolitanas. Destacam-se como principais elementos dessa problemática: o uso massivo do carro, que provoca congestionamentos, poluição atmosférica e elevado número de acidentes; o transporte clandestino e a proliferação das lotações (vans e peruas), que desorganizam o transporte público por ônibus; e a má qualidade do transporte público de massa por falta de investimentos em infra-estrutura e tecnologias mais adequadas. Nesse contexto se insere o presente estudo do sistema de transporte de Natal e Região Metropolitana, que apresenta uma caracterização da situação existente, reflexões sobre o problema e proposições para a melhoria da eficiência e qualidade do transporte público no aglomerado, num enfoque em nível estratégico. O trabalho é fundamentado em estudos anteriormente desenvolvidos; opiniões de técnicos locais em transporte e urbanismo, obtidas em entrevistas pessoais; e conhecimento da autora acerca da situação, obtido no tempo em que atuou como profissional de transporte na cidade. O sistema de transporte público na cidade de Natal tem de ser visto como parta de uma concepção integrada de desenvolvimento urbano no âmbito metropolitano, com integração dos diversos modos públicos com o modo privado. / The system of transportation urban is an essential sector in the cities. The fall of the quality of the urban public transportation, on which depends great part on the population, implies directly in the degradation of the life quality in the cities. Many Brazilian cities face serious problems with the passengers\' urban transportation, over all in the metropolitan areas. They are distinguished as main elements of the following problematic: the huge use of the car, that provokes congestions, atmospheric pollution and a higher number of accidents; the clandestine transportation and the proliferation of the vans (vans), which disorganizes the public transportation by bus; and the bad quality of the mass public transportation due to poor investments in infrastructure and appropriated technology. It is showed in this context the present study of transportation system in Natal and in its Metropolitan Region, which presents a characterization of the existing situation, reflections about the problem and proposals for the improvement of the efficiency and quality of the public transportation carrier in the metropolitan area, with an approach in strategic level. The work is based on studies previously developed; local technicians opinions in public transportation and urbanism, gotten in personal interviews; and author knowledge concerning the situation, gotten in the time which she worked as a transport professional in the city. The system of Natal public transportation has to be seen as part of an integrated conception of urban development in the metropolitan scope, with integration in the several public modes with the private mode.

The field of political violence is introduced with an overview of anti-State political violence in South Africa between 1 January 1977 and 21 July 1985. Incidents of political violence in that period were classified into one of three categories, each of which reflects different sources of political violence. Subsequently, the research analysed what is referred to 'spontaneous' collective violence in two of Durban's townships Lamont and KwaMashu. The theoretical framework for the analysis of this type of behaviour is provided by T.R. Gurr using the formula: MPV = RD + (RD x JUST x BALANCE) where MPV is the magnitude of political violence; RD is discontent; JUST is the justifications for engaging in violence; and BALANCE is the ratio of support for, and coercive capacity of, dissidents vis-a-vis the State. The weight of each variable (RD, JUST and BALANCE) was assessed in Lamont and KwaMashu through interviews with 25 group leaders from both townships and by various inferential techniques. While discontent was found to be universal in both townships, the justifications for engaging in violence as a strategy to alleviate that discontent and alter existing power relations were found to be a function of ideology. For the purposes of this research two ideological classifications were employed: 'reactionaries' (those organisations operating within government created institutions, including bantustans, e.g. Inkatha); and 'progressives' (those organisations operating outside government created institutions and which are popularly labelled the Left e.g. the United Democratic Front). In Durban there is a specific spatial distribution of ideology which has resulted in support for, and the coercive capacity of, reactionaries' being greatest in bantustan townships ' (e.g. KwaMashu), while among 'progressives' support and coercive capacity are highest in townships in 'white' South Africa (e.g. Lamont). The distribution of ideology has its origins in historical forces which are discussed in detail. The question to be answered thus remains at what point does political violence reach a crescendo? This question was answered by identifying the issues precipitating political violence in Lamont and KwaMashu and then analysing specific incidents. Frequently, the most intense collective violence erupted when resistance to State hegemony was interpreted by the State, or its proxies, as challenging the existing status quo. In Lamont the State has directly intervened to crush resistance through the use of its security forces while in KwaMashu Inkatha vigilantes have acted as proxies for the State. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1987.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:34:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VeruskaPS_DISSERT.pdf: 4897594 bytes, checksum: b5da048ef67a6c6fc260d835264bf7ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-23 / The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the quality of public spending on education for the municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RMN) in 2009 by use of two theories: The Theory of Welfare (Welfare State) and the Public Choice Theory (TEP), both important to understand the relationship between education and economics. The study also uses principles of microeconomics and public sector economics to get a better idea of the role of education in economy and society. It describes the development of the educational policy in Brazil from 1988 to the Federal Constitution of 2010, following the major changes in basic education during each government. The characteristics of the RMN municipalities were illustrated with socioeconomic indicators, while educational indicators were used to characterize each municipality regarding education. The model used in this study was developed by Bert?, Brunet and Borges, the data was collected on the back of the School Census 2009 and the Brazil Exam 2009 and it was processed quantitavely in the Information System on Public Budgets in Education (SIOPE) by use of the statistical method called standardized score of the normal cumulative distribution function. The quality of public spending on education is the result of the relation between performance indicator ratio and expense ratio. For the qualitative analysis of results, the criteria of efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness were used. The study found that municipalities with higher expenses showed a worse quality of spending and failed to convert the expenditure incurred into performance, thus confirming ineffectiveness / A presente disserta??o tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do gasto p?blico em educa??o pelos munic?pios da RMN, em 2009, por meio de duas teorias: Teoria do Bem-Estar Social (Welfare State) e Teoria da Escolha P?blica (TEP), importantes para entender a rela??o entre educa??o e ci?ncia econ?mica. O estudo tamb?m utiliza princ?pios da microeconomia e da economia do setor p?blico para melhor entender o papel da educa??o na economia e na sociedade. Percorre-se, neste trabalho, a trajet?ria da pol?tica educacional no Brasil a partir da Constitui??o Federal de 1988 at? 2010, acompanhando as principais mudan?as ocorridas na Educa??o B?sica em cada Governo. As caracter?sticas dos munic?pios da RMN foram reveladas atrav?s de indicadores socioecon?micos, e, para caracterizar cada munic?pio no que se refere ? educa??o, recorreu-se aos indicadores educacionais. O modelo utilizado neste trabalho foi desenvolvido por Bert?, Brunet e Borges. Os dados avaliados foram coletados nos bancos do Censo Escolar 2009, da Prova Brasil 2009 e no Sistema de Informa??es sobre Or?amentos P?blicos em Educa??o (SIOPE) e foram tratados quantitativamente pelo uso do tratamento estat?stico denominado escore padronizado pelo m?todo da fun??o de distribui??o acumulada normal. Neste estudo a qualidade do gasto p?blico em educa??o ? o resultado da raz?o entre indicador de desempenho e o indicador de despesa Para a an?lise qualitativa dos resultados, foram utilizados os crit?rios de efici?ncia, efic?cia e efetividade. O estudo constatou que os munic?pios que realizaram maior despesa resultaram em pior qualidade do gasto, n?o conseguindo retornar a despesa realizada em desempenho, o que revela a inefic?cia desses munic?pios