The study presents evaluation of pig genetic markers (MHS and MC4R) associated with performance traits in the Lithuanian White pig breed. The study presents a direct approach the testing and explanation of the quantitative part of the trait and QTL with marker based on estimated breeding values in the Lithuanian White population. Information about the strategies for association analysis and improvement can be applied for further characterization of the Lithuanian White population. The use of breeding values instead of single measurements reduces the bias in the recorded performance traits, therefore, the results obtained by using the marker for the Lithuanian White population gives animal breeders the opportunities for realization of a short-term goal in their selection criteria.

Satisfaction with in-patient maternity care within the Military Healthcare System (MHS) continues to score significantly below national benchmarks when compared to civilian hospitals and doctors. Lack of independent, qualitative research in this area has left the MHS with few answers as to why patients are satisfied, but still unhappy, with specific aspects of care. Discrepancy theory was used in conjunction with grounded theory as the foundation and framework for understanding the expectations and experiences of women who have given birth in the MHS within the past year. Using grounded theory and a hermeneutical approach to interview participants, qualitative data were collected to understand these women's expectations, experiences, and satisfaction. Participants were active duty dependents who had given birth within the last year at a local hospital and used TRICARE as their only insurance. They were recruited through the base's local community online network and 12 women total participated. Data were carefully analyzed using transcriptions and were subsequently grouped into common patterns, and then into themes. Findings revealed 3 key themes: (a) participants had one or more complaints or complications with their maternity care; (b) previous experiences on standard care were mostly negative, and (c) differences in satisfaction may be seen when a patient's personal experiences and beliefs about an occurrence are met or excused. This study contributes to social change by adding previously unexplored qualitative data to the military healthcare community in a population that had not been investigated in this manner and has the potential to increase understanding about the population, as well as how experiences, expectations, and satisfaction coexist.

No / This paper presents a Knowledge-Based (KB) integrated approach for planning and designing of number of machining centres, selection of material handling system, layout and networking architecture and cost analysis for a Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS). The KB model can be applied for integrating the decision issues at both the planning and designing stages of an FMS for three types of layouts (single row, double row, and loop) and three MHS types (robot-conveyor, AGV-conveyor and a hybrid AGV-robot-conveyor). The KB methodology starts from a suitable information input, which includes demand per year of part types, part type’s information, machining centre’s calculation, Material Handling System (MHS) selection, machining centre’s layout selection, networking selection and financial analysis. The KB methodology is developed by using AM, an expert system shell, and contains over 1500 KB rules. The performance of the system has been verified and validated through four published and four industrial case studies, respectively. The validation results from industry show that the KB methodology is capable of considering detailed design inputs and is able to assist in designing and selecting a practical FMS. It is concluded that a KB system for the present FMS application is a viable and efficient methodology.

L'emballage alimentaire est l'un des principaux acteurs de la préservation de la sécurité alimentaire et de la qualité au cours du stockage. Toutefois, de transferts de masse se produisent entre le l'emballage polymère et les denrées alimentaires. Polylactide (PLA) est un nouveau polymère biosourcé utilisé dans les applications d'emballage. Pour cela son interaction avec des denrées alimentaires a été étudiée dans des conditions réelles d'utilisation. Une méthodologie originale basée sur l'extraction multiple de l'espace de tête (MHE) et l'extraction multiple de l'espace de tête couplée à la microextraction sur phase solide (MHS-SPME) pour la mesure de sorption de composés organiques volatils (COVs) dans le PLA a été développé à des activités faibles et dans le domaine vitreux du polymère. Les COVs ayant une structure chimique modérément hydrophobe et des similarités de structure avec le PLA montrent une forte affinité pour le polymère. Plus surprenant, la forte sorption de composés aromatiques, notamment du benzaldéhyde, a été montrée. En mélange avec d'autres COVs le benzaldéhyde favorise leur sorption par un effet synergique. De plus, même à des activités faibles (0,01) et en présence de benzaldéhyde, la sorption de COVs induit une cristallisation du PLA. En contact avec un aliment aqueux, le PLA se montre résistant à l'hydrolyse et la sorption des matières grasses est faible, même en utilisant des conditions de stockage proches de sa transition vitreuse. L'apparition de COVs pendant le procédé de transformation a été étudiée par MHS-SPME. Des lactides, l'acétaldéhyde et le 2,3-pentanedione étaient détectés après extrusion et thermoformage. Les quantités des deux derniers composés diminuaient cependant pendant le procédé de thermoformage. / Packaging plays a major role in the preservation of food but mass transfer between the packaging material and foodstuff occurs during shelf life leading to the quality deterioration. Polylactide (PLA) is a novel packaging material; therefore its interaction with food was investigated at service conditions. The sorption of ethyl esters, benzaldehyde and 2-nonanone at low concentrations and in mixture and the effects on the thermal properties of PLA were studied. Multiple Headspace Extraction (MHE) and Multiple Headspace coupled to Solid Phase MicroExtraction (MHS-SPME) developed here allow to show a high affinity for moderately hydrophilic molecules sharing structure similarities with PLA such as ethyl acetate. However, a very high affinity for the aromatic structure of benzaldehyde was revealed which seems to favor interaction and sorption of the aroma compounds present in the mixture. At 0.01 activities, a plasticization by aroma compounds was observed and a solvent induced crystallization seemed to be correlated to the sorption of benzaldehyde. The contact between a flavored food emulsion and PLA, using conditions near the PLA glass transition showed that PLA hydrolysis was moderate and oil and aroma compound sorption was low. The formation of VOC during the PLA manufacturing process was assessed by MHS-SPME. Lactides, acetaldehyde and 2,3-pentanedione are VOCs present in PLA after extrusion and thermoforming. The two latter compounds increased after extrusion and then decreased or disappeared after thermoforming.

A gerência de redes de computadores cresce a, medida que são necessárias redes mais seguras, menos vulneráveis a falhas e para reduzir a sobrecarga de trabalho dos administradores de rede. Gerenciar elementos físicos das redes de computadores tem sido a tônica da gerencia de redes. Porem, gerenciar as aplicações também a muito importante, pois são o ponto de interação do usuário com a rede. Há grupos trabalhando na padronização da gerencia das aplicações, através da definição de Management Information Bases (MIBs) específicas para as aplicações. Recentemente foi publicada a MIB específica para correio eletrônico Internet [KIL 94]. Alem de grupos oficiais, como o IFIP Working Group 6.6, outras pessoas, também a nível de Brasil, tem desenvolvido trabalhos na áreas de gerencia de aplicações [CAR 94]. Este trabalho propõe um paradigma para gerencia de uma das entidades funcionais do Message Handling System (MHS) X.400, o Agente de Transferência de Mensagens (ATM). O MHS X.400 e a aplicação de correio eletrônico para o ambiente OSI. O correio eletrônico a uma das aplicações mais populares na comunidade de redes de computadores e atualmente tem sido cogitado como base para muitas outras aplicações. A definição conceitual do paradigma de gerencia baseou-se na estrutura de gerencia do modelo OSI, mas a implementação efetiva do protótipo utiliza o protocolo de gerencia da arquitetura Internet, o SNMP. As fases de definição e levantamento dos requisitos para gerencia de um Agente de Transferência de Mansagens (ATM) basearam-se nos modelos organizacional, funcional e informacional definidos pela ISO. 0 modelo organizacional define a hierarquia entre as entidades de gerencia, ou seja, a hierarquia entre agentes e gerentes. O modelo funcional descreve os requisitos para gerencia do ATM segundo as áreas funcionais do modelo: gerencia de fa1has, gerencia de configuração, gerencia de contabilidade, gerencia de desempenho e gerencia de segurança. 0 modelo informacional define a MIB, ou seja, os objetos que serão monitorados. A validação do modelo conceitual foi realizada através da implementação do protótipo. No protótipo foram utilizados os ambientes ISO Development Environment (ISODE), PP e SunNet Manager (SNM). A implementação do protótipo, alem de validar os conceitos te6ricos, foi útil para a obtenção de experiência com relação a integração entre os diversos ambientes. / The network management has been grown due to the need of more secure networks and to reduce the network adminstrator work. The network physical elements management has been the most important topic in network management, but application management is also important because it is the interaction point between users and networks. There are groups working on standardization of application management defining Managemet Information Bases (MIBs) specifics for application management. A Management Information Base for Internet eletronic mail [KIL 941 was recently published. Beyond official groups, such as IFIP Working Group 6.6, there are other people investigating the management process of several well-known applications [CAR 94]. This work proposes a paradigm for the management of one funcional entity of Message Handlig System (MHS) X.400, the Message Transfer Agent (MTA). The MHS X.400 is the eletronic mail application for OSI environment. The eletronic mail is one of most popular network application and it has been indicated to be the base for other applications. The conceptual definition of management paradigm was based in OSI management framework, but the actual prototype implementation uses the SNMP protocol from Internet framework. The definition and elicitation of management requirements for MTA management were based on organization, function and information models defined by ISO. The organization model defines the hierarchy between the management entities, i.e., the hierarchy between agents and managers. The organization model describes the MTA management requirements by the functional areas: fault management, configuration managemet, accounting management, performance management and security managent. The information model defines the MIB, i.e., the managed objects. The conceptual model validation was realized throught prototype implementation. For this validation some softwares were used such as ISO Environment Development (ISODE) and PP that are sharewares commonly used in academic environments and SunNet Manager (SNM) that is a comercial software. This implementation prototype was helpful to apply the network management concepts and to get knowhow about real network managemnt softwares utilization and integration.

L'emballage alimentaire est l'un des principaux acteurs de la préservation de la sécurité alimentaire et de la qualité au cours du stockage. Toutefois, de transferts de masse se produisent entre le l'emballage polymère et les denrées alimentaires. Polylactide (PLA) est un nouveau polymère biosourcé utilisé dans les applications d'emballage. Pour cela son interaction avec des denrées alimentaires a été étudiée dans des conditions réelles d'utilisation. Une méthodologie originale basée sur l'extraction multiple de l'espace de tête (MHE) et l'extraction multiple de l'espace de tête couplée à la microextraction sur phase solide (MHS-SPME) pour la mesure de sorption de composés organiques volatils (COVs) dans le PLA a été développé à des activités faibles et dans le domaine vitreux du polymère. Les COVs ayant une structure chimique modérément hydrophobe et des similarités de structure avec le PLA montrent une forte affinité pour le polymère. Plus surprenant, la forte sorption de composés aromatiques, notamment du benzaldéhyde, a été montrée. En mélange avec d'autres COVs le benzaldéhyde favorise leur sorption par un effet synergique. De plus, même à des activités faibles (0,01) et en présence de benzaldéhyde, la sorption de COVs induit une cristallisation du PLA. En contact avec un aliment aqueux, le PLA se montre résistant à l'hydrolyse et la sorption des matières grasses est faible, même en utilisant des conditions de stockage proches de sa transition vitreuse. L'apparition de COVs pendant le procédé de transformation a été étudiée par MHS-SPME. Des lactides, l'acétaldéhyde et le 2,3-pentanedione étaient détectés après extrusion et thermoformage. Les quantités des deux derniers composés diminuaient cependant pendant le procédé de thermoformage.

A gerência de redes de computadores cresce a, medida que são necessárias redes mais seguras, menos vulneráveis a falhas e para reduzir a sobrecarga de trabalho dos administradores de rede. Gerenciar elementos físicos das redes de computadores tem sido a tônica da gerencia de redes. Porem, gerenciar as aplicações também a muito importante, pois são o ponto de interação do usuário com a rede. Há grupos trabalhando na padronização da gerencia das aplicações, através da definição de Management Information Bases (MIBs) específicas para as aplicações. Recentemente foi publicada a MIB específica para correio eletrônico Internet [KIL 94]. Alem de grupos oficiais, como o IFIP Working Group 6.6, outras pessoas, também a nível de Brasil, tem desenvolvido trabalhos na áreas de gerencia de aplicações [CAR 94]. Este trabalho propõe um paradigma para gerencia de uma das entidades funcionais do Message Handling System (MHS) X.400, o Agente de Transferência de Mensagens (ATM). O MHS X.400 e a aplicação de correio eletrônico para o ambiente OSI. O correio eletrônico a uma das aplicações mais populares na comunidade de redes de computadores e atualmente tem sido cogitado como base para muitas outras aplicações. A definição conceitual do paradigma de gerencia baseou-se na estrutura de gerencia do modelo OSI, mas a implementação efetiva do protótipo utiliza o protocolo de gerencia da arquitetura Internet, o SNMP. As fases de definição e levantamento dos requisitos para gerencia de um Agente de Transferência de Mansagens (ATM) basearam-se nos modelos organizacional, funcional e informacional definidos pela ISO. 0 modelo organizacional define a hierarquia entre as entidades de gerencia, ou seja, a hierarquia entre agentes e gerentes. O modelo funcional descreve os requisitos para gerencia do ATM segundo as áreas funcionais do modelo: gerencia de fa1has, gerencia de configuração, gerencia de contabilidade, gerencia de desempenho e gerencia de segurança. 0 modelo informacional define a MIB, ou seja, os objetos que serão monitorados. A validação do modelo conceitual foi realizada através da implementação do protótipo. No protótipo foram utilizados os ambientes ISO Development Environment (ISODE), PP e SunNet Manager (SNM). A implementação do protótipo, alem de validar os conceitos te6ricos, foi útil para a obtenção de experiência com relação a integração entre os diversos ambientes. / The network management has been grown due to the need of more secure networks and to reduce the network adminstrator work. The network physical elements management has been the most important topic in network management, but application management is also important because it is the interaction point between users and networks. There are groups working on standardization of application management defining Managemet Information Bases (MIBs) specifics for application management. A Management Information Base for Internet eletronic mail [KIL 941 was recently published. Beyond official groups, such as IFIP Working Group 6.6, there are other people investigating the management process of several well-known applications [CAR 94]. This work proposes a paradigm for the management of one funcional entity of Message Handlig System (MHS) X.400, the Message Transfer Agent (MTA). The MHS X.400 is the eletronic mail application for OSI environment. The eletronic mail is one of most popular network application and it has been indicated to be the base for other applications. The conceptual definition of management paradigm was based in OSI management framework, but the actual prototype implementation uses the SNMP protocol from Internet framework. The definition and elicitation of management requirements for MTA management were based on organization, function and information models defined by ISO. The organization model defines the hierarchy between the management entities, i.e., the hierarchy between agents and managers. The organization model describes the MTA management requirements by the functional areas: fault management, configuration managemet, accounting management, performance management and security managent. The information model defines the MIB, i.e., the managed objects. The conceptual model validation was realized throught prototype implementation. For this validation some softwares were used such as ISO Environment Development (ISODE) and PP that are sharewares commonly used in academic environments and SunNet Manager (SNM) that is a comercial software. This implementation prototype was helpful to apply the network management concepts and to get knowhow about real network managemnt softwares utilization and integration.

A gerência de redes de computadores cresce a, medida que são necessárias redes mais seguras, menos vulneráveis a falhas e para reduzir a sobrecarga de trabalho dos administradores de rede. Gerenciar elementos físicos das redes de computadores tem sido a tônica da gerencia de redes. Porem, gerenciar as aplicações também a muito importante, pois são o ponto de interação do usuário com a rede. Há grupos trabalhando na padronização da gerencia das aplicações, através da definição de Management Information Bases (MIBs) específicas para as aplicações. Recentemente foi publicada a MIB específica para correio eletrônico Internet [KIL 94]. Alem de grupos oficiais, como o IFIP Working Group 6.6, outras pessoas, também a nível de Brasil, tem desenvolvido trabalhos na áreas de gerencia de aplicações [CAR 94]. Este trabalho propõe um paradigma para gerencia de uma das entidades funcionais do Message Handling System (MHS) X.400, o Agente de Transferência de Mensagens (ATM). O MHS X.400 e a aplicação de correio eletrônico para o ambiente OSI. O correio eletrônico a uma das aplicações mais populares na comunidade de redes de computadores e atualmente tem sido cogitado como base para muitas outras aplicações. A definição conceitual do paradigma de gerencia baseou-se na estrutura de gerencia do modelo OSI, mas a implementação efetiva do protótipo utiliza o protocolo de gerencia da arquitetura Internet, o SNMP. As fases de definição e levantamento dos requisitos para gerencia de um Agente de Transferência de Mansagens (ATM) basearam-se nos modelos organizacional, funcional e informacional definidos pela ISO. 0 modelo organizacional define a hierarquia entre as entidades de gerencia, ou seja, a hierarquia entre agentes e gerentes. O modelo funcional descreve os requisitos para gerencia do ATM segundo as áreas funcionais do modelo: gerencia de fa1has, gerencia de configuração, gerencia de contabilidade, gerencia de desempenho e gerencia de segurança. 0 modelo informacional define a MIB, ou seja, os objetos que serão monitorados. A validação do modelo conceitual foi realizada através da implementação do protótipo. No protótipo foram utilizados os ambientes ISO Development Environment (ISODE), PP e SunNet Manager (SNM). A implementação do protótipo, alem de validar os conceitos te6ricos, foi útil para a obtenção de experiência com relação a integração entre os diversos ambientes. / The network management has been grown due to the need of more secure networks and to reduce the network adminstrator work. The network physical elements management has been the most important topic in network management, but application management is also important because it is the interaction point between users and networks. There are groups working on standardization of application management defining Managemet Information Bases (MIBs) specifics for application management. A Management Information Base for Internet eletronic mail [KIL 941 was recently published. Beyond official groups, such as IFIP Working Group 6.6, there are other people investigating the management process of several well-known applications [CAR 94]. This work proposes a paradigm for the management of one funcional entity of Message Handlig System (MHS) X.400, the Message Transfer Agent (MTA). The MHS X.400 is the eletronic mail application for OSI environment. The eletronic mail is one of most popular network application and it has been indicated to be the base for other applications. The conceptual definition of management paradigm was based in OSI management framework, but the actual prototype implementation uses the SNMP protocol from Internet framework. The definition and elicitation of management requirements for MTA management were based on organization, function and information models defined by ISO. The organization model defines the hierarchy between the management entities, i.e., the hierarchy between agents and managers. The organization model describes the MTA management requirements by the functional areas: fault management, configuration managemet, accounting management, performance management and security managent. The information model defines the MIB, i.e., the managed objects. The conceptual model validation was realized throught prototype implementation. For this validation some softwares were used such as ISO Environment Development (ISODE) and PP that are sharewares commonly used in academic environments and SunNet Manager (SNM) that is a comercial software. This implementation prototype was helpful to apply the network management concepts and to get knowhow about real network managemnt softwares utilization and integration.

No description available.

Försvarsmaktens viktigaste resurs är personalen, vilken påverkas i stor utsträckning av officerarnas ledarskap. Utvecklande ledarskap är ledarskapsmodellen som tillämpas i Försvarsmakten och den karaktäriseras av att ledaren uppträder som ett föredöme som inspirerar och motiverar. Ledaren stimulerar delaktighet, ger stöd och konfronterar i ett gott syfte. Den gemensamma och viktigaste tiden i en officers ledarskapsutveckling torde vara de tre år individen studerar vid Officersprogrammet (Försvarshögskolan) och genomför Försvarsmaktstid (MHS Karlberg, Försvarsmakten). I denna uppsats utreds under vilka betingelser en blivande officers ledarskap utvecklas under officersutbildningen. Kadetterna läser ledarskap i officersutbildningen dels genom akademiska studier vid Försvarshögskolan, dels genom ledarskapsutbildning i Försvarsmakten. Ledarskapet utvecklas även genom handledning och feedback av mentorer samt egen reflektion. Dessutom träffar kadetterna många föredömen att ta efter, i form av chefer, lärare och mentorer. Vår empiri visar att ledarskapskurserna vid Officersprogrammet ger en bra teoretisk kunskapsgrund för att förstå ledarskapsteorier och modeller. Dock innehåller utbildningen för lite praktisk tillämpning och övning, särskilt med extern trupp. Den verksamhetsförlagda utbildningen ger kadetterna möjlighet att sätta teoretisk utbildning i en militär kontext, men möjligheterna skiljer sig åt mellan olika VFU-skolor. Handledning från mentorer är ett viktigt verktyg i kadetternas ledarskapsutveckling och kvaliteten på denna håller inte alltid önskad nivå, på grund av personalbrist, personalomsättning eller att mentorn inte är lämplig. Det finns bra föredömen vid officersutbildningen, men även exempel på motsatsen. Ledarskapsutbildningarna håller hög kvalitet och ger en bra teoretisk grund, men vi rekommenderar att det genomförs en översyn av officersutbildningen i syfte att öka praktisk tillämpning av ledarskap. Mentorernas roll är viktig och vi anser att Försvarsmakten bör prioritera bemanning vid Kadettbataljonen och även bibehålla den förberedande utbildningen ”termin 0”. Vi rekommenderar att mentorernas roller och arbete utvärderas samt att arbetsuppgifter och ansvar tydligare dokumenteras. Vad avser kopplingen mellan Försvarshögskolans och Försvarsmaktens utbildningsdelar inom ledarskap, rekommenderar vi att det införs löpande samordningsmöten. Vår slutsats rörande kadetternas medinflytande över utbildningarna är att man bör fortsätta genomföra utveckling av kurser med stöd av de studerandes kursvärderingar och studeranderepresentanter, men att den begränsade möjligheten att påverka kursers innehåll innevarande år, är i sin ordning. / The Swedish Armed Forces’ most valuable resource is personnel, which is greatly influenced by the officer’s leadership. Transformational leadership is the leadership model applied in the Armed Forces and it is characterized by the leader acting as a role model who inspires and motivates. The leader stimulates participation, provides support, and confronts for a good cause. The common and most crucial time in an officer's leadership development is probably the three years the individual studies at the Officers' Programme majoring in War Studies (The Swedish Defence University) and completes the Armed Forces period (Military Academy Karlberg, Swedish Armed Forces). This essay investigates the conditions under which a prospective officer's leadership is developed during officer training. The students study leadership in officer training, partly through academic studies at the Swedish Defence University, and partly through leadership training in the Armed Forces. Leadership is also developed through self-reflection and development with the support of mentors who supervise and provide feedback. In addition, the cadets will gain many role models to follow, in the form of managers, teachers and mentors. Our empirical evidence shows that the leadership courses at the Officers’ program provide a good theoretical knowledge base for understanding leadership theories and models. However, the training includes too little practical application and practice, especially with external squads. The company-based training gives the cadets the opportunity to put theoretical training in a military context, but the possibilities differ between different schools. Supervision from mentors is a useful tool in the cadets' leadership development and the quality of this varies, depending on staff shortages, staff turnover or that the mentor is not suitable. There are good examples in officer training, but also examples of the opposite. The leadership training is of high quality and provides a good theoretical basis, but we recommend that a review of the officer training be carried out to increase the practical application of leadership. The role of the mentors is important, and we believe that the Armed Forces should prioritise staffing at the Cadet Battalion and also maintain the preparatory training "semester 0". We recommend that the mentors' roles and work are evaluated, and that tasks and responsibilities are documented more clearly. About the connection between The Swedish Defence University’s and the Swedish Armed Forces' training parts in leadership, we recommend that ongoing coordination meetings be introduced. Our conclusion regarding the cadets’ co-influence over the educations is that the development of courses should be continued with the support of the students' course evaluations and student representatives, but that the limited opportunity to influence the course content this year is in order.