Cutaneous melanoma is an increasingly common aggressive malignancy. The molecular mechanisms responsible for melanoma’s initiation and progression are still unclear, but new evidence suggests microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that have been shown to act as either oncogenes or tumour suppressors. These short, ~22 nucleotide long, single stranded RNA molecules regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, through complementary binding to target messenger RNA (mRNA), and mediate mRNA degradation and translational repression. Our laboratory has previously shown that miRNA expression levels are altered through the different stages of melanoma tumourigenesis and has identified numerous significantly dysregulated miRNAs. miR-205 expression is significantly decreased in both primary and metastatic melanoma. Because of this decrease in miR-205 level with increasing cancer aggressiveness, we originally hypothesized that miR-205 may act as a tumour suppressor in melanoma. Unexpectedly, miR-205 re-expression in metastatic melanoma cells has shown oncogenetic potential. Through functional assays, we determined that miR-205 plays a primary role in promoting cellular migration and invasion, and in repressing adhesion. A gene expression analysis was conducted and the target prediction algorithm TargetScan was utilized to determine potential mRNA targets for miR-205. CADM1, PTPRJ and SHIP2 were three of the targets investigated, because of their known functional role in migration and cellular adhesion. CADM1 and PTPRJ were both verified to be directly targeted by miR-205 in an in vitro melanoma system using a luciferase reporter assay. In summary, we have demonstrated a surprising functional role for miR-205 in melanoma. The re-expression of miR-205 promotes malignant phenotypes and therefore is functioning with oncogenic potential within our metastatic melanoma cell culture system. / Thesis (Master, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2012-07-09 12:32:35.235

Le cancer du sein est marqué par une grande hétérogénéité. C´est une maladie complexe, fortement influencée par l´environnement pourtant, elle dépend aussi d´une accumulation de mutations génétiques associées à la dérégulation épigénétique des voies clés. Les altérations présentes dans le profil d´expression génique observées dans la tumeur, peuvent être le résultat de mécanismes de régulation des gènes à différent niveaux, comme des modifications post-transcriptionnelles menées par le mécanisme d´ARN d´interférence sous forme de microARN (miARN). Ce mécanisme peut conduire au début et développement du cancer aussi bien qu’à la résistance aux thérapies. Les miARN font partie d’une classe d´ARN non-codants qui ont émergé ces dernières années comme l'un des principaux régulateurs de l'expression des gènes par sa capacité à réguler négativement l'activité des ARN messagers (ARNm). L´importance de cette régulation a été observée par la présence de ce type de contrôle dans plusieurs processus biologiques, parmi eux, des voies liées à la prolifération, différentiation et apoptose. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’initiation et progression tumorale dans le cancer du sein, nous avons fait une analyse globale de l´expression des miARN, par la technique de microarray, dans la série de lignées cellulaires 21T. Cette série est un modèle in vitro de la progression tumorale, comprenant la lignée 16N, obtenue à partir de l’épithélium normal infecté par des virus HPV-16, les lignées 21PT et 21NT, qui correspondent au carcinome in situ et les lignées 21MT1 et 21MT2 obtenues à partir d´une effusion pleurale métastatique à l’endroit de la métastase. Etant donné que les miARN jouent un rôle dans la régulation de l´apoptose et d´autres mécanismes de réponse aux dommages fait à l´ADN et que l´irradiation dans des formes différentes est couramment utilisée comme outil diagnostique, par exemple dans des mammographies, nous avons évalué l´expression de miARN après avoir soumis les cellules à des irradiations de haute et basse énergie, et au traitement avec de la doxorubicine. Les tests ont été faits sur les lignées non tumorales (MCF-10A et HB-2) et sur les lignées tumorales (MCF-7 et T-47D). On a pu observer que le rayon X de basse énergie est capable de causer des cassures double brin à l´ADN et de conduire les cellules à l´apoptose. Une légère altération dans les profils d´expression des miARN impliqués dans cette voie, comme let-7a, miR-34a et miR-29b, a aussi été remarquée. En ce qui concerne la réponse aux dommages fait à l´ADN, une upregulation dans l´expression de miR-29b, qui sous des conditions physiologiques normales est régulée négativement, a été observée après les traitements. Le microARNome de la série 21 montre une importante sous-expression de miR-205, un enrichissement du facteur pro-métastatique ZEB-1 et une réduction conséquente dans les niveaux d’e-cadherine, observée par western blot, seulement dans les lignées métastatiques (21MT). L´ensemble des résultats, suggèrent que miR-29b peut être un bio-marqueur potentiel du stress génotoxique et que miR-205 peut participer du processus de transition épithélium-mésenchyme et, en outre, quand il est sous-exprimé, peut augmenter le potentiel métastatique des cellules de la série 21T. / Breast tumors are characterized by their high heterogeneity. Breast cancer is a complex disease, which has its development strongly influenced by environmental factors, combined with a progressive accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic dysregulation of critical pathways. Changes in gene expression patterns may be a result of a deregulation in epigenetic events as well as in post-transcriptional regulation driven by RNA interference endogenously represented by microRNA (miRNA). These mechanisms are capable to promote the initiation, maintenance and progression of carcinogenesis and are also implicated on the development of therapy resistance. miRNAs form a class of non-coding RNAs, which have emerged in recent years as one of the major regulators of gene expression through its capacity to silence messenger RNAs (mRNAs) containing a partially complementary sequence. The importance of regulation mediated by miRNAs was observed on their ability to regulate a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.To gain insights into the mechanisms involved in breast cancer initiation and progression we conducted a miRNA global expression on 21T series that are an in vitro model of breast cancer progression, comprising cell lines derived from the same patient, which include a normal epithelia (16N), primary in situ ductal carcinoma (21PT and 21NT) and cells derived from pleural effusion of lung metastasis (21MT-1 and 21MT-2). Considering the importance of miRNAs in the regulation of apoptosis, and that irradiation in different spectra is commonly used in diagnostic procedures, as mammography and on radiotherapy, we evaluated the miRNA expression after cell low and high energy irradiation and doxorubicin treatment to determine whether miRNAs are useful biomarkers to detect cell response after DNA damage. The experiments were done on the non-tumoral cell lines MCF-10A and HB-2 and on the breast carcinoma derived cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D. We observed that low energy X-rays is able to promote DNA strand breaks and apoptosis and to slightly change the expression of miRNAs involved on this pathway, such as let-7a, miR-34a and miR-29b. Regarding DNA stress response pathways, an upregulation on miR-29b expression, that in normal conditions is downregulated in tumor cell lines could be observed after all treatments. The microRNAome of 21T series revealed a significant downregulation of miR-205, an enrichment of the pro-metastatic factor ZEB-1, potential target for miR-205 and the consequent reduction of e-cadherin levels in 21MT cells checked by western blot. Our results indicate that miR-29b is a possible biomarker of genotoxic stress and that miR-205 can participate on the metastatic potential of 21T cells.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os tumores de mama são caracterizados pela sua alta heterogeneidade. O câncer de mama é uma doença complexa, que possui o seu desenvolvimento fortemente influenciado por fatores ambientais, combinada a uma progressiva acumulação de mutações genéticas e desregulação epigenética de vias críticas. Alterações nos padrões de expressão gênica podem ser resultado de uma desregulação no controle de eventos epigenéticos, assim como, na regulação pós-transcricional pelo mecanismo de RNA de interferência endógeno via microRNA (miRNA). Estes eventos são capazes de levar à iniciação, à promoção e à manutenção da carcinogênese, como também ter implicações no desenvolvimento da resistência à terapia Os miRNAs formam uma classe de RNAs não codificantes, que durante os últimos anos surgiram como um dos principais reguladores da expressão gênica, através da sua capacidade de regular negativamente a atividade de RNAs mensageiros (RNAms) portadores de uma seqüencia parcialmente complementar. A importância da regulação mediada por miRNAs foi observada pela capacidade destas moléculas em regular uma vasta gama de processos biológicos incluindo a proliferação celular, diferenciação e a apoptose. Para avaliar a expressão de miRNAs durante a progressão tumoral, utilizamos como modelo experimental a série 21T que compreende 5 linhagens celulares originárias da mesma paciente diagnosticada com um tumor primário de mama do tipo ErbB2 e uma posterior metástase pulmonar. Essa série é composta pela linhagem obtida a partir do tecido normal 16N, pelas linhagens correspondentes ao carcinoma primário 21PT e 21NT e pelas linhagens obtidas um ano após o diagnóstico inicial, a partir da efusão pleural no sítio metastatico 21MT1 e 21MT2. O miRNAoma da série 21T revelou uma redução significativa nos níveis de miR-205 e nos níveis da proteina e-caderina e um enriquecimento do fator pró-metastático ZEB-1 nas células 21MT. Considerando a importância dos miRNAs na regulação da apoptose, e que a irradiação em diferentes espectros é comumente usada em procedimentos de diagnóstico como mamografia e na radioterapia, avaliamos a expressão de miRNAs após irradiação de alta e baixa energia e do tratamento doxorrubicina. Para os ensaios foram utilizados as linhagens não tumorais MCF-10A e HB-2 e as linhagens de carcinoma da mama MCF-7 e T-47D. Observou-se que raios-X de baixa energia são capazes de promover quebras na molécula do DNA e apoptose assim como, alterar sensivelmente miRNAs envolvidos nessas vias como o let-7a, miR-34a e miR-29b. No que diz respeito à resposta a danos genotóxicos, uma regulação positiva sobre a expressão de miR-29b, o qual em condições normais é regulado negativamente foi observada uma regulação positiva sobre miR-29b expressão após todos os tratamentos em células tumorais. Nossos resultados indicam que miR-29b é um possível biomarcador de estresse genotóxico e que miR-205 pode participar no potencial metastático das células 21T. / Breast tumors are characterized by their high heterogeneity. It is a complex disease, which has its development strongly influenced by environmental factors, combined with a progressive accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic dysregulation of critical pathways. Changes in gene expression patterns may be a result of a deregulation in epigenetic events as well as in post-transcriptional regulation driven by RNA interference endogenously represented by microRNA (miRNA) these mechanisms are capable to promote the initiation, maintenance and progression of carcinogenesis; they are also implicated on the development of therapy resistance. miRNAs form a class of non-coding RNAs which have emerged in recent years as one of the major regulators of gene expression through its capacity to silence messenger RNAs (mRNAs) containing a partially complementary sequence. The importance of regulation mediated by miRNAs was observed on their ability to regulate a wide range of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.To gain insights into the mechanisms involved in breast cancer initiation and progression conducted a miRNA global expression on 21T series that are an in vitro model of breast cancer progression comprising cell lines derived from the same patient which include a normal epithelia (16N), primary in situ ductal carcinoma (21PT and 21NT) and cells derived from pleural effusion of lung metastasis (21MT-1 and 21MT-2). Considering the importance of miRNAs in the regulation of apoptosis, and that irradiation in different spectra is commonly used in diagnostic procedures as mammography and on radiotherapy, we evaluate the miRNA expression after cell low and high energy irradiation and doxorubicin treatment to determine whether miRNAs are useful biomarkers to detect cell response after DNA damage. The experiments were done on the non-tumoral cell lines MCF-10A and HB-2 and on the breast carcinoma derived cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D. We observed that of low energy X-rays is able to promote DNA strand breaks and apoptosis and to slightly change the expression of miRNAs involved on this pathway such as let-7a, miR-34a and miR-29b. Regarding DNA stress response pathways an upregulation on miR-29b expression, that in normal conditions is downregulated in tumor cell lines could be observed after all treatments. The microRNAome of 21T series revealed a significant downregulation of miR-205, an enrichment of the prometastatic factor ZEB-1, potential target for miR-205 and the consequent reduction of ecadherin levels in 21MT cells checked by western blot. Our results indicate that miR-29b is biomarkers of genotoxic stress and that miR-205can participate on the metastatic potential of 21T cells.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os tumores de mama são caracterizados pela sua alta heterogeneidade. O câncer de mama é uma doença complexa, que possui o seu desenvolvimento fortemente influenciado por fatores ambientais, combinada a uma progressiva acumulação de mutações genéticas e desregulação epigenética de vias críticas. Alterações nos padrões de expressão gênica podem ser resultado de uma desregulação no controle de eventos epigenéticos, assim como, na regulação pós-transcricional pelo mecanismo de RNA de interferência endógeno via microRNA (miRNA). Estes eventos são capazes de levar à iniciação, à promoção e à manutenção da carcinogênese, como também ter implicações no desenvolvimento da resistência à terapia Os miRNAs formam uma classe de RNAs não codificantes, que durante os últimos anos surgiram como um dos principais reguladores da expressão gênica, através da sua capacidade de regular negativamente a atividade de RNAs mensageiros (RNAms) portadores de uma seqüencia parcialmente complementar. A importância da regulação mediada por miRNAs foi observada pela capacidade destas moléculas em regular uma vasta gama de processos biológicos incluindo a proliferação celular, diferenciação e a apoptose. Para avaliar a expressão de miRNAs durante a progressão tumoral, utilizamos como modelo experimental a série 21T que compreende 5 linhagens celulares originárias da mesma paciente diagnosticada com um tumor primário de mama do tipo ErbB2 e uma posterior metástase pulmonar. Essa série é composta pela linhagem obtida a partir do tecido normal 16N, pelas linhagens correspondentes ao carcinoma primário 21PT e 21NT e pelas linhagens obtidas um ano após o diagnóstico inicial, a partir da efusão pleural no sítio metastatico 21MT1 e 21MT2. O miRNAoma da série 21T revelou uma redução significativa nos níveis de miR-205 e nos níveis da proteina e-caderina e um enriquecimento do fator pró-metastático ZEB-1 nas células 21MT. Considerando a importância dos miRNAs na regulação da apoptose, e que a irradiação em diferentes espectros é comumente usada em procedimentos de diagnóstico como mamografia e na radioterapia, avaliamos a expressão de miRNAs após irradiação de alta e baixa energia e do tratamento doxorrubicina. Para os ensaios foram utilizados as linhagens não tumorais MCF-10A e HB-2 e as linhagens de carcinoma da mama MCF-7 e T-47D. Observou-se que raios-X de baixa energia são capazes de promover quebras na molécula do DNA e apoptose assim como, alterar sensivelmente miRNAs envolvidos nessas vias como o let-7a, miR-34a e miR-29b. No que diz respeito à resposta a danos genotóxicos, uma regulação positiva sobre a expressão de miR-29b, o qual em condições normais é regulado negativamente foi observada uma regulação positiva sobre miR-29b expressão após todos os tratamentos em células tumorais. Nossos resultados indicam que miR-29b é um possível biomarcador de estresse genotóxico e que miR-205 pode participar no potencial metastático das células 21T. / Breast tumors are characterized by their high heterogeneity. It is a complex disease, which has its development strongly influenced by environmental factors, combined with a progressive accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic dysregulation of critical pathways. Changes in gene expression patterns may be a result of a deregulation in epigenetic events as well as in post-transcriptional regulation driven by RNA interference endogenously represented by microRNA (miRNA) these mechanisms are capable to promote the initiation, maintenance and progression of carcinogenesis; they are also implicated on the development of therapy resistance. miRNAs form a class of non-coding RNAs which have emerged in recent years as one of the major regulators of gene expression through its capacity to silence messenger RNAs (mRNAs) containing a partially complementary sequence. The importance of regulation mediated by miRNAs was observed on their ability to regulate a wide range of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.To gain insights into the mechanisms involved in breast cancer initiation and progression conducted a miRNA global expression on 21T series that are an in vitro model of breast cancer progression comprising cell lines derived from the same patient which include a normal epithelia (16N), primary in situ ductal carcinoma (21PT and 21NT) and cells derived from pleural effusion of lung metastasis (21MT-1 and 21MT-2). Considering the importance of miRNAs in the regulation of apoptosis, and that irradiation in different spectra is commonly used in diagnostic procedures as mammography and on radiotherapy, we evaluate the miRNA expression after cell low and high energy irradiation and doxorubicin treatment to determine whether miRNAs are useful biomarkers to detect cell response after DNA damage. The experiments were done on the non-tumoral cell lines MCF-10A and HB-2 and on the breast carcinoma derived cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D. We observed that of low energy X-rays is able to promote DNA strand breaks and apoptosis and to slightly change the expression of miRNAs involved on this pathway such as let-7a, miR-34a and miR-29b. Regarding DNA stress response pathways an upregulation on miR-29b expression, that in normal conditions is downregulated in tumor cell lines could be observed after all treatments. The microRNAome of 21T series revealed a significant downregulation of miR-205, an enrichment of the prometastatic factor ZEB-1, potential target for miR-205 and the consequent reduction of ecadherin levels in 21MT cells checked by western blot. Our results indicate that miR-29b is biomarkers of genotoxic stress and that miR-205can participate on the metastatic potential of 21T cells.

LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1), un récepteur endocytaire multifonctionnel, a récemment été identifié comme pivot d’un réseau de biomarqueurs pour la prédiction pronostique de plusieurs types de cancers. Son rôle dans le cancer du côlon n'a pas été caractérisé. Notre travail porte sur l’étude de la relation entre expression de LRP1 et cancer du côlon.L'expression de l'ARNm LRP1 a été déterminée dans des échantillons d'adénocarcinome et de muqueuses coliques appariées, ainsi que dans les cellules stromales et tumorales obtenues après microdissection laser. Les associations clinicopathologiques et moléculaires ont été étudiées par immunohistochimie dans une série de cancer colique (n = 307). La présence de méthylation ou mutation du gène LRP1 et l'expression de miR-205 ont été évaluées et comparées aux niveaux d'expression de LRP1.L’ARNm de LRP1 est sous exprimé dans les cellules d'adénocarcinome colique par rapport à la muqueuse colique par rapport aux cellules stromales. La faible expression immunohistochimique de LRP1 dans les adénocarcinomes était associée à un âge plus élevé, à localisation droite, une perte d'expression de CDX2, une expression d'Annexine A10, un statut CIMP-H, MSI-H et BRAFV600E muté. Cette faible expression était associée à un mauvais pronostic, en particulier chez les patients de stade IV. Les mutations du gène LRP1 entrainaient une sous-expression de LRP1. L’expression était peu modifiée par miR-205. Le promoteur de LRP1 n'était jamais méthylé.La perte d'expression de LRP1 est associée à un profil clinico-pathologique et moléculaire particulier et à un un mauvais pronostic dans les cancers du côlon. / LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1), a multifunctional endocytic receptor, has recently been identified as a hub in a biomarker network for multi-cancer clinical outcome prediction. Its role in côlon cancer has not been characterized. Here, we investigate the relationship between LRP1 and colon cancer.LRP1 mRNA expression was determined in colon adenocarcinoma and paired colon mucosa samples, and in stromal and tumoral cells obtained after laser capture microdissection. The clinical potential was further investigated by immunohistochemistry in a population-based colon cancer series (n = 307). LRP1 methylation, mutation and miR-205 expression were evaluated and compared to LRP1 expression levels.LRP1 mRNA levels are significantly decreased in colon adenocarcinoma cells compared to colon mucosa and stromal cells. Low LRP1 immunohistochemical expression in adenocarcinomas was associated with higher age, right-sided tumor, loss of CDX2 expression, Annexin A10 expression, CIMP-H, MSI-H and BRAFV600E mutation. Low LRP1 expression correlates with poor clinical outcome, especially in stage IV patients. LRP1 expression was downregulated by LRP1 mutation. LRP1 expression was slightly modified by miR-205 expression. LRP1 promoter was never methylated.Loss of LRP1 expression is associated with peculiar clinocopathological and molecular characteristics and with worse colon cancer outcomes.