Detta examensarbete har utförts på Vattenfall Eldistribution AB i Trollhättan och syftar till att beräkna förlustförändringarna i lågspänningsnätet då mikroproduktion i form av solceller ansluts. Genom att ansluta mikroproduktion i lågspänningsnätet kan nätets energiförluster reduceras. Denna reducering samt den energi som inte behöver överföras från överliggande nät anses vara den nätnytta solceller ger upphov till. Samtliga elproducenter som är anslutna till elnätet har rätt till ersättning för nätnytta uppkommen av produktionen. Ersättningen skall baseras på inmatad energi samt vid vilken tidpunkt inmatningen sker. För mikroproducenter är det svårt att motivera att i varje enskilt fall beräkna nätnyttan, varför ett generellt schablonvärde beräknats för Vattenfalls lågspänningsnät. Beräkningen har utförts utifrån uppmätta sol- och lastdata på sex olika lågspänningsnät vilka tillsammans anses representera ett generellt nät. Resultaten visar att mikroproduktion med solceller generellt ger upphov till förlustminskningar motsvarande 2,51 % av varje inmatad kWh under låglasttid och 4,82 % under höglasttid. / This bachelor’s thesis aims to investigate how photovoltaic micro production alters energy losses in the Swedish low voltage grid. The thesis has been composed in collaboration with Vattenfall Eldistribution AB. By connecting micro production to the low voltage distribution network, the grid energy losses may be reduced. Additionally, less energy needs to be transferred from the overlying network. These two features are considered the network performance improvements that apply to photovoltaics. All producers connected to the grid are entitled to economic compensation due to network performance improvements caused by the production. The compensation shall be based on the amount of energy fed in as well as on the time when this happens. Regarding micro producers, it is hard to motivate separate calculations for each producer. Therefore, a general value of loss alteration applicable to the low voltage grid has been calculated. The calculations have been based on actual sun radiation and load data and have been carried out for six different low voltage grids. Combined, these six networks are regarded representative for the Swedish low voltage grid. The result of the calculations state that photovoltaic micro production will reduce the grid energy losses by 2.51 % of each fed in kWh during low load time and by 4.82 % during high load time.

This report seeks to evaluate and predict possible power quality issues regarding Fortums engagement in the project of Stockholm Royal Seaport. Stockholm Royal Seaport is a city district planned by Stockholm Municipality to be constructed based on sustainable urban city principles. Fortum has, together with additional partners, engaged in the challenge to create a sustainable energy system. This is thought to be achieved through several measures. Energy saving actions are incorporated at several levels and there is a plan to create a “smart grid” for the electricity supply. A smart grid has no strict definition but in this case a key feature is “demand-response” which effectively means a way to optimize the consumption to have a more balanced consumption over the 24 hours of a day. One of the key components in the smart grid is the “active house” which is planned to have several specific features separating it from an ordinary house. It is planned to have its own contribution to electricity production using solar cells and an energy storage using batteries. Another feature is thought to be both automation and economic incentives measures to achieve peak load reduction. This thesis has taken the perspective of the end customer in the active house and has tried to evaluate the power quality to be experienced. An investigation regarding the different components has been carried out to get an overview from the mentioned perspective and identify possible problems or issues that may require attention in the realization of Stockholm Royal Seaport. It has been found that no major problems are to be expected but some smaller issues has arisen that might be worthwhile giving some attention.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-07T19:42:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Thalyta_Basso2017.pdf: 3796237 bytes, checksum: d1ec6e9511427a7af0fbfdd055261c28 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T19:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Thalyta_Basso2017.pdf: 3796237 bytes, checksum: d1ec6e9511427a7af0fbfdd055261c28 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / One of the biggest concerns in the contemporary world is the overuse of electricity. Along with that, in the last few years, the growth of investment in the sector of wind and solar power generation has stood out, which has contributed to supply for the needs faced by Brazil due to unfavorable hydrological conditions, which impair the production in the water power plants. Thus, a study was done on the technical and economic feasibility of the implantation of a small wind powerhouse in a grain warehouse, located in São João do Oeste, district of Cascavel-PR, to supply the power needs of such a building. Based on data provided by SIMEPAR, for every 10 meters of height, the annual/daily average of wind speed in the area was 4,12 m/s, the average temperature was 20,4 ºC and the average air pressure was 937,81 hPa, considering the last 5 years of measuring. Through the technical analysis and the cost survey, the decision was taken to use 3 turbines of 80 kW of power, at 30 meters of height, which would supply about 80% of the power needs in the place, generating credit in the months of low consume to be used in the months of higher use. However, the budget also proved to be unfeasible by the Net Present Value Method, the Internal Rate of Return and the Deducted Pay-Back as well, determining that at the end of the useful life of the turbines, the investment wouldn’t have been paid and it would be necessary to change the equipment, creating a debt over debt for the investor. Comparing the cost of such an investment in Brazil to other countries, a variation of 529% was observed, and the Brazilian cost for the system adopted is R$25.625,00/kW, while the foreign average is R$4.843,34/kW; Such a difference could be related to importation rate, taxes, reduced popularization and the competition between suppliers in Brazil / Uma das questões mais preocupantes no mundo contemporâneo é o uso demasiado de energia elétrica. Aliado a isso, nos últimos anos, tem se destacado o crescimento de investimentos nos setores de geração solar e eólica, que tem contribuído para suprir as dificuldades enfrentadas pelo Brasil com as condições hidrológicas desfavoráveis, que prejudicam a produção pelas hidrelétricas. Assim, realizou-se um estudo de viabilidade técnica e econômica da implantação de uma pequena central geradora eólica em uma unidade armazenadora e beneficiadora de grãos, situada em São João do Oeste, distrito de Cascavel-PR, para suprir as necessidades energéticas dessa edificação. Com base nos dados obtidos com o SIMEPAR, para 10 metros de altura, a média anual diária da velocidade do vento no local foi de 4,12 m/s, a temperatura média de 20,4 ºC e a pressão atmosférica média de 937,81 hPa, considerando-se os últimos 5 anos de medições. Por meio de análise técnica e do levantamento de custos, optou-se por utilizar 3 turbinas de 80 kW de potência, a 30 metros de altura, que supririam cerca de 80% das necessidades energéticas da unidade, gerando créditos nos meses de baixo consumo para serem compensados nos meses de maior utilização energética. Porém, o orçamento mostrou-se inviável pelo Método do Valor Presente Líquido, da Taxa Interna de Retorno e também do Pay-Back Descontado, determinando que ao final da vida útil das turbinas, o investimento ainda não teria sido pago e haveria necessidade de troca dos equipamentos, gerando dívida sobre dívida para o investidor. Comparando-se o custo do referido investimento no Brasil com valores de outros países, observou-se uma variação de 529%, sendo que o custo brasileiro para o sistema adotado resulta em R$25.625,00/kW, enquanto a média estrangeira é de R$4.843,34/kW, podendo essa diferença ter relação com a taxa de importação, impostos e reduzida popularização e concorrência entre empresas fornecedoras no Brasil

Målet med detta arbete var att undersöka hur mikroproduktion med solceller och laddning av elbilar i våra hushåll kommer att se ut i framtiden och om elkvalitén, kapaciteten i distributionsnätet, utlösningsvillkoren och elnätsdimensioneringen i nya bostadsområden påverkas av detta. Två olika scenarier har tagits fram, där det som skiljer dem åt är hur många procent av hushållen som har elbilsladdare och solcellsproduktion. De två scenarierna jämförs sedan med hur det ser ut i dagsläget för att få en uppfattning om vad som krävs vid fram-tidens elnätsdimensioneringar. Två extremfall används där maximal produktion och minimal konsumtion sommartid jämförs med maximal konsumtion och ingen produktion vintertid. Arbetet visar att den totala effektförbrukningen ökar med procentökningen av elbilsladdare och solcellsanläggningar vilket leder till att nya bostadsområden måste dimensionernas för högre belastningsström-mar. Detta resulterar i att större transformatorer och att kablar med grövre ledarareor måste användas för att klara av den ökade belastningsströmmen. Spänningsvariationerna ökar vilket gör att acceptans-gränserna i vissa fall inte kan hållas. Vid simulering och beräkningar visade det sig att utlösningsvillkoren för alla sammankopplingspunkter och anslutningspunkter mot bostäder låg inom gränsvärdet fem sekunder samt att selektiviteten var god i de delsträckor som testades. / The goal with this work was to study how micro-production with solar cells and charging of electric cars in our households will look like in the future and whether the electricity quality, the capacity of the distribution network, the release conditions and the electricity grid dimensioning in new residential areas are affected by this. Two different scenarios have been developed, where what distinguishes them is how many percent of households have electric car chargers and solar cell production. The two scenarios are then compared with how it currently looks to get an idea of what is needed in future electricity grid dimensioning. Two extreme cases are used where maximum production and minimal consumption in summer are compared with maximum consumption and no production in winter. The work shows that the total power consumption increases with the percentage increase of electric car chargers and solar cell installations, which means that new residential areas must be dimensioned for higher load currents. This results in larger transformers and that cables with larger conductor areas must be used to cope with the increased power. The voltage variations increase, which means that the acceptance limits in some cases cannot be kept. During simulation and calculations, it was found that the triggering conditions for all inter-connection points and connection points against housing were within the limit value of five seconds and that the selectivity was good in the sub-sections that were tested.