• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 8
  • 7
  • 5
  • 4
  • Tagged with
  • 34
  • 8
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

La fissuration thermique dans les roches / Thermal microcracking in rock

Griffiths, Luke 23 February 2018 (has links)
Lorsqu'elle est chauffée, la roche peut subir une microfissuration thermique, qui influence ses propriétés physiques, mécaniques, thermiques, et de transport. La surveillance de la microfissuration thermique en laboratoire a été principalement réalisée pendant le chauffage, et rarement lors du refroidissement ou du chauffage cyclique que la roche subit dans les volcans et les réservoirs géothermiques. Un nouvel appareil a été élaboré pour surveiller les émissions acoustiques et mesurer les vitesses des ondes élastiques à haute température. L'état de fissuration a été évalué grâce à un nouvel algorithme d'analyse microstructurale, et l'influence des microfissures sur les propriétés des roches a été mesurée et modélisée. Selon la microstructure, la microfissuration peut avoir lieu pendant le chauffage ou le refroidissement, et les microfissures existantes peuvent s’ouvrir et se fermer de façon réversible avec des changements de température, et influencer les propriétés de la roche. / Rock may undergo thermal microcracking when heated, affecting its physical, mechanical, thermal, and transport properties. Thermal microcrack monitoring in the laboratory has mainly been performed during heating, and rarely during the cyclic heating and cooling relevant for volcanoes and geothermal reservoirs. For this, a new dedicated apparatus for the acoustic emission monitoring and wave velocity measurement at high temperatures was elaborated, building on previous designs. Microcrack damage was assessed with a new algorithm for quantitative microstructural analysis, and the influence of thermal microcracks on rock properties was measured and modelled. Depending on the rock type and initial microcrack content, microcracking occurred during either heating, cooling, or neither, and existing microcracks reversibly opened or closed with increasing temperature. In Earth's crust, the evolution of rock properties with temperature may be significant and is determined by the microstructure.
32

Multi-Scale Characterization and Failure Modeling of Carbon/Epoxy Triaxially Braided Composite

Zhang, Chao January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
33

Scaling Effects on Damage Development, Strength, and Stress-Rupture Life on Laminated Composites in Tension

Lavoie, J. André 04 April 1997 (has links)
The damage development and strength of ply-level scaled carbon/epoxy composite laminates having stacking sequence of [+Tn/-Tn/902n]s where constraint ply angle, T, was 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 degrees, and size was scaled as n=1,2,3, and 4, is reported in Part I. X-radiography was used to monitor damage developments. First-ply failure stress, and tensile strength were recorded. First-ply failure of the midplane 90 deg. plies depended on the stiffness of constraint plies, and size. All 24 cases were predicted using Zhang's shear-lag model and data generated from cross-ply tests. Laminate strength was controlled by the initiation of a triangular-shaped local delamination of the surface angle plies. This delamination was predicted using O'Brien's strain energy release rate model for delamination of surface angle plies. For each ply angle, the smallest laminate was used to predict delamination (and strength) of the other sizes. The in-situ tensile strength of the 0 deg. plies within different cross-ply, and quasi-isotropic laminates of varying size and stacking sequence is reported in Part II. No size effect was observed in the strength of 0 deg. plies for those lay-ups having failure confined to the gauge section. Laminates exhibiting a size-strength relationship, had grip region failures for the larger sizes. A statistically significant set of 3-point bend tests of unidirectional beams were used to provide parameters for a Weibull model, to re-examine relationship between ultimate strength of 0 deg. plies and specimen volume. The maximum stress in the 0 deg. plies in bending, and the tensile strength of the 0 deg. plies (from valid tests only) was the same. Weibull theory predicted loss of strength which was not observed in the experiments. An effort to model the durability and life of quasi-isotropic E-glass/913 epoxy composite laminates under steady load and in an acidic environment is reported in Part III. Stress-rupture tests of unidirectional coupons immersed in a weak hydrochloric acid solution was conducted to determine their stress-life response. Creep tests were conducted on unidirectional coupons parallel and transverse to the fibers, and on ±45°. layups to characterize the lamina stress- and time-dependent compliances. These data were used in a composite stress-rupture life model, based on the critical element modeling philosophy of Reifsnider, to predict the life of two ply-level thickness-scaled quasi-isotropic laminates. / Ph. D.
34

Influence des liserés de carbures induits par la nitruration gazeuse sur les mécanismes de fissuration de fatigue de contacts roulants / Effect of intergranular carbides induced by gas-nitriding on rolling contact fatigue

Le, Marion 17 November 2015 (has links)
La nitruration gazeuse est utilisée par les fabricants d’engrenages pour traiter la surface des dentures. En effet, l’augmentation de la dureté et l’introduction de contraintes résiduelles de compression contribuent à retarder voire inhiber l’initiation et la propagation des fissures superficielles de fatigue de contact. Cependant la majorité des aciers alliés présentent des réseaux de précipités de carbures dans la couche nitrurée. Ceux-ci ont la particularité de se retrouver aux joints de grains relativement parallèles à la surface, ce qui leurs ont attribué les surnoms de «liserés de carbures». Associés à une phase dure et fragile, ces carbures constituent des zones d’hétérogénéités. Par ailleurs, la norme pour la qualité des matériaux d’engrenages autorise une large gamme de tailles de grains, conduisant à diverses microstructures pour les couches nitrurées des aciers alliés. En effet, la morphologie des réseaux de carbures après nitruration dépend entre autres de la taille de grain de l’acier. De par le manque de travaux sur l’impact réel de ces précipités sur la fatigue de contact, la présente étude propose des analyses d’essais. Les essais consistent à reproduire de l’écaillage initié en surface sur des éprouvettes dont les couches nitrurées, issues d’un seul traitement thermochimique, présentent les mêmes propriétés mécaniques (dureté et contraintes résiduelles) mais différentes propriétés microstructurales (tailles de grains et morphologies de carbures). Les analyses ont permis de proposer des mécanismes d’initiation de micro-fissures induites en proche surface sous les conditions d’essai appliquées. Les sites d’initiation dépendent de la taille de grain de l’acier et peuvent en particulier s’établir au niveau des carbures intergranulaires. L’étude des réseaux de fissures couplée à l’analyse des contraintes résiduelles a permis d’établir des scénarii de propagation des fissures dans les couches nitrurées. Sous les conditions de contact appliquées, l’apparition de déformation plastique entraîne, par accommodation des variations de volume, la relaxation des contraintes résiduelles compressives initialement présentes dans le matériau, aux profondeurs les moins sollicitées. Ces contraintes étant moins compressives, elles libèrent les micro-fissures déjà présentes en proche surface. Dès lors, la propagation au travers des carbures qui s’apparentent à des sites privilégiés pour la croissance des fissures en cours de fatigue est possible. En particulier, ces précipités entraînent les fissures vers le cœur lorsqu’ils sont en forte densité dans les couches nitrurées, tandis que l’endommagement reste superficiel lorsque l’éloignement entre les précipités est trop important. Enfin, la continuité et la longueur des carbures augmentent localement la vitesse de propagation des fissures. Ceci se traduit par l’apparition plus rapide de l’écaillage initié en surface pour les couches nitrurées de microstructures grossières. / Gas nitriding is a thermochemical surface treatment widely used by gear manufacturers to improve the rolling contact fatigue endurance of their components. Indeed, increasing the hardness and introducing compressive residual stresses to the geartooth surfaces inhibit or delay crack initiation and propagation. However, most of the alloyed steel nitrided layers show the presence of intergranular carbide networks. The precipitation of these carbides specifically occurs at parallel grain boundaries during the treatment and, being a carbon-rich phase, they are associated to tough and fragile heterogeneities. Besides, standards for gear material quality recommend a broad range of steel grain sizes which lead to various possible microstructures on gear components after nitriding. Indeed, the intergranular carbide network morphology depends on the steel grain size. Since there is no evidence regarding the real effect of the carbides on rolling contact fatigue, this work presents experimental investigations carried out on a twin-disc machine. The tests consist in reproducing surface-initiated pitting on specimens whose nitrided layers, obtained by a unique thermochemical surface treatment, display similar mechanical properties (hardness and compressive residual stresses) but different microstructures (grain sizes and carbide network morphologies). The first analysis resulted in suggesting the micro-crack nucleation mechanisms. In this study, the test conditions were chosen to induce these micro-cracks near the disc surfaces. For a given contact stress field, nucleation sites depend on the steel grain size and can take place at intergranular carbides. Investigations of crack networks led on cross sections and 3D observations by means of high energy X-ray computed tomography, coupled with compressive residual stress evolution analysis, help the authors proposing the rolling contact fatigue crack propagation scenarios in nitrided layers. When contact shear stresses locally exceed the material micro-yield shear stress limit, micro-deformations arise and add compressive residual stresses to the treated layers. To accommodate these volume variations the compressive residual stresses, initially induced by nitriding, release at depths where contact stresses are lower. The pre-existing residual stresses being less compressive, micro-cracks near the surface can propagate through the carbides that act as preferential crack growth sites. When the nitrided layers display high carbide density, the intergranular precipitates drag the cracks toward the core, whereas rolling contact fatigue failures are limited to the near surface when the distance between the precipitates is too important. Finally, the length and the continuity of the carbides, linked to the steel grain size, locally increase the crack propagation speed. This gives rise to a lower endurance to surface-initiated pitting in coarse microstructures.

Page generated in 0.0844 seconds