Xue, Cheng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-167). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts and appendix also in Chinese.

作為一種新型扶貧手段，小額信貸產業在過去三十年中於發展中國家迅速興起。從業者常常聲稱小額信貸機構能夠為貧窮農民提供金融機會，而這些弱勢群體過去往往被排除在傳統金融機構之外；與此同時，不同於以往的扶貧手段，小額信貸機構被認為能夠在財務上達到平衡乃至盈利。這種雙重目標的前景吸引了許多發展中國家的興趣，因此，小額信貸產業作為解決貧困問題的一種嘗試而在國際舞台上獲得了迅猛的發展。 / 由於中國獨特的社會和政治環境，小額信貸機構的發展有其特殊的軌跡。本研究以深入訪談和參與式觀察為主要研究方法，通過為期三個月的田野調查，對中國西部與北部的兩個非政府小額信貸組織進行了深入考察。研究發現，小額信貸組織正面臨無法同時達成雙重目標的困境；基於觀察與資料分析，本文提出，中國農村社區信任結構的轉型是小額信貸組織面臨多重問題的主要原因。隨著市場經濟的發展與城市化的加速，在日漸瓦解的熟人社會中，小額信貸機構的社會目標被其財務目標所壓制，導致原有的扶貧、婦女賦權等目標難以達成，更形成了目標替代的組織現象。 / 為深入探討小額信貸產業中目標替代的現象，本文從組織目標的合法性與可測量性兩個角度提出假設，指出當邊緣目標具有強烈的合法性和直觀的可測量性，便可能取代相對難以觀測的核心目標。最後，本文指出，為保證小額信貸組織不偏離原有的社會目標，需要設計一種新型的、獨立的測量工具，用以跟踪記錄小額信貸組織的社會影響，並將其作為判斷組織表現的核心因素。 / Known as an innovative tool for poverty alleviation, microfinance has been widely spread in developing countries in the past few decades. It is commonly claimed that microfinance institutions (MFIs) can provide financial opportunities to those who are unable to obtain loans from the formal system, while at the same time maintain their institutional sustainability. This promise has attracted the interest of developing countries with large population in poverty, leading to a remarkable emergence of microfinance industry on the global stage. / Because of the special social and political environment, the development of MFIs in China has its unique trajectory. Based on interviews and participant observation, this three-month research focuses on two non-governmental MFIs in Western China and Northern China, revealing a plight of infeasible dual objectives and proposing an explanation from the angle of transformed trust structure. In a collapsing acquaintance community, the social objectives are suppressed by the demands of self-sustainability, thus violating the original intention of poverty alleviation and women empowerment, and leading to a phenomenon of goal displacement. / To further discuss the logic behind the goal displacement phenomenon in microfinance industry, two propositions are suggested from the angles of legitimacy and measurability of organizational goals. The findings indicate that to ensure the social objective of MFIs, an independent evaluation system is needed to track the social impacts and better assess organizational performances in microfinance industry. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Liu, Ran. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-74). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Trust and its Transformation --- p.4 / Chapter 3. --- Debates on Microfinance --- p.11 / Chapter 3.1 --- Development of global microfinance --- p.11 / Chapter 3.2 --- Microfinance in China --- p.18 / Chapter 4. --- Research Settings and Methodology --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1 --- Methodology and Limitations --- p.23 / Chapter 4.2 --- Brief introduction of association A --- p.25 / Chapter 4.3 --- Brief introduction of association B --- p.27 / Chapter 5. --- Microfinance and the Transformation of Trust --- p.29 / Chapter 5.1 --- Urbanization and the transition of clients --- p.29 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Failure of group-lending model --- p.37 / Chapter 5.3 --- The decoupling between practices and regulations --- p.42 / Chapter 5.4 --- Target shift and goal displacement --- p.47 / Chapter 6. --- Discussion: Dual Objectives and Goal Displacement --- p.51 / Chapter 6.1 --- Multiple organizational goals of MFIs --- p.51 / Chapter 6.2 --- Proposition 1: Sustainability as a legitimate goal --- p.55 / Chapter 6.3 --- Proposition 2: Sustainability as a practical goal --- p.58 / Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.62 / References --- p.65 / Chapter Appendix: --- Information of Interviewees --- p.75

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo exponer situaciones operativas detectadas durante la experiencia profesional como auditor interno de entidades microfinancieras (Cajas Municipales/ONG´s); situaciones que representaron riesgos de fraude, y que en conjunto coadyubaron a la ocurrencia de fraudes significativos, sin la detección oportuna de la Gerencia y/o funcionarios responsables de la operatividad interna. Como parte del trabajo de investigación se realizó un estudio general de la ocurrencia de fraudes en el Perú y en el mundo, mostrándose en una primera parte que la presencia de fraudes en el Perú se inicia desde la época colonial (según el historiador peruano Alfonso Quiroz) y continúa hasta nuestros días, con la detección de los últimos casos de fraudes detectados en empresas constructoras brasileñas, situación mostrada por la Defensoría del Pueblo a través de dos reportes (Reporte: La Corrupción en el Perú, 2017). Pero la corrupción no es un mal que ocurre solo en nuestro país, también sucede en grandes empresas extranjeras, tal como lo muestran dos estudios realizados por entidades de prestigio como son la sociedad de auditoría y consultoría PricewaterhouseCoopers, y la Asociación de Examinadores de Fraudes Certificados. Al final del documento se realizó un diagnóstico para una mejor gestión de los riesgos, y que consiste en el análisis y calificación de los riesgos detectados en los tres casos que mostramos, asignándole una valoración. También estamos proponiendo un plan antifraude para entidades microfinancieras y una serie de procedimientos de control interno aplicables a este tipo de entidad. / This research work aims to present operational situations detected during my professional experience as an internal auditor of microfinance entities (Municipal Savings Banks/NGOs), which represented fraud risks and led to the occurrence of significant fraud, without proper detection of Management and/or officials, responsible for internal effectiveness. As part of the research work, a general study was conducted of the occurrence of fraud in Peru and the world, showing in the first part that fraud in Peru started in the colonial period (according to Peruvian historian Alfonso Quiroz) and it continues until the present with the latest cases of fraud detected in Brazilian construction companies, a situation shown by the Peruvian Office of the Ombudsman in its two annual reports (Report: Corruption in Peru). But corruption is not a problem that occurs only in our country, it also happens in large foreign companies, as shown by two studies made by prestigious entities such as the audit and consulting society PricewaterhouseCoopers, and the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. At the end of the document, a diagnosis for better risk management is being made, which consists of the analysis and rating of the risks detected in the three cases we show, assigning it a valuation. We are also proposing an anti-fraud plan for microfinance entities and a series of internal control procedures applicable to these types of entities. / Trabajo de investigación

Following the success of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Microfinance institutions (MFIs) which apply group-lending method through the medium of small credit have been regarded as a new and effective tools for poverty alleviation for the poor in many Less Developed Countries. This study analyses the role of two MFIs, namely KUKESRA, a government administered programme and Mitra Karya East Java (MKEJ) which is a privately managed institution in poverty alleviation in Indonesia. It examines to what extent these institutions have been successful in helping the poor, and improving the living standards of the recipients. Two alternative approaches, namely the institutionalist and the welfarist approaches, are used to examine the question of whether the poor benefited from the two programmes, followed by a comparison of the performances between the two. Using data obtained from a sample survey of 393 respondents in the District of Malang in East Java, from December 1998 - June 1999, it was found that the differences in management, organisational structure, programme design, and the system of coordination all resulted in differences in performance of the two MFI institutions studied. It was found that both programmes increased the incomes of the recipients, but the impact of KUKESRA was much lower than that of MKEJ. However, KUKESRA had a greater positive effect on employment than MKEJ. Neither of the programmes resulted in a significant improvement in the consumption of basic needs of the recipients. Of the two approaches used in the evaluation of the programmes, a good performance in terms of outreach and sustainability under the institutional approach did not imply that the poor really benefited from the programme. It was found that the welfarist approach is much more appropriate in evaluating the effectiveness of MFIs in Indonesia.

<p>Purpose: Our main purpose is to carry out a research on combining microfinance with entrepreneurship for poverty alleviation, empowerment of poor and sustainable development.</p><p>Target group: Students, researchers in Microfinance field, MFI’s, NGO’s and Governmental structures.</p><p>Research Question: How do micro entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship and microfinance serve as a combined tool to reduce poverty, empower people, and contribute to sustainable development in Pakistan?</p><p>Approach: We used qualitative approach for research. The data have been collected through interviews which held as structured and unstructured, and as secondary sources web page of the organization, statistics of Pakistan and Book of organization have also been consulted.</p><p>Delimitations: Due to distance problem between Pakistan and Sweden and, it was difficult to organize interviews at large scale from borrowers and this can reflect limited information about micro entrepreneurship. It is worthy to say here that Islamic microfinance is quite new practice and very limited data was available. With this, we mainly emphasized on microfinance and entrepreneurship as a combined tool, therefore, there is not enough discussion on Islamic microfinance. But we try to elaborate a complete picture of Islamic microfinance. Originality/value: This paper emphasizes on both Microfinance and Entrepreneurship, as case study we choose Akhuwat organization which started to give loans to poor people without interest. Also we focused on Social Entrepreneurship side of organization which challenges to other MFI’s with innovative type of loaning. Research will give a vision to Akhuwat and other micro financing organization that how they can develop activities more successfully.</p><p>Future implications: During our research we investigate that there is need to carry out more research on lending methods other than solidarity group. The other area is micro entrepreneurship that needs to be more investigated by researcher because in developing countries micro business with only traditional ways will not be so successful. There will be need of more innovation in production system or in business processes. Islamic microfinance is quite new way for lending loan. It is needed that researcher of western world also do research on this method. So that clear result should come and method becomes more mature.</p><p>Social Entrepreneurship also need to be discovered from many points, especially relation with profit and non for profit, public, private and nongovernmental models.</p><p>Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Microfinance, Social Entrepreneurship</p><p>Paper type: Master Thesis</p>

Purpose: Our main purpose is to carry out a research on combining microfinance with entrepreneurship for poverty alleviation, empowerment of poor and sustainable development. Target group: Students, researchers in Microfinance field, MFI’s, NGO’s and Governmental structures. Research Question: How do micro entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship and microfinance serve as a combined tool to reduce poverty, empower people, and contribute to sustainable development in Pakistan? Approach: We used qualitative approach for research. The data have been collected through interviews which held as structured and unstructured, and as secondary sources web page of the organization, statistics of Pakistan and Book of organization have also been consulted. Delimitations: Due to distance problem between Pakistan and Sweden and, it was difficult to organize interviews at large scale from borrowers and this can reflect limited information about micro entrepreneurship. It is worthy to say here that Islamic microfinance is quite new practice and very limited data was available. With this, we mainly emphasized on microfinance and entrepreneurship as a combined tool, therefore, there is not enough discussion on Islamic microfinance. But we try to elaborate a complete picture of Islamic microfinance. Originality/value: This paper emphasizes on both Microfinance and Entrepreneurship, as case study we choose Akhuwat organization which started to give loans to poor people without interest. Also we focused on Social Entrepreneurship side of organization which challenges to other MFI’s with innovative type of loaning. Research will give a vision to Akhuwat and other micro financing organization that how they can develop activities more successfully. Future implications: During our research we investigate that there is need to carry out more research on lending methods other than solidarity group. The other area is micro entrepreneurship that needs to be more investigated by researcher because in developing countries micro business with only traditional ways will not be so successful. There will be need of more innovation in production system or in business processes. Islamic microfinance is quite new way for lending loan. It is needed that researcher of western world also do research on this method. So that clear result should come and method becomes more mature. Social Entrepreneurship also need to be discovered from many points, especially relation with profit and non for profit, public, private and nongovernmental models. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Microfinance, Social Entrepreneurship Paper type: Master Thesis

The study aims to examine problems that hinder the creation of a sustainable Microfinance industry in Namibia. It looks into the assertion that certain Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) have problems that hinder them from being able to service clients and still be able to remain profitable. A Microfinance Institution (MFI) is defined as an institution that provides financial services to people and small and micro enterprises that do not have access to commercial bank loans. Categories are a credit union, savings and credit co-operatives (SACCOs), non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), self-help organizations or specialized banks (Mushendami, Kaakunga, Amuthenu-Iyambo, Ndalikokule & Steytler, 2004). The study looks at three critical aspects of operational, regulatory and legislative framework. The current regulations that are in place are administered by the Namibia Financial Institutions Supervisory Authority (NAMFISA) and the Bank of Namibia, for the protection of clients against unscrupulous practices by MFIs. Out of 347 MFIs, a purposeful sample population was drawn and 34 Questionnaires administered due to time and financial constraints. The Questionnaires were distributed to MFIs and individuals in the industry. From these 25 responses were received during the survey. A descriptive statistical analysis was used in deciphering the data. The results are that the Namibian MFIs are new, but out of 11 factors, four were outliers, being the challenges of fraud, consumer education, lack of resources and high costs. The main recommendation is that the MFI industry must establish a fund through charging levies for client education and to look at the transparency of operations and costs to encourage both MFIs and clients to better understand the terms of engagement. Further recommendations include ensuring that MFIs develop products which meet the needs of clients in urban and rural context. Also to address the issue of lack of funding in the form of a strategy to arrange for exit strategies after donor withdrawal, in order for MFIs to survive based on their internal revenue base. Lastly, the regulatory environment in Namibia needs to be improved with the government introducing clearer principles for market participants. The government needs to become an enabler for the provision of financial services. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed May 27, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-48)

The thesis empirically examined the implications of microfinance scaling up or sustainability on outreach in Nigeria. Basically, two methodologies were used namely, panel data econometric and survey methods. The panel dataset of 752 microfinance banks in Nigeria was used during the period 2011-2014, while the survey was conducted on some selected microfinance banks in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja in 2014. The findings from the thesis showed that, at the national level, yield, labour cost, orientation, efficiency, gender and size of loans are the major drivers of microfinance banks‟ sustainability in Nigeria. While at the state level, microfinance banks sustainability is driven by orientation and loan size. Findings also showed that sustainable MFBs tend to be more focused on the poor clients. The thesis showed that lending to female clients improves repayment rate of MFBs in Nigeria. Corroborating the regression result, the survey findings also suggest that lending to women had improved and enhanced repayment rate. In view of these findings, the thesis recommends that sustainability and outreach are not necessarily incompatible. However in pursuing sustainability greater attention should be on female clients, as greater lending to women would improve the repayment rate of MFBs and further engendered the industry sustainability.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Business Administration), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Although numerous articles have been published globally on microfinance (MF), essentially highlighting the need to regulate microfinance institutions (MFIs), none of these, to the knowledge of the researcher, specifically explore in profundity the formulation process of financial monitoring policies (FMPs), their implementation, and the challenges MFIs encounter in implementing these policies. The wave of distressed and failing of MFIs in Ghana and the loss of hard-earned thrift deposits of the poor, therefore demand for this investigation. This study consequently viaducts the gap and contributes to the debate by reviewing the specific financial policies pertaining to MFIs, their formulation, implementation of such policies, and the challenges MFIs encounter relating to those policies. Also introduced into the MF research arena, is the concept of implementation theory to move knowledge frontier forward. Further, the outcome will be of particular relevance to all emerging economies who view MFls as praxis for poverty alleviation, employment creation and addressing inequality. The study adopted a mixed research approach, with both qualitative and quantitative data gathered from a sample of 65 MFIs in Accra through a self-administered, Likert-scaled questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 24.0, with results presented in frequency tables, figures, correlation tables, and cross-tabulations. The findings reveal that FMPs exist for MFIs in Ghana – Accra, particularly. However, regulation formulation is shown to be lopsided, with implementation of FMPs, and monitoring and supervision thereof, also found to be deficient. The results further indicate that using minimum capital as a tool to ensuring efficiency in the sector, is a major obstacle to overcome to create an impetus for regulatory non-compliance. Based on the findings, the research recommends consideration by policymakers and MFI monitoring units to create a semi-autonomous institution, the National Microfinance Promotion Authority, to regulate and supervise the MFIs in Ghana. It is also recommended that research focus be shifted to policy implementation regarding MF operations. / D