Dans ce document, nous présentons nos travaux sur les décharges dans l'heptane. L'une des conditions retenue pour ces études est le choix d'un gap micrométrique. Nous avons travaillé avec des gaps compris entre 10 et 150 µm qui correspondent à des tensions de claquage comprises entre 1 et 15 kV. Du claquage jusqu'à 1 µs, la décharge a été caractérisée par ombroscopie et par spectroscopie d'émission optique (SEO). L'ombroscopie a montré que la vitesse de propagation de l'onde de choc et de la bulle est de l'ordre de 1200 m s-1 et 100 m s-1, respectivement. Au-delà de 1 µs, la dynamique de la bulle a été étudiée. Une nouvelle méthode est proposée pour estimer la pression à l'initiation de la décharge. La technique est basée sur la réponse d'une "bulle test" qui se trouve dans le champ acoustique d'une nouvelle décharge dont on veut connaître la pression. Elle est aux environs 80 bar. La SEO a montré une dominance des rayonnements continus pendant les premières 200 ns qui ont été attribués à la recombinaison électron-ion. Au-delà de 200 ns, les rayonnements continus s'effondrent et les raies d'émission deviennent dominantes. L'étude de l'élargissement de la raie H[alpha] de l'hydrogène a montré que la densité électronique peut atteindre 1019 cm-3. En ce qui concerne l'interaction plasma-surface, nous avons pu démontrer que l'impact créé est gouverné par la quantité de charges déposée. Sa morphologie est une résultante d'un équilibre entre la force due à la pression et la force de Marangoni. Nous avons étudié dans une dernière partie la synthèse des nanoparticules de platine (diamètre 5 nm) insérées dans une matrice de carbone hydrogéné présentant un ordre à courte distance / In this document, we report our work on discharges in heptane. One of the specific conditions selected is the choice of a micrometric gap distance. Typically, gaps were between 10 and 150 µm, corresponding to breakdown voltages between 1 and 15 kV. From breakdown up to 1 µs, the plasma discharge was characterized by shadowgraphy and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Shadowgraphy results showed that the velocities of shock wave and bubble interface are about 1200 m s-1 and 100 m s-1, respectively. Beyond 1 µs, experimental and theoretical studies of the oscillatory dynamics of the bubble are made. Then, we proposed a new method to estimate the pressure at discharge breakdown. The technique is based on the response of a 'test bubble' present in the acoustic field of a new discharge whose pressure is to be known. It is estimated to be about 80 bar. OES, between 300 and 800 nm, showed a dominance of continuous radiations during the first 200 ns which were attributed to electron-ion recombination processes. Beyond 200 nm, continuous radiations collapse and then, the emission lines dominate the spectrum. The study of the H? line broadening showed that the electron density can reach 1019 cm-3. Regarding the interaction of the discharge with the electrode surfaces, we demonstrated that the diameter of the impact is governed by the quantity of charges deposited by the discharge. However, the impact morphology is determined by a balance between the force exerted by the plasma pressure and the Marangoni's force. Finally, we studied the possibility to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (5 nm in diameter) embedded in a matrix of hydrogenated carbon exhibiting a short range order

The thesis deals with the design of the measurement installation, which is intended for the microplasma noise measurements. This noise is being generated in the defective parts of the PN junction. The goal of this work is to design the measurement installation and to realize the fully functional workbench for the analogical noise related measurements and to determine the transfer function of the measurement installation. Main part of the work is to choose proper parameters for the measuring devices and to design the software intended for the automated measurements. Consequently, we have to process the measured waveforms of the microplasma noise, to determine the dependency of the noise on the signal magnitude and to calculate the power spectral noise density. Finally, we have to determine the transfer function of the measurement installation and to design the inversion filter.

This work deals with determination defects in solar cells using non-destructive methods. Defects are determinating by electroluminescence method and microplasma method in temperature influence. Temperature will be changed by Peltier cells. By using this various temperatures during the testing we can receive more objective results thanks to simulated operation conditions.

The thesis deals issue of the silicon solar cells non-destructive testing. The manufacturing technology of solar cells currently features a very high level of perfection. Its further development appears to be limited by amongst other issues imperfect diagnostic methods. The objective of presented research consists in non-destructive studies of processes that influence specimen life and reliability. To this end, I will employ mainly noise based analytical methods in connection with observation of defect optical activities, capacitance measurement etc. These methods are closely related to some specimen bulk imperfections, crystal-lattice defect induced traps, local-stress-subjected regions and, finally, breakdowns, which might bring about specimen destruction. Based on a detailed study and understanding of transport processes, regions in which noise is generated can be identified and appropriate technological measures can be proposed and adopted. Presented research focuses, first of all, on the real solar cell structures, which are inhomogeneous in their nature and are difficult to diagnose. The significant part of this study is attend to the random n-level (in most case just two-level) impulse noise, usually referred to as microplasma noise. This noise is a consequence of local breakdowns in micro-sized regions and brings about reduction of lifetime or destruction of the pn junction. The micro-sized regions have been studied separately by electrical and optical methods and defect properties have been put forward. Nevertheless, no less significant part of the thesis is devoted to the fluctuation modeling of the bulk imperfections in the semi-analytical form.

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No description available.

KELČA Daniel: Welding of thin-walled pipe The project, elaborated during the engineering study, field of study M-VTM (Production technology and industrial management) deals with welding of thin-walled pipes Cats in practise. There are methods of WIG and microplasma welding compared. The suggested basic material is corrosion-resistant ferritic steel X2CrMoTi18-2 (1.4521; AISI 444). Welding runs continuously and depends on the demanded length of the thin-walled pipe. The tests of the weld were designed on the basis of a literary study. They should help us together with the economic evaluation to assess the two methods.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir une meilleure compréhension des différents phénomènes physiques liés aux microplasmas/microdécharges. Pour cela, des matrices de microréacteurs sur silicium ont été étudiées. De nombreuses configurations ont été construites de manière à analyser l’influence de chaque paramètre physique sur le fonctionnement de ces dispositifs. Le présent travail porte sur l'élaboration et la caractérisation de dispositifs micro-décharge à base de silicium. Dans ce travail de thèse, les régimes de courant continu (DC) et de courant alternatif (AC) sont étudiés en utilisant des configurations de décharges différentes. Pour la fabrication de ces réacteurs, nous sommes partis de wafers de Silicium que nous avons structurés et traités en salle blanche. La technologie de fabrication utilisée est compatible avec les méthodes de fabrication de dispositifs CMOS. Les microréacteurs sont constitués d’électrodes de nickel et de silicium séparés par une couche diélectrique de SiO2 de 6 μm d’épaisseur. L’épaisseur du diélectrique est ici beaucoup plus faible que celle des microréacteurs étudiés jusqu’à présent. Les dispositifs sont constitués de cavités de 25 à 150 microns de diamètre. Les essais de microdécharge ont été effectués dans des gaz inertes à une pression comprise entre 100 et 1000 Torrs. Nous avons d’abord étudié les phénomènes d’allumage et d’extinction à partir de microdispositifs monocavité en alumine. Puis, nous avons étudié le fonctionnement en DC/AC de microréacteurs en silicium comportant un nombre de cavité compris entre 1 et1024. Les caractéristiques des microdécharges ont été étudiées grâce à des mesures électriques, des mesures de spectroscopie d'émission optique (OES), de spectroscopie d’absorption à diode laser (DLAS) et de spectroscopie d'émission optique résolue en temps (PROES). Ces différents diagnostics nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les phénomènes d’allumage, d’extinction, d’instabilité et les mécanismes de défaillance de nos microdispositifs. Ce travail de thèse a permis de tester les performances et les limites technologiques des matrices de microdécharges sur silicium. Une attention particulière a été portée sur leur durée de vie. / The objective of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of various physical phenomena related to microplasmas/microdischarges. For this purpose, arrays of microreactors on silicon were studied. Different array configurations were fabricated to analyse the influence of each parameter on the physical operation of these devices. The present work focuses on the development and characterisation of micro-discharge devices based on silicon. In this thesis, direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) regimes are studied using different discharge configurations. For the fabrication of these reactors, Silicon wafers are structured and processed in a cleanroom. Fabrication technology used is compatible with the CMOS technology. The microreactors are fabricated with nickel and silicon electrodes, separated by a dielectric layer of SiO2 with a thickness of 6 μm. The thickness of the dielectric is much lower here than the microreactors studied so far. The devices consist of cavities with 25 to 150 μm in diameter. Experiments of the microdischarges are performed in inert gases at a pressure between 100 and 1000 Torr. We first studied the phenomena of ignition and extinction for the microdevices based on alumina. Then, we studied the microreactors based on silicon containing 1 to 1024 cavities under DC and AC regimes. Characteristics of microdischarges were studied by electrical measurements, measurements of optical emission spectroscopy (OES), laser diode absorption spectroscopy (DLAS) and phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy (PROES). These diagnostics allowed us to investigate the phenomena of ignition, extinction, instability and failure mechanisms of the microplasma devices. This thesis work allowed testing the performance and technological limitations of the silicon based microdischarge arrays. Particular attention was paid to their life time.

The aim of this diploma thesis is an innovation of photoluminescence measure research workplace for measurement of cells structure defects by method of transmissive illumination while employing the current methods of measurement of defect in the solar cells structure. The first part deals with explanation of historical development of solar energy, of how we can reach production of electric power with contribution of solar radiation and defines usability of solar cells in practice. The thesis further analyses a practical application of measurement via laboratory diagnostic methods used by Department of Electrotechnology Brno University of Technology. The second part is focused on mechanical design of experimental photoluminescence measure workspace used for quick diagnostic defects employing the rear arousing source for detection of defects with assistance of transmissive system of illumination. Finally, with co-operation of SOLARTEC s.r.o. three types of solar cells are measured by this new method and compared with results of measurement via diagnostic methods of LBIV (Light Beam Induced Current), LBIC (Light Beam Induced Voltage), Electroluminescence, Photoluminescence, and detection defects by radiation of Microplasma.

The objective of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of various physical phenomena related to microplasmas/microdischarges. For this purpose, arrays of microreactors on silicon were studied. Different array configurations were fabricated to analyse the influence of each parameter on the physical operation of these devices. The present work focuses on the development and characterisation of micro-discharge devices based on silicon. In this thesis, direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) regimes are studied using different discharge configurations. For the fabrication of these reactors, Silicon wafers are structured and processed in a cleanroom. Fabrication technology used is compatible with the CMOS technology. The microreactors are fabricated with nickel and silicon electrodes, separated by a dielectric layer of SiO2 with a thickness of 6 μm. The thickness of the dielectric is much lower here than the microreactors studied so far. The devices consist of cavities with 25 to 150 μm in diameter. Experiments of the microdischarges are performed in inert gases at a pressure between 100 and 1000 Torr. We first studied the phenomena of ignition and extinction for the microdevices based on alumina. Then, we studied the microreactors based on silicon containing 1 to 1024 cavities under DC and AC regimes. Characteristics of microdischarges were studied by electrical measurements, measurements of optical emission spectroscopy (OES), laser diode absorption spectroscopy (DLAS) and phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy (PROES). These diagnostics allowed us to investigate the phenomena of ignition, extinction, instability and failure mechanisms of the microplasma devices. This thesis work allowed testing the performance and technological limitations of the silicon based microdischarge arrays. Particular attention was paid to their life time.