The rapid growth of the microelectronics industry in the last decades made it possible to produce structures in the sub-micrometer scale on silicon chips and to reach an integration scale under 100 nm. Decreasing the size and increasing the complexity of these structures make a control of quality and defects investigation more difficult. During a long time ultrasound devices are being used for nondestructive investigation of materials, like ultrasound microscopes, scanning photo-acoustic microscopes or scanning electron-acoustic microscopes, where acoustic waves are generated by acoustic transducers, focused laser or electron beams, respectively. The aim of this work is to investigate more precisely the acoustic wave generation by pulsed and periodically modulated ion beams in different solid materials depending on the beam parameters and to demonstrate the possibility to apply an intensity modulated focused ion beam (FIB) for acoustic emission and for nondestructive investigation of the internal structure of materials on a microscopic scale. The combination of a FIB and an ultrasound microscope in one device can provide the opportunity of nondestructive investigation, production and modification of micro- and nanostructures simultaneously. The FIB spot size in modern systems is comparable with that of a focused electron beam and the penetration depth of ions with energy of 20-60 keV is lower than 100 nm. This makes it possible to reach a sub-micrometer resolution of a scanning ion acoustic microscope. On the other hand side a FIB with energy of 20-60 keV is a good tool which can be used for the fabrication of nanostructures using ion milling, implantation or ion beam assisted deposition techniques. The bulk ultrasound emission in a solid was investigated using a pulsed high energy ion beam focused on aluminum, copper, iron and silicon samples. Oxygen, silicon and gold ion beams were applied in charge states from 1+ to 4+ with the pulse duration of 0.5 - 4 µs and an energy of 1.5 - 10 MeV. Intensity of the detected acoustic waves shows a linear dependence on the energy of the incident ions, on the ion flux as well as on the pulse duration. No influence of the ion charge and ion mass to the emission of acoustic waves was observed. The ion acoustic effect was applied for a nondestructive material inspection using intensity modulated FIB providing by the IMSA-100 FIB system with an accelerating potential of 30-35 kV. The achieved lateral resolution of this scanning ion acoustic microscope is in the micrometer range depending on the sample material and the beam modulation frequency. The resolution can be improved by increasing the frequency. The maximal modulation frequency which was obtained at IMSA-100 is about 2 MHz corresponding to lateral resolution of 4-5 µm on silicon. Using this microscope, some images of integrated microstructures on a silicon chip were obtained using the lock-in technique for filtering of the signal from the noise and increasing of the total imaging time. The possibility to visualize near sub-surface structure was demonstrated. Due to the strong sputtering effect and the long time of irradiation the imaged structures were significantly damaged. Si2+, Ge2+, Ga+ and Au+ ions were used. All these ions are quite heavy and have high sputtering coefficients. Long-time imaging improves the quality of acoustic images, i. e. the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced with the square root from the pixel time, but leads to significant erosion of the imaged structure.

This study produced and analyzed shaped tungsten wire tips formed through electrochemical etching. Specifically, the cone length and the radius of curvature of the tip were analyzed. Having the tips move dynamically through an electrolytic solution, such as potassium hydroxide, and tuning the initial starting depth of the tungsten wire along with the dynamic speed of the tungsten wire as it passed throughout the solution allowed various types of tip profiles to be produced. The tip's radius of curvature was able to be reproduced with an accuracy between 88 - 92 %. The method provided would be applicable for the production of various styles of liquid-metal ion source (LMIS) probes and scanning probe microscope (SPM) tips.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of physical and mechanical disinfection of P. gingivalis from implant disks and to evaluate bone cells growth and attachment to the disks. Background. Each year, over three million of Americans replacing missing teeth with dental implants. An inflammatory process around an implant that causes bone loss, characterizes peri-implantitis, first diagnosed in the 1980s. The prevalence is approximately 22%. To date, no treatment protocol of peri-implantitis has been proposed. Methods. 207 implants disks. Four different implant surfaces utilized. Disks were contaminated by p. gingivalis and consequentially disinfected by physical means (spraying prophy jet, titanium brush, and ultrasonic activation) and chemically by Hydrogen Peroxide 3%, 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate, and Sodium Bicarbonate. Osteoblasts were added to the disks. Growth factors (Emdogain and Gem21S) were used in two groups. Osteoblast vitality, attachment and morphology were evaluated. Results. On 3iT3 the all disinfection methods had similar results. On Osseotite and Nanotite surfaces, the citric acid combined with ultrasonic activation granted the worse results. Hence, disks that did not have the surface altered by physical decontamination had most cells attached. Hydrogen Peroxide 3% showed to be the most biocompatible and 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate showed most cellular toxicity. Implant coating did not influence osteoblast attachment. Growth factors did not promote osteoblast attachment. Conclusion: Further investigations are necessary.

This thesis deals with the topic of 3D image processing for digital holographic microscopy - numerical refocusing. This method allows to perform mathematically accurate defocus correction on image of a sample captured away from the sample plane and it was applicable only for images that were made made using coherent illumination source. It has been generalized to a form in which it is also applicable to devices that use incoherent (non-monochromatic or extended) illumination sources. Another presented achievement concerns hologram processing. The advanced hologram processing method enables obtaining more data mainly concerning precision of quantities from one hologram — normally, one would have to capture multiple holograms to get those. Both methods have been verified experimentally.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20044号 / 理博第4229号 / 新制||理||1609(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 高橋 義朗, 教授 田中 耕一郎, 教授 川上 則雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23897号 / 工博第4984号 / 新制||工||1778(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉村 博之, 教授 山田 啓文, 教授 邑瀬 邦明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Masters of Science / The infants of women who smoke during pregnancy have a lower birth mass than those born of women who abstain. Animal studies reveal that reduced growth due to maternal nicotine exposure during gestation is accompanied by lung hypoplasia. Biochemical analysis suggests that these lungs contain more cells which implies that lung damage occurs. In this study we examined the in vivo effects of maternal nicotine exposure (lmg/Kg/day), the equivalent of 32 cigarettes per day, on the following parameters of fetal and neonatal Wistar rat lung:(i) the content and distribution of glycogen in fetal and neonatal lung (ii) the status of connective tissue in neonatal lung (iii) the cell composition of the alveoli in neonatal lung. Fetal rat lungs of ages 17, 18, 19 and 20 days and neonatal lungs of 1, 7, 14 and 21 day old pups were used. Light microscope techniques and special stains were used to investigate glycogen, connective tissue, macrophage numbers and morphological status of the lungs. Fetal rat lungs of ages 17, 18, 19 and 20 days and neonatal lungs of 1, 7, 14 and 21 day old pups were used. Light microscope techniques and special stains were used to investigate glycogen, connective tissue, macrophage numbers and morphological status of the lungs. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques were employed to investigate the characteristics and composition of the alveolus The results show clearly that maternal nicotine exposure elevates pulmonary alveolar macrophage numbers'(PAM's) and lung glycogen levels. The quantity of elastic fibres in 1 day old neonates was significantly reduced but no changes in the quantity of reticulin and collagen fibres was observed. As a result of this change in connective tissue status, emphysema-like lesions and alveolar collapse was evident in the lungs of nicotine-exposed pups. TEM investigations revealed that changes to the composition of alveoli occurred. These included increased numbers of type II pneumocytes with high numbers of lamellar bodies with degenerative changes. Thickening of the blood-air barrier was also observed. The effect of maternal nicotine exposure has been documented in this study. However, it has not been possible to pinpoint the mechanisms involved but explanations have been proposed. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which nicotine produces these effects. Information thus obtained could help prevent the harmful effects to the fetus and neonate caused by smoking during pregnancy.