Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-08-11T20:07:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 08e.pdf: 37781584 bytes, checksum: 47719a351103673e04a32147b00368d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-11T20:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08e.pdf: 37781584 bytes, checksum: 47719a351103673e04a32147b00368d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / Nenhuma / Esta tese buscou definir a origem das rochas carbonáticas, mistas e siliciclásticas albianas da Plataforma de Regência que ocorrem na porção submersa da Bacia do Espírito Santo. Para alcançar esse objetivo, algumas hipóteses foram testadas: houve algum fator controlando a alternância cíclica de camadas de rochas carbonáticas, híbridas e siliciclásticas e, em caso positivo, que fator seria esse? Qual teria sido a origem da boa preservação da ciclicidade em um contexto deposicional transicional/marinho raso, dominantemente siliciclástico, dinâmico e de alta energia e sujeito a frequentes eventos erosivos? Os sistemas deposicionais siliciclásticos, mistos e carbonáticos coexistiram de forma ativa na escala de alta frequência? Para que estes questionamentos fossem respondidos buscou-se definir: (1) o modelo deposicional/paleoclimático adequado para explicar a sucessão vertical e lateral de fácies; (2) a origem da alternância cíclica; (3) a influência da tectônica, tanto envolvendo o embasamento como vinculada à halocinese, na deposição e preservação da sucessão estudada; e (4) o contexto paleogeográfico (escala regional) e estratigráfico (escala das fácies) ao qual a sucessão analisada se associa. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de sísmica 3D e de poços (perfis, 180 m testemunhos e amostras de calha) a partir dos quais se geraram seções sísmicas e estratigráficas, mapas de litofácies e paleogeográficos, e bloco-diagramas. Foi evidenciada uma reativação eoalbiana do Falhamento Cedro-Rio Doce que dividiu a Plataforma de Regência em um bloco alto, a oeste, e outro baixo, a leste. Esse fenômeno causou uma remobilização parcial de cunho halocinético da sequência deposicional mais antiga (Sequência A) no sentido do depocentro da bacia. Nessa sequência foram descritas 14 litofácies organizadas em 8 associações de fácies que representam distintos intervalos estratigráficos e ratificam o caráter alocíclico da sedimentação. Foi apresentado um modelo paleoambiental capaz de explicar a sucessão vertical dos distintos tipos litológicos no interior de um “ciclo sedimentar ideal” de alta frequência bem como a disposição espacial dos principais tipos litológicos na escala das sequências deposicionais e tratos de sistemas de 3ª ordem. A análise espectral de perfis de raios gama, previamente correlacionados a dados litológicos de poço, confirmou a origem alocíclica (excentricidade curta) dos estratos investigados bem como permitiu estabelecer o tempo envolvido na deposição do pacote sedimentar estudado, demonstrando-se, assim, constituir-se em um poderoso geocronômetro capaz de determinar o intervalo de tempo transcorrido durante a acumulação com maior resolução que aquela alcançada pelo tradicional método paleontológico. É sabido que ambientes transicionais e plataformais são submetidos a eventos de alta energia e a variações significativas do nível de base, o que dificulta a boa preservação dos estratos depositados, e, assim, da ciclicidade. Nesse sentido, a boa preservação da ciclicidade no intervalo analisado foi vinculada a escape de sal, provocando, um incremento na acomodação, pelo menos em parte devido a altas taxas de acumulação siliciclástica. / The main goal of this thesis is to define the origin of the carbonate, hybrid and siliciclastic Albian rocks of the Regência Platform that occur in the offshore portion of the Espírito Santo Basin. To achieve this objective, the following hypotheses were tested: was there any external control on the cyclic arrangement of the carbonate, hybrid and siliciclastic strata and, if so, of which sort? What would have favored the excellent preservation of the cyclicity within a transitional to shallow marine, dynamic and high energy depositional setting? Did the siliciclastic, mixed and carbonate depositional systems co-exist at the high-frequency scale? To explain these questions, it was required to define (1) a depositional/paleoclimate model that properly explain both vertical and lateral facies changes; (2) the origin of the cyclicity; (3) the influence of basement and salt tectonics in the deposition and preservation of the studied interval; and (4) the paleogeographic (regional scale) and stratigraphic (facies scale) setting ascribed to the studied interval. The data set includes 3D seismic and well data (logs, cores and cuttings) from which seismic and stratigraphic sections, lithofacies and paleogeographical maps, and block-diagrams were derived. A reactivation of the Cedro - Rio Doce Fault Zone during the Eo-Albian divided the Regência Platform into a high (to the West) and a low (to the East) block. This event has also caused the partial displacement of the older studied interval (Sequence A) to the basin depocentre due to halokinesis. Based on 180m of cores obtained from distinct stratigraphic intervals within Sequence A, 14 lithofacies were distinguished and organized into 8 facies associations whose superposition confirmed the allocyclic nature of the facies succession. It was presented a depositional model able to explain the vertical succession of lithologies within a high-frequency “ideal sedimentary cycle” as well as the regional arrangement of the main lithologies at the 3 rd order scale. The spectral analysis of the gamma-ray logs previously tied to lithological information from well data confirmed the allocyclic nature (short eccentricity) of the cyclicity as well as has allowed establishing the time interval recorded in the studied interval. This later result demonstrates that this approach can be used as a powerful geochronometer able to quantify the time span of a sedimentary succession in a higher resolution than the traditional paleontological method. It is well known that shelfal and transitional environments are subject to high energy episodes and large sea-level changes that lessen the depositional preservation potential and so the cyclicity record. In this context, the excellent preservation of the cyclicity within the studied succession was ascribed to the high siliciclastic sedimentation rate favoring salt escape and increasing accommodation.

Lake sediments contain the remains of midge communities that may be used as biological proxies for inferring past environmental changes. Freshwater midges, including Chironomidae and Chaoboridae, from two alpine tarns (Pyramid Lake and Bullwinkle Lake) in the Cassiar Mountains of northern British Columbia were used to estimate Holocene palaeotemperature changes, and more specifically, to test for the presence of the Milankovitch thermal maximum, an early Holocene warm interval coinciding with peak Holocene summer solar insolation. Mean July air temperatures were reconstructed using midge-inference models developed via weighted averaging-partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Cold-tolerant midge taxa dominate the stratigraphies from both Pyramid and Bullwinkle Lakes; however, warm-adapted species are more common in Bullwinkle Lake. Early Holocene warming is apparent at both lakes, however it is unclear whether this is indicative of the Milankovitch thermal maximum. A decrease in temperature occurs from 8,700-7,900 cal. yr BP at Pyramid Lake, around the same time that the 8,200 cal. yr BP cooling event occurred in the northern hemisphere. During the middle Holocene, records from Pyramid Lake indicate an overall decrease in temperature, with a short period of warmer temperatures that peak at 5,100 cal. yr BP. Temperatures fluctuate little during this time at Bullwinkle Lake. A short warming phase is apparent at both lakes during the late Holocene. July temperatures are highest at 2,000 cal. yr BP (10.5°C) in Pyramid Lake and at 1,200 cal. yr BP (13°C) in Bullwinkle Lake. Thereafter, temperatures return to what they were before the warming occurred, and at Bullwinkle Lake, vary little throughout the remainder of the Holocene.

Lake sediments contain the remains of midge communities that may be used as biological proxies for inferring past environmental changes. Freshwater midges, including Chironomidae and Chaoboridae, from two alpine tarns (Pyramid Lake and Bullwinkle Lake) in the Cassiar Mountains of northern British Columbia were used to estimate Holocene palaeotemperature changes, and more specifically, to test for the presence of the Milankovitch thermal maximum, an early Holocene warm interval coinciding with peak Holocene summer solar insolation. Mean July air temperatures were reconstructed using midge-inference models developed via weighted averaging-partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Cold-tolerant midge taxa dominate the stratigraphies from both Pyramid and Bullwinkle Lakes; however, warm-adapted species are more common in Bullwinkle Lake. Early Holocene warming is apparent at both lakes, however it is unclear whether this is indicative of the Milankovitch thermal maximum. A decrease in temperature occurs from 8,700-7,900 cal. yr BP at Pyramid Lake, around the same time that the 8,200 cal. yr BP cooling event occurred in the northern hemisphere. During the middle Holocene, records from Pyramid Lake indicate an overall decrease in temperature, with a short period of warmer temperatures that peak at 5,100 cal. yr BP. Temperatures fluctuate little during this time at Bullwinkle Lake. A short warming phase is apparent at both lakes during the late Holocene. July temperatures are highest at 2,000 cal. yr BP (10.5°C) in Pyramid Lake and at 1,200 cal. yr BP (13°C) in Bullwinkle Lake. Thereafter, temperatures return to what they were before the warming occurred, and at Bullwinkle Lake, vary little throughout the remainder of the Holocene.

Lake sediments contain the remains of midge communities that may be used as biological proxies for inferring past environmental changes. Freshwater midges, including Chironomidae and Chaoboridae, from two alpine tarns (Pyramid Lake and Bullwinkle Lake) in the Cassiar Mountains of northern British Columbia were used to estimate Holocene palaeotemperature changes, and more specifically, to test for the presence of the Milankovitch thermal maximum, an early Holocene warm interval coinciding with peak Holocene summer solar insolation. Mean July air temperatures were reconstructed using midge-inference models developed via weighted averaging-partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Cold-tolerant midge taxa dominate the stratigraphies from both Pyramid and Bullwinkle Lakes; however, warm-adapted species are more common in Bullwinkle Lake. Early Holocene warming is apparent at both lakes, however it is unclear whether this is indicative of the Milankovitch thermal maximum. A decrease in temperature occurs from 8,700-7,900 cal. yr BP at Pyramid Lake, around the same time that the 8,200 cal. yr BP cooling event occurred in the northern hemisphere. During the middle Holocene, records from Pyramid Lake indicate an overall decrease in temperature, with a short period of warmer temperatures that peak at 5,100 cal. yr BP. Temperatures fluctuate little during this time at Bullwinkle Lake. A short warming phase is apparent at both lakes during the late Holocene. July temperatures are highest at 2,000 cal. yr BP (10.5°C) in Pyramid Lake and at 1,200 cal. yr BP (13°C) in Bullwinkle Lake. Thereafter, temperatures return to what they were before the warming occurred, and at Bullwinkle Lake, vary little throughout the remainder of the Holocene. / Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan) / Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department of (Okanagan) / Graduate

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter des éléments nouveaux concernant la théorie astronomique des paléoclimats au travers de deux outils : la datation glaciologique des forages polaires grâce à une méthode inverse et les modèles conceptuels de climat. Concernant la datation des forages polaires, nous montrons l'intérêt d'appliquer une méthode inverse au modèle de datation glaciologique pour obtenir une chronologie optimale et en analyser les incertitudes. Pour Vostok, il n'est pas possible d'obtenir une chronologie qui satisfasse toutes les informations chronologiques, probablement à cause d'une méconnaissance des conditions en amont de la ligne d'écoulement. Les chronologies pour Dôme C et Dôme F sont cohérentes avec les contraintes, ce qui signifie que le modèle glaciologique simple utilisé pour ces dômes est adéquate. Le cas de Dôme F nous permet de montrer que l'enregistrement de Devils Hole est probablement biaisé par des conditions locales et suggère que les déphasages entre insolation et température Antarctique sont grossièrement constants dans le temps. Nous confirmons par ailleurs que l'amincissement est plus fort dans le haut du glacier dans le cas d'un dôme que pour le reste de la ligne d'écoulement. Nous suggérons de plus que l'estimation de l'accumulation des périodes glaciaires par la relation de pression de vapeur saturante associée à la relation spatiale isotope−température de surface est surestimée d'environ 30%. Le modèle conceptuel que nous avons développé nous permet de décrire les variations de niveau des mers du Quaternaire en tant que réponse au forçage de l'insolation. En particulier, nous justifions pourquoi les transitions les plus importantes de niveau des mers ont eu lieu lorsque les changements d'insolation étaient les plus faibles. De plus, nous montrons que des variations faibles de déphasage insolation−climat lors des déglaciations sont compatibles avec la théorie astronomique.

The Bohemian Cretaceous Basin was a sediment accumulation, which was deposited as an integral part of the central European epicontinental sea during the Late Cretaceous sea level highstand. It acted as a marine strait and was suited for preserving both nearshore coarse- clastic successions and hemipelagic deposits, allowing for the study of interplay between tectonics, eustatic sea level and paleoceanographic conditions. While the north-western part of the basin was extensively studied in the recent years, little information has yet been collected about the coeval along-shore environments. This thesis is aimed at bringing a new insight into these fine-grained deposits through a detailed lithological, multiproxy and time-series analysis investigation of the Late Turonian record in the Bch-1 drill core, Běchary, Czech Republic. The secular onset of carbonate-rich hemipelagic sedimentation coeval to the base of Teplice Formation is characterised by increased micrite content and changes in geochemical proxies, which are interpreted as changes in the pathway of clay distribution and silt source proximity, combined with elevated bioproductivity. Three orders of statistically significant variability were identified by time-series analysis of selected geophysical properties, two of which are carrying the...

The Late Cretaceous–early Paleogene is the most recent period of Earth history with a dynamic carbon cycle that experienced sustained global greenhouse warmth and can offer a valuable insight into our anthropogenically-warmer future world. Yet, knowledge of ambient climate conditions and evolution of the carbon cycle at this time, along with their relation to forcing mechanisms, are still poorly constrained. In this thesis, I examine marine sediments recovered from the South Atlantic Walvis Ridge (ODP Site 1262) and Indian Ocean Ninetyeast Ridge (IODP Site U1443 and ODP Site 758), to shed new light on the evolution of the climate and carbon cycle from the Late Maastrichtian through to the Early Eocene (~67.10–52.35 Ma). The overarching aims of this thesis are: 1) to identify the long-term trends and principle forcing mechanisms driving the climate and carbon cycle during this time period, through construction of 14.75 million-year-long, orbital-resolution (~1.5–4 kyr), stratigraphically complete, benthic stable carbon (δ13Cbenthic) and oxygen (δ18Obenthic) isotope records; 2) to investigate in more detail the climatic and carbon-cycle perturbations of the Early–Middle Paleocene (e.g., the Dan-C2 event, Latest Danian Event and the Danian/Selandian Transition Event) and place these in their proper (orbital) temporal context; 3) to investigate the Late Maastrichtian warming event and its relationship to the eruption of the Deccan Traps Large Igneous Province, as well as its role (if any) in the subsequent Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction; 4) to provide the first orbital-resolution estimates of temperature and carbonate chemistry variability from the low latitude Indian Ocean spanning the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene, through analysis of trace element and stable isotope data from multiple foraminiferal species. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis provide a critical new insight into the dynamic evolution of the climate and carbon cycle during the greenhouse world of the early Paleogene, and shed light on the potential forcing mechanisms driving the climate and carbon cycle during this time.

Dans les séries terrigènes, les cycles stratigraphiques sont présents sur une large gamme de périodes (0.01-100 Ma), et sont dus aux variations du rapport entre l'espace disponible à l'accummulation des sédiments et le flux sédimentaire. Quelle est la responsabilité de chacun de ces paramètres dans l'origine et l'expression des cycles stratigraphiques, en particulier à haute-fréquence (10-100 ka) où tous interviennent ? Si les variations d'espace disponible d'échelle régionale ou globale (tectonique et climat) existent à ces fréquences et sont une origine fréquement admise, on connaît mal (1) l'influence de la croissance des structures tectoniques intra-bassin (plis et failles) sur leur expression, et (2) les contrôles du flux sédimentaire à haute-fréquence. Ce travail examine ces deux aspects à travers l'étude sédimentologique d'un anticlinal de croissance, et la modélisation numérique de l'effet de la zone de transfert (rivières) des sédiments sur la variabilité du flux sédimentaire.

Global climate is controlled by two factors, the amount of heat energy received from the sun (solar insolation) and the way that heat is distributed Earth's surface. Solar insolation varies on timescales of 10s to 100s of thousands of years due to changes in the path of Earth's orbit about the sun (Milankovitch cycles). Earth's internal boundary conditions, such as paleogeography, the presence/absence of polar icecaps, atmospheric/oceanic chemistry and sea level, provide distribution and feedback mechanisms for the incoming heat. Variations in these internal boundary conditions may happen abruptly or, as in the case of plate tectonics, take millions of years. We use geochemical and sedimentological techniques to investigate the response of ocean chemistry, regional aridity and atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns to climate change during both greenhouse and icehouse climates. To explore the connection between orbitally-forced changes in solar insolation, continental aridity and wind, we generated a high-resolution dust record for ~58 Myr old deep-sea sediments from Shatsky Rise. Our data provide the first evidence of a correlation between dust flux to the deep sea and orbital cycles during the Early Paleogene, indicating dust supply (regional aridity) responded to orbital forcing during the last major interval of greenhouse climate. The change in dust flux was comparable to that during icehouse climates implying subtle variations in solar insolation have a similar impact on climate during intervals of over-all warmth as they do during glacial-interglacial states. The Carboniferous Period (359-299 Ma) marks a critical time in Earth's history when a series of tectonic and biological events caused a shift in the mean climate state from a global "greenhouse" to an "icehouse". Geochemical records extracted from sedimentary rocks deposited in shallow epicontinental seaways are increasingly being used to infer relationships between tectonism, carbon cycling and climate and therefore are assumed to reflect global ocean processes. We analyzed radiogenic isotopes in biogenic apatite along a North American transect to constrain the degree of geochemical coupling between the epicontinental seas and the open ocean. Our results argue strongly for decoupling of North American seaways from the open ocean by latest Mississippian time.

Le besoin de connaître toujours plus finement les réservoirs (pétrole/gaz, stockage du CO2, des déchets...) se heurte au problème de la résolution temporelle (stratigraphique), notamment pour les séries sédimentaires continentales. Leur géométrie dépend essentiellement de trois facteurs: les variations du niveau marin (eustatisme), la tectonique et le climat. Cette étude vise à comprendre leur rôle respectif dans l'architecture des dépôts continentaux miocènes (~13,5-23 Ma) du bassin de Digne, dont la stratigraphie est bien établie. L'analyse séquentielle des dépôts nous a permis de distinguer une zone Nord où sept séquences de 3e ordre sont enregistrées, et une zone Sud où la tectonique locale en a fait disparaître deux. La tectonique régionale a joué sur l'amplitude et l'âge des séquences en regard des correspondances établies avec la charte eustatique. Ses effets traduisent le déplacement des dépôtcentres au cours du remplissage du bassin. L'influence du climat a joué à différentes échelles de temps. A celle de l'Optimum Climatique du Miocène (14,6-16,5 Ma), caractérisé par trois phénomènes globaux (l'excursion isotopique du 13C - Monterey Event; un maximum transgressif; le développement maximal de la mangrove à Avicennia). A celle des cycles de 3e ordre du Langhien-Serravallien, dont l'origine climato-eustatique est attestée par la comparaison du découpage séquentiel avec l'analyse pollinique. A l'échelle des cycles de Milankovitch, dont ceux d'excentricité ont été observés dans les incursions marines, les cycles de précession et d'obliquité ayant été reconnus dans la distribution et le développement des paléosols, par comparaison directe avec le signal d'insolation.