Baigiamajame darbe 2012–2013 m. tirta netikrosios miltligės (Peronospora viciae (Berk) Caspary) įtaka skirtingos geografinės kilmės miškinio pelėžirnio (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) cenopopuliacijų morfologiniams ir sėklų produktyvumo rodikliams. Darbo objektas – iš skirtingų Lietuvos rajonų surinktos dvylika miškinio pelėžirnio cenopopuliacijų, augančių vienodos agrotechnikos sąlygomis. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti netikrosios miltligės įtaką skirtingų cenopopuliacijų miškinio pelėžirnio morfologinias ir sėklų produktyvumo rodikliams. Darbo metodai – įvertinti skirtingų miškiniopelėžirnio cenopopuliacijų stiebo aukštis, žiedynų, ankščių, sėklapradžių ankštyje skaičius, ankšties produktyvumo, vieno stiebo sėklų produktyvumas. Atsparumas netikrajai miltligei įvertintas 5 balų sistema, atsparumo įtaka ankščiau išvardintiems rodikliams įvertinta naudojantis programa STATISTIKA 8. Rezultatai. Tyrimo metų duomenimis, miškinio pelėžirnio stiebo aukščiui, žiedynų skaičiui ir ankščių produktyvumui lemiamą įtaką turėjo cenopopuliacijos genotipas ir tyrimo metų meteorologinės sąlygos. Didesnis miškinio pelėžirnio stiebo aukštis teigiamai įtakojo ankščių (r=0,7539) ir sėklų skaičių (r = 0,6223). Stabiliausias iš tirtų rodiklių tyrimo metais buvo sėklapradžių (vid. 12,4 vnt.) skaičius ankštyje (V = 4,7), labiliausi – ankščių (vid. 21,6 vnt.; V = 36,5) ir subrandintų sėklų skaičiaus (vid. 151,1 vnt., V = 39,8) rodikliai. Miškinio pelėžirnio atsparumas netikrajai miltligei įtakojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Influence of downy mildew (Peronospora viciae (Berk) Caspary) on morfological and seed productivity parameters of different geographical origins flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) cenopopulations have been investigated in 2012-2013. Subject of the research – 12 flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) cenopopulations from different geographical origins of Lithuania, grown on equal agrotechnic conditions. Aim of the research – estimate an influence of downy mildew on flat pea morfological and seed produktivity parameters. Methodology – to evaluate stem height, number of inflorescence, pods, ovules per pod and pod productivity, one stalk of seed productivity of different flat pea coenopopulations. Resistance to downy mildew is rated by 5-point scale, impact of resistance on above listed parameters estimated using the statistics program STATISTICA 8. Results. The research data shows, that genotype of coenopopulation and meteorological conditions had a decisive influence on flat pea stem height, number of inflorescences and pod productivity. Height of stem influenced positively pod (r = 0,7539 ) and seed number (r = 0,6223 ). The most stabile from the investigated parameters were number of ovules (mean 12,4 pcs.) per pod (V = 4,7 ), most labile – number of pods (mean 21,6 pcs., V = 36,5 ) and the number of mature seeds (mean 151,1 pcs., V = 39.8). The flat pea resistance to downy mildew influenced such parameters as the number of pods, number ovules in pod and especially stem seeds... [to full text]

Bibliography: leaves 140-158 / ix, 158 leaves, [23] leaves of plates : ill., 1 map ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.1985) Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of Adelaide

Soybean development is affected by several factors. Fungal diseases are responsible for significant reductions on yield. In order to avoid these losses, fungicides must be used to control most of soybean diseases. The need of a profitable crop all strategies that reduce the negative impact on yield are being developed. The objective of this study was to determine the response of soybean varieties to disease control programs in different sowing dates. An experiment was carried out at the experimental station of Phytus Institute, Itaara/RS, in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul during 2011/2012 season. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial design with split plots (2x2x10). The experimental factors were two sowing dates, two varieties and ten control programs. The results indicated that three applications of mixtures prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin + ciproconazol controlled rust and powdery mildew of soybeans regardless of sowing date and cultivar. The use of protective programs increased yield. The data show that the sowing date has directly related to the productivity. / Na cultura da soja existem diversos fatores que afetam seu desenvolvimento. Dentre eles as doenças fúngicas são responsáveis por reduções significativas no rendimento final de grãos. Para que se evitem essas perdas, faz-se o uso de produtos químicos os quais apresentam controle para a maior parte das doenças da soja. Devido à necessidade de se ter uma lavoura com boa produtividade e altamente rentável tem-se buscado alternativas para eliminar esses fatores que limitam a produção. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a resposta de cultivares de soja a programas de controle de doenças em diferentes épocas de semeadura. Para isso foi realizado um experimento na área experimental do Instituto Phytus, no município de Itaara, região central do Rio Grande do Sul, na safra 2011/2012. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial com parcelas subsubdividídas (2x2x10), cujos fatores foram compostos por duas épocas de semeadura, duas cultivares e dez programas de controle de doenças. Os resultados dos programas de controle de doenças mostraram que três aplicações das misturas protioconazol + trifloxistrobina e ciproconazol + azoxistrobina apresentaram menores valores de ferrugem asiática e oídio da soja independentemente da época de semeadura e da cultivar utilizada. A utilização dos programas de controle resultou em incremento de produtividade da cultura, mostrando-se assim muito importantes no manejo da cultura. Os dados mostram que a época de semeadura influenciou diretamente na produtividade da cultura.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-01T14:00:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV17MA223.pdf: 188914 bytes, checksum: 40f42384c685cd1e290ca430e4ced46a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-01T14:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV17MA223.pdf: 188914 bytes, checksum: 40f42384c685cd1e290ca430e4ced46a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Capes / The foliar diseases of wheat reduce the area of the photosynthetic plant of the plant, compromising the yield of grains. The objective of this work was to obtain the intensity of foliar diseases, yield and hectoliter of grains in plants of the cultivars: i) TBIO Mestre sprayed with foliar fertilizers (FF) isolated and mixed with fungicides (harvest 2014); ii) TBIO Sinuelo sprayed with fungicides triazole, triazole + strobilurin and morpholine (harvest 2015); iii) the incidence and severity of the fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp tritici on plants sprayed with fungicides in the mode acton preventive and curative. Data were submitted to ANOVA and subsequent comparison of means by the Scott-Knott test or analysis of contrasts (p <0.05). Leaf rust and yellow spot were the predominant diseases in the cultivar TBIO Mestre. The mixture of FF and fungicides didn´t increase the control of rust and leaf spots, the yield and the hectoliter weight of the grains in relation to the isolated use of fungicides. Leaf rust and powdery mildew were the predominant diseases in the trial with the cultivar TBIO Sinuelo. The control of powdery mildew was verified in 40% with the morpholine spray, 41% with triazole and 56% with the triazole + strobilurin mixture. The rust control was 47% with triazoles, 93% with morpholine and 94% with the triazole + strobilurin mixtures. Powdery mildew was the predominant disease in the experiment with Marfim in Muitos Capões. Was detected 32% control of the mildew with the strobilurin + carboxamide mixture, 35% with dithiocarbamates, 68% with triazole + strobilurin and 74% with morpholine. The yellow spot was the predominant disease in the experiment conducted with wheat cultivar TBIO Toruk in Lages. The average control among the 13 fungicides with the greatest reduction of yellow spots AACPDS was 51%. In greenhouse, the pulverized fungicides presented average control of 68 % in preventive action and 56 % curative. It is suggested the control of powdery mildew with triazole + strobilurin, triazole + strobilurin + carboxamide or morpholine. The fungicides of the dithiocarbamate group and the strobilurin + carboxamide mixture don´t have effective control of powdery mildew. The spraying of fungicides resulted in higher grain yield in the four trials conducted in the 2014, 2015 and 2016 crops, with a mean of 669.75 kg ha-1 (18%), with a variation of 413 kg ha-1 (10%) in the cultivar TBIO Mestre in 2014, up to 1,027 kg ha-1 (31%) in the TBIO Sinuelo cultivar in 2015. The wheat grains harvested from the controls of the four field trials obtained 72 hectoliter compared to 76 in the pulverized fungicide / As doenças foliares do trigo reduzem a área foliar fotossintetizante da planta comprometendo o rendimento de grãos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram obter a intensidade de doenças foliares, rendimento e peso hectolitro de grãos em plantas dos cultivares: i) TBIO Mestre pulverizadas com fertilizantes foliares (FF) isolados e em mistura com fungicidas (safra 2014); ii) TBIO Sinuelo pulverizadas com fungicidas triazol, triazol + estrobilurina e morfolina (safra 2015); iii) Marfim e TBIO Toruk pulverizadas com triazol + estrobilurina, triazol + estrobilurina + carboxamida, estrobilurina + carboxamida e ditiocarbamato (safra 2016) e iv) a incidência e severidade do fungo Blumeria graminis f.sp tritici em planats pulverizadas com fungicidas em modo de ação preventivo e curativo. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e posterior comparação de médias pelo teste Scott-Knott ou análise de contrastes (p<0,05). A ferrugem da folha e mancha amarela foram as doenças predominantes no cultivar TBIO Mestre. A mistura de FF e fungicidas não aumentou o controle de ferrugem e manchas foliares, o rendimento e peso hectolitro de grãos em comparação ao uso isolado de fungicidas. A ferrugem da folha e oídio foram as doenças predominantes no ensaio com o cultivar TBIO Sinuelo. Foi verificado controle de oídio em 40 % com a pulverização de morfolina, 41 % com triazois e 56 % com a mistura de triazol + estrobilurina. O controle de ferrugem foi de 47 % com triazóis, 93 % com morfolina e 94 % com as misturas de triazol + estrobilurina. O oídio foi a doença predominante no experimento com o cultivar Marfim em Muitos Capões. Foi detectado 32 % de controle do oídio com a mistura de estrobilurina + carboxamida, 35 % com ditiocarbamatos, 68 % com a mistura de triazol + estrobilurina e 74 % com morfolina. A mancha amarela foi a doença predominante no experimento conduzido com o cultivar de trigo TBIO Toruk em Lages. A média de controle entre os 13 fungicidas de maior redução da AACPDS de mancha amarela foi de 51 %. Em casa de vegetação, os fungicidas pulverizados apresentaram controle médio de 68 em ação preventiva e 56 % curativa. Sugere-se para controle de oídio fungicidas formulados com triazol + estrobilurina, triazol + estrobilurina + carboxamida ou morfolina. Fungicidas do grupo dos ditiocarbamatos e a mistura de estrobilurina + carboxamida não tem controle eficiente de oídio. A pulverização de fungicidas resultou em maior rendimento de grãos nos quatro ensaios realizados nas safras 2014, 2015 e 2016, com média de 669,75 kg ha-1 (18 %), com variação de 413 kg ha-1 (10 %) no cultivar TBIO Mestre em 2014, até 1.027 kg ha-1 (31 %) no cultivar TBIO Sinuelo em 2015. Os grãos de trigos colhidos nas testemunhas dos quatro ensaios de campo obtiveram 72 de PH médio em comparação a 76 nas parcelas pulverizadas com fungicidas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV13MA124.pdf: 862800 bytes, checksum: 52145904b06c7b90decb7d1ef575d2ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The fungicide application on the control of wheat foliar diseases increase the cost production and contribute to contaminate the environment, if unnecessary sprays would be made. The aim of this work was to analyse the available criteria to the technical assistance concerning to the decisive making about the moment of the fungicide application. The experiments were carried out at field, in the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in Lages, Santa Catarina State, with the Mirante cultivar wheat. Were tested the following criteria: 1) witness (without fungicide spraying); 2) 1% of incidence of plants; 3) 10% of incidence of plants; 4) 5% of foliar severity; 5) main stem with from five to six tillers; 6) first visible node; 7) third visible node; 8) Economic Damage Threshold (EDT). The reapplications were made based on the period of fungicide mixture protection of azoxystrobin + cyproconazol (60g + 24g a.i. ha-1) + propiconazol (125g a.i. ha-1). The experimental unities were composed by 1.5 x 5 m plots arranged in a randomized blocks design with four replications. The applications were made with a coastal sprayer with pressure generated by CO2 gas delivering 200 L ha-1. In the economic analysis was taken in account the cost of applications, the number of applications, the price of wheat, the disease intensity (area under the disease progress curve AUDPC), control effectiveness based on the intensity disease and components of yield (productivity, mass of one thousand grains and weight of the hectoliter). The data were submitted to ANOVA with means compared by the Tukey`s test. In the two growing seasons, leaf rust, yellow spot and powdery mildew were the predominant diseases. The AUDPC values showed that the criteria 1% and 10% of incidence of plants and from five to six tillers presented lower intensities of disease, with higher control and higher yields, however, they received from three to four applications. The EDT criteria received two to three applications and obtained intermediate values, as well as, the criteria of first visible node that presented intermediate values for the means of incidence and severity and also for the productivity. The criteria of third visible node and 5% of foliar severity began the chemical control later, receiving from one to two applications and showed higher means of incidence and severity, lower control, as well as, a lower productivity of grains / A aplicação de fungicidas no controle de doenças foliares do trigo aumenta o custo de produção e pode contribuir para contaminar o meio ambiente caso sejam feitas aplicações desnecessárias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os critérios disponíveis para a assistência técnica sobre a tomada de decisão para o momento da aplicação de fungicida. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no campo nas safras agrícolas de 2011 e 2012, em Lages, Santa Catarina, com a cultivar de trigo Mirante. Foram testados os seguintes critérios: 1) Testemunha (sem aplicação de fungicida); 2) 1% de incidência de plantas; 3) 10% de incidência de plantas; 4) 5% de severidade foliar; 5) Colmo principal com cinco a seis afilhos; 6) Primeiro nó visível; 7) Terceiro nó visível; e 8) Limiar de Dano Econômico (LDE). As reaplicações foram feitas com base no período de proteção da mistura dos fungicidas azoxistrobina + ciproconazole (60g + 24g de i.a. ha-1) + propiconazole (125g de i.a. ha-1). As unidades experimentais constaram de parcelas de 1,5 x 5 m arranjadas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As aplicações foram feitas com pulverizador costal com pressão gerada por gás CO2 para equivaler uma vazão de 200 L ha-1. Na análise econômica considerou-se o custo das aplicações, o número de aplicações, o preço do trigo, a intensidade de doenças (área abaixo da curva de progresso de doença - AACPD), a eficácia de controle com base na intensidade de doença e os componentes de rendimento (produtividade, massa de mil grãos e peso do hectolitro). Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Nas duas safras as doenças predominantes foram ferrugem da folha, mancha amarela e oídio. Os valores da AACPD demonstraram que os critérios 1% e 10% de incidência em planta e cinco a seis afilhos apresentaram menores intensidades de doença, com maior controle e maiores produtividades, porém receberam de três a quatro aplicações. Os critérios do primeiro nó visível e LDE receberam de duas a três aplicações e apresentaram valores intermediários para incidência, 8 severidade e produtividade. Os critérios do terceiro nó visível e 5% de severidade foliar iniciaram o controle químico mais tardiamente, recebendo de uma a duas aplicações e demonstraram maiores médias de incidência e severidade, menor controle, bem como menor produtividade de grãos

A região noroeste do estado de São Paulo é um importante pólo produtor de uvas de mesa, porém possui condições ambientais muito propícias à ocorrência de doenças fúngicas durante todo o ciclo da videira. Alternativas como o uso de coberturas plásticas e de sistemas de alerta fitossanitário têm se mostrado bastante vantajosas para tal, porém, ainda com poucos estudos sobre isso na região. Deste modo, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficácia de sistemas de alerta fitossanitário no controle do míldio (Plasmopara viticola) em videiras cultivadas sob coberturas plásticas, e, consequentemente, na produtividade e na qualidade das uvas, no Noroeste Paulista. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Viticultura Tropical (EVT) da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, localizada no município de Jales, SP, durante os anos de 2012 e 2013. Foram conduzidas três ruas de 120 m de videiras, cultivar apirênica \'BRS Morena\', em espaçamento de 3,0 m entre plantas. Metade do vinhedo foi coberto com filme plástico de polipropileno trançado sobre estrutura metálica em forma de arco (PPT) e a outra metade com tela preta, com 18% de sombreamento (TP18%). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados compostos por cinco tratamentos, com seis repetições por ambiente coberto. Os tratamentos foram determinados a partir de diferentes manejos de controle do míldio da videira: TE - Testemunha (sem controle fitossanitário para o míldio); CA - Controle convencional (calendário); BA - Alerta fitossanitário denominado \'Regra 3-10\' (BALDACCI et al., 1947); MA25 - Alerta fitossanitário com eficiência de infecção baixa - i0 > 25% (MADDEN et al., 2000); e MA75 - Alerta fitossanitário com eficiência de infecção alta - i0 >75% (MADDEN et al., 2000). De acordo com os resultados, sob o PPT a transmissividade média da radiação solar global foi de 82,4% em 2012 e 67,3% em 2013 e sob a TP18%, da ordem de 90% nos dois anos estudados. Os ambientes sob as coberturas apresentaram temperaturas máximas do ar superiores aos valores observados a céu aberto, sendo as diferenças da ordem de 0,7 °C sob ao PPT e de 1,0 °C sob a TP18%. Sob o PPT, a duração do período de molhamento foliar foi 34% superior do que sob TP18%. Os tratamentos baseados nos sistemas de alertas fitossanitários (BA, MA25 e MA75) revelaram níveis baixos de severidade do míldio da videira sob PPT, semelhantes aos verificados no tratamento com base no calendário (CA). Os tratamentos BA, MA25 e MA75 sob TP18% indicaram um número de pulverizações similar aos realizados sob o PPT, porém foram menos eficientes em relação a CA. Houve uma significativa redução no número de pulverizações entre o tratamento CA e os tratamentos BA, MA25 e MA75, da ordem de 70%. As videiras, sob o PPT, pulverizadas com base em BA, MA25 e MA75 apresentaram características produtivas e qualitativas semelhantes às das videiras pulverizadas de acordo com CA. Conclui-se que o cultivo de videiras sob cobertura plástica de polipropileno, aliado à adoção de sistemas de alertas fitossanitários, resultou em excelentes níveis de controle do míldio da videira no Noroeste Paulista. / The Northwest region of the state of São Paulo is one of the main producers of table grapes in Brazil, however has a very favorable environmental conditions to fungal diseases during the growing season. The use of disease warning systems and plastic covers are promising alternatives for disease control, but there are not many researches about that in this region of the state. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of warning systems for managing downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in vineyards cultivated under plastic coverings, and, consequently, their impact on vine productivity and quality, in the northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the EMBRAPA - Tropical Viticulture Experimental Station (EVT/Embrapa Uva e Vinho), located in Jales, SP, Brazil. Three rows of 120 m of the seedless grape cultivar \'BRS Morena\', spaced with 3.0 m between plants were conducted during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Half of the vineyard was covered with braided polypropylene plastic film installed over a metallic arc-shaped structure (PPT) and the other half with black screen, with 18% of shading (TP18%). The experimental design was randomized blocks composed of five treatments, with six repetitions per covered environment. The treatments were defined by the different grapevine downy mildew management : (TE) Control (no sprays against downy mildew); (CA) Conventional control (calendar); (BA) Warning system \'Rule 3-10\' (BALDACCI et al., 1947); (MA25) Warning system with low-infection efficiency - i0 > 25% (MADDEN et al., 2000); and (MA75) Warning system with high infection efficiency - i0 > 75% (MADDEN et al., 2000). According to the results, under the PPT the average global solar radiation transmissivity was 82.4% in 2012 and 67.3% in 2013 and under TP18%, around 90% along the two growing seasons. The microclimate under the plastic covers showed maximum air temperatures higher than the values observed in the external environment, and the differences was around 0.7 °C under the PPT and 1.0 °C under TP18%. In the PPT, leaf wetness duration (LWD) was about 34% higher in relation to the TP18%. The treatments based on warning systems (BA, MA25 and MA75) revealed low levels of severity of grapevine downy mildew under PPT, similar to those observed in the treatment based on a calendar spray (CA). The treatments BA, MA25 and MA75 under TP18% indicated a number of sprays similar to those obtained under the PPT, but less efficient in relation to the CA. There was a significant reduction in the number of sprays between the CA and BA, MA25 and MA75 treatments, about 70%. The vines under the PPT and sprayed based on BA, MA25 and MA75 had productive and quality characteristics similar to those sprayed according to the CA. It is concluded that the association of cultivation under polypropylene plastic cover and the use of disease warning systems resulted in excellent levels of downy mildew control in vineyards in the Northwest region of São Paulo state.

O meloeiro (Cucumis melo L.) é uma cultura de grande importância econômica para o comércio de exportação brasileiro e é cultivada principalmente na região Nordeste. A produção da cultura pode ser limitada por uma doença das partes aéreas, denominada oídio, sendo no Brasil, causada pelo fungo Podosphaera xanthii. Este patógeno apresenta diversas raças definidas com base na reação de um conjunto de cultivares diferenciadoras de meloeiro. Dentre estes genótipos, o acesso PI 414723 é resistente à maior parte das raças e a linhagem Védrantais é suscetível. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (i) estudar a herança da resistência às raças 1, 3 e 5 de P. xanthii em indivíduos da geração F2 do cruzamento PI 414723 x Védrantais e (ii) mapear os genes de resistência a estas raças com base em marcadores de polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos amplificados (AFLP), de repetições de sequências simples (SSR) e análogos de genes de resistência (RGA) também nesta população. A herança da resistência foi analisada em 87 indivíduos F2 cultivados em condições de casa-de-vegetação. As três raças foram inoculadas em seis regiões eqüidistantes da nervura central em quatro folhas de cada planta. Plantas foram classificadas como resistentes ou suscetíveis com base em avaliações visuais do desenvolvimento do fungo nas folhas. As plantas foram classificadas como suscetíveis quando houve reprodução abundante de conídios e resistentes quando a reprodução foi inexistente ou escassa. Frequências de indivíduos resistentes e suscetíveis indicaram que a resistência às três raças é controlada por um gene dominante de efeito maior. Um mapa genético foi construído compreendendo 1.469 cM, consistindo de 207 marcadores (139 AFLP, 47 SSR, 18 RGA e três fenotípicos) e com uma distância média de 7,4 cM entre marcadores distribuídos em 12 grupos de ligação. Análises de co-segregação com marcadores indicaram que os genes de resistência estão localizados no grupo de ligação II. Em adição a isto, as análises indicaram ligação completa entre os genes de resistência às raças 1 e 5, sendo este gene denominado Pm-x1.5. Já o gene de resistência à raça 3 (Pm-x3) foi localizado a 5,1 cM dos demais. Um marcador AFLP (H35M75_156) foi localizado entre os dois genes a 1,3 cM de Pm-x1.5 e 3,8 cM de Pm-x3. Este é o primeiro relato da localização genética de genes de resistência às raças 3 e 5 em PI 414723 e também o primeiro relato do mapeamento de marcadores RGA gerados pela técnica TRAP em meloeiro. / Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a crop of great economic importance for the export trade in Brazil and is cultivated mainly in the Northeast. Crop yield can be affected by a disease of the aerial parts, called powdery mildew that in Brazil is caused by the fungus Podosphaera xanthii. This pathogen has several races characterized based on the reaction of a set of differential melon cultivars. Among these genotypes, the plant introgression PI 414723 is resistant to most races and the breeding line Védrantais is susceptible. This study aimed to: (i) study the inheritance of resistance to races 1, 3 and 5 of P. xanthii in the F2 generation from the cross PI 414723 x Védrantais, and (ii) map resistance genes to these races in this same population based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and resistance gene analog (RGA) markers. The inheritance of resistance was analyzed on 87 F2 individuals grown under greenhouse conditions. The three races were inoculated simultaneously on four leaves of each plant. Plants were classified as resistant or susceptible based on visual assessments of fungal growth on the leaves. Plants were considered susceptible when there was abundant production of conidia and resistant when the production was scarce or non-existent. The frequencies of resistant and susceptible individuals indicated that resistance to all three races is controlled by a dominant major gene. A genetic map was constructed comprising 1469 cM, consisting of 207 markers (139 AFLP, 47 SSR, 18 RGA, and three phenotypic) with an average distance of 7.4 cM between markers distributed in 12 linkage groups. Co-segregation analysis with markers indicated that the resistance genes are located on linkage group II. Moreover, the analysis indicated complete linkage between resistance to races 1 and 5, and this gene was denominated Pm-x1.5. The gene for resistance to race 3 (Pm-x3) was located at 5.1 cM from Pmx1.5. An AFLP marker (H35M75_156) was located between the two genes at 1.3 cM from Pmx1.5 and 3.8 cM from Pm-x3. These is the first report on the location of resistance genes to races 3 and 5 in PI 414723, and also the first report of RGA markers mapping using the TRAP technique in melon.

Un déploiement optimal de variétés résistantes nécessite une excellente connaissance des relations entre la vigne et P. viticola. Ces connaissances fondamentales pourront ensuite alimenter les stratégies pour le développement de variétés durablement résistantes au vignoble. Bianca est une variété de vigne résistante au mildiou qui possède le gène résistance Rpv3. Cette variété est résistante à la plupart des souches de P. viticola. Cependant, une souche virulente capable de l’infecter a été isolée. Dans ce projet, un pathosystème original, fondé sur la variété Bianca confrontée à une souche avirulente et à une souche virulente de P. viticola, a été utilisé pour obtenir une image complète de l'impact sur la vigne de l'infection par P. viticola en situation compatible et incompatible, en combinant des études de physiopathologie avec des analyses métabolomiques par spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution et par résonance magnétique nucléaire. Parallèlement, l'identification de métabolites et de séquences géniques spécifiques de P. viticola a permis le développement de méthodes de suivi dynamique de l'infection, grâce à la PCR quantitative et à la quantification de lipides caractéristiques de l'agent pathogène. / Optimal deployment of resistant varieties requires an excellent knowledge of the relationship between grapevine and P. viticola. This fundamental knowledge can then feed the strategies for the development of grapevine varieties with sustainable resistance. Bianca is a downy mildew-resistant grapevine variety, due its Rpv3 resistance gene. This variety is resistant to most strains of P. viticola. However, a virulent strain capable of infecting Bianca has recently been isolated. In this project, we use this original pathosystem to obtain a complete picture of the impact P. viticola infection on grapevine, by combining physiopathological studies with metabolomic analyses. In addition, the identification of specific metabolites and gene sequences from P. viticola has allowed the development of original methods for dynamic monitoring of the infection process, through quantitative PCR and quantification of specific lipids.

Comment concilier productivité et réduction de l'usage des pesticides ? Le développement de l'oïdium, maladie majeure en viticulture, peut être limité (service de régulation de l'oïdium) par un faible niveau de développement végétatif de la vigne associé à une forte porosité du couvert. Or, de telles caractéristiques limitent également la quantité de rayonnement intercepté par la vigne, et donc la production de biomasse par photosynthèse, et finalement le rendement (service d'approvisionnement). Peut-on augmenter la régulation de l'oïdium sans diminuer le rendement de la vigne ? Autrement dit, existe-t-il une relation de compromis entre ces deux services ? Pour répondre à cette question, deux expérimentations ont été mobilisées : une expérimentation au champ réalisée près de Montpellier de 2010 à 2012 (Syrah), et un réseau de témoins non traités suivis par l'IFV dans la région de Bordeaux de 2007 à 2013. L'analyse des données issues de ces expérimentations a permis de montrer (i) que l'effet des stress hydrique et azoté sur la formation des inflorescences dans les bourgeons latents à la floraison de l'année n-1 détermine 65 à 70 \% du rendement de la vigne lors de l'année n ; (ii) que l'effet du développement végétatif de la vigne sur le développement de l'oïdium n'est significatif que dans le cas d'épidémies de précocité moyenne, dont les premiers symptômes ont été détectés sur feuilles entre la floraison et la fermeture de la grappe. Le développement végétatif de la vigne à la floraison est donc un indicateur pertinent du service de régulation de l'oïdium. Ces résultats ont ensuite permis de confirmer expérimentalement l'hypothèse de l'existence d'un compromis entre rendement de la vigne et régulation de l'oïdium et d'identifier le stress hydrique à la floraison comme un déterminant partagé de ces deux services. Ce dernier point a alors été transcrit dans un modèle simple dans lequel le rendement de la vigne de l'année n dépend principalement de l'année n-1, et le développement végétatif dépend seulement de l'année n. L'analyse des propriétés mathématiques de ce modèle a permis de montrer que la réalisation de compromis favorables entre ces deux services (i.e. un fort niveau des deux services) est possible mais déterminée par l'occurrence de séquences climatiques particulières (une année humide suivie d'une année sèche). Ainsi, les compromis favorables ne peuvent être atteints deux années consécutives et ne sont donc pas stables dans le temps. Les règles de décisions d'application des traitements phytosanitaires pourraient ainsi être adaptées en fonction de la variabilité climatique inter-annuelle et de ses conséquences sur les compromis entre le rendement de la vigne et la régulation des maladies cryptogamiques. / How to combine crop productivity and reduction in pesticide use ? A reduction in plant growth and an increase in crop canopy porosity has been shown to limit the development of the grapevine powdery mildew (powdery mildew regulation service), which is a major disease in viticulture. However, this could also limit grapevine yield through a reduction in light interception and biomass production through photosynthesis. Can regulation of powdery mildew be increased without grapevine yield impairment ? In other words, do these two services trade off ? To address this question, two experiments were used. A field experiment was conducted in Montpellier from 2010 to 2012 on Shiraz, and a network of non-sprayed vineyard plots was monitored by the French Institute of Vine and wine in the Bordeaux region from 2007 to 2013. Data analyses showed that: (i) 65 to 70 \% of grapevine yield in year n were determined by the effect of water and nitrogen stresses on inflorescence formation in the latent buds at flowering in year n-1; (ii) the effect of grapevine vegetative development on powdery mildew depended on epidemic earliness and was significant only when first symptoms were detected on leaves between flowering and bunch closure. Grapevine vegetative development at flowering was therefore a relevant indicator of the powdery mildew regulation service. Based on these results, the hypothesis of a trade-off between grapevine yield and powdery mildew regulation was experimentally confirmed and water stress at flowering was identified as a shared driver of these two services. Then, a simple model was built that accounted for the effect of water stress at flowering on the two services, where grapevine yield depended mostly on year n-1 and grapevine vegetative development depended only on year n conditions. Analysis of the model's mathematical properties showed that "win-win" scenarios (high level of both services) did exist and were reached when specific climatic sequences occured (a wet year followed by a dry year). The "win-win" scenarios could not be reached two consecutive years and were therefore temporally unstable. Decision rules for pesticides application may be adapted in function of the inter-annual climatic variability and its effect on the trade-off between grapevine yield and regulation powdery mildew.

The agriculture sectors in Canada are highly vulnerable to a wide range of inter-related weather risks linked to seasonal climate variability (e.g., El Ni ̃no Southern Oscillation(ENSO)), short-term extreme weather events (e.g., heatwaves), and emergent disease(e.g., grape powdery mildew). All of these weather-related risks can cause severe crop losses to agricultural crop yield and crop quality as Canada grows a wide range of farm products, and the changing weather conditions mainly drive farming practices. This dissertation presents three machine learning-based statistical models to assess the weather risks on the Canadian agriculture regions and to provide reliable risk forecasting to improve the decision-making of Canadian agricultural producers in farming practices. The first study presents a multi-scale, cluster-based Principal Component Analysis(PCA) approach to assess the potential seasonal impacts of ENSO to spring wheat and barley on agricultural census regions across the Canada prairies areas. Model prediction skills for annual wheat and barley yield have examined in multi-scale from spatial cluster approaches. The ’best’ spatial models were used to define spatial patterns of ENSO forcing on wheat and barley yields. The model comparison of our spatial model to non-spatial models shows spatial clustering and ENSO forcing have increase model performance of prediction skills in forecasting future cereal crop production. The second study presents a copula-Bayesian network approach to assess the impact of extreme high-temperature events (heatwave events) on the developments of regional crops across the Canada agricultural regions at the eco-district-scale. Relevantweather variables and heatwave variables during heatwave periods have identified and used as input variables for model learning. Both a copula-Bayesian network and Gaussian-based network modeling approach is evaluated and inter-compared. The copula approach based on ’vine copulas’ generated the most accurate predictions of heatwave occurrence as a driver of crop heat stress. The last study presents a stochastic, hybrid-Bayesian machine-learning approach to explore the complex causal relationships between weather, pathogen, and host for grape powdery mildew in an experimental farm in Quebec, Canada. This study explores a high-performance network model for daily disease risk forecast by using estimated development factors of pathogen and host from recorded daily weather variables. A fungicide strategy for disease control has presented by using the model outputs and forecasted future weather variability. The dissertation findings are beneficial to Canada’s agricultural sector. The inter-related weather risks explored by the three separate studies in multi-scales provide a better understanding of the interactions between changing weather conditions, extreme weather, and crop production. The research showcases new insights, methods, and tools for minimizing risk in agricultural decision-making / Graduate / 2021-08-19