This report describes the MileageAIDE system for recording the business mileage of a vehicle. The system consists of a mobile application for an Android phone and a hardware device connected to the vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostic port (OBD-II). The two interact via Bluetooth to record the time and odometer value for every trip in the vehicle and remind the user to classify the trip as business or personal. The result is a system that is easy to install, easy to use, inexpensive and keeps detailed and accurate records that are acceptable for reporting to an employer for reimbursement or as business expenses on a tax return. / text

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This report contains a study of ink mileage, show through and other mechanisms that are important inthe study of substrate printability. These mechanisms have an impact on how ink will react on paper.To develop a substrate that provides good ink mileage and less show through requires a closer studyof substrate characteristics.Substrates with different characteristics have been tested by a technique developed for this projectcalled modified ink mileage. Ink mileage is a method to determine how much ink that is required for acertain target density. Further tests on the same substrates have been done including print throughand surface roughness measurements.

Abstract A great deal of research in transportation economics has been motivated by the need to solve traffic congestion problems and to diminish negative environmental effects of road transport. The question, whether the economic measures are efficient, motivates this dissertation on the value of travel time, the rules of optimal pricing and the demands for public transportation and private car use. Three concepts of the marginal value of travel time (MVT) are specified in this thesis. The first concept involves only the direct disutility of the travel time to work in addition to the utility of market goods and leisure. The second concept also includes the disutility from the time spent at work. The third concept furthermore takes into account the effect of the length of working hours, travel time, cost and income. The length of travel time, gender, family structure and flexibility of working hours have different effects on empirical MVTs, but travel costs and income affect them in a similar fashion. The pricing decisions of the firms providing bus services are analysed with and without public subsidies. The consumption externality, i.e. the quantity demanded by other users, affects the individual bus demand. The results indicate that under uniform pricing, a socially optimal subsidy equals the increase in consumer's surplus minus the fare revenue lost from current users due to lower fare. Under nonlinear pricing, the optimal pricing can be achieved when the regulator sets the subsidy so that it is inversely proportional to the network elasticity. The welfare loss due to increasing tax burden and the opportunity cost of providing cash fare service is also taken into account in the optimal pricing rule. A model of bus demand with asymmetric information on the characteristics of bus users is developed. The model allows for habit formation and network effects. The latter effect is due to the positive influence of the aggregate demand for Regional Bus Cards (RBC) on an individual's own demand. The empirical results indicate that in RBC services positive network effects are present and the elasticity of network size is less than one, which implies that the regional bus card is an impure public good. The own price elasticity of RBC in the short run is within the range of -0.3 and -1.1. The demand for RBC cards is more elastic than demand for RBC trips or passenger kilometres. The estimated price elasticity of urban bus demand is in line with that of RBC. A reasonably high cross-price elasticity of RBC trips and the ticket of 40 trips but a lower reverse elasticity were found. A weakly separable demand for car mileage from car ownership and labour supply was rejected as was the exogeneity of car ownership in the mileage model. Therefore, the price elasticity of car mileage with respect to fuel price was estimated from the two equation model of car mileage with endogenous car ownership. The estimated parameters of the Tobit model are consistent but slightly higher than those estimated from the least squares. The fuel price elasticity varies from -0.2 to -0.9 with exogenous and endogenous car ownership, respectively. The findings of this study can be applied in the analysis and implementation of different pricing and subsidy schemes for public transportation, as well as in the evaluation of the effectiveness of economic instruments for managing the growth of private car use.

Artificial insemination of dairy cattle is one of the recent enterprises of dairymen in this area. It is an enterprise which has expanded rapidly and will likely continue to expand during the next few years. In this area the technician or inseminator collects from $6.00 to $10.00 at the time of first service. This entitles the dairyman to two repeat inseminations for that cow, if necessary, to get the cow pregnant. Of this amount the technician receives $2.75. A bonus payment is made so that technicians inseminating fewer than 500 cows receive a total payment of $3.60. The bonus payment per cow decreases gradually until at 1500 or more cows, no bonus is paid. Payment to the technician is intended to include the value of his time and the mileage necessary to either impregnate the cow or inseminate her three times. Mileage per first service may be affected by size and shape of the area in which a technician operates. The pattern of cow distribution where cows are located in and around the communities may affect mileage. This mileage may be different than in an area with a block pattern of roads with cows located on the farms in all parts of the area. In many of the technician units a small number of first service may be different than in those units where a large number of cows are inseminated. This study was undertaken to determine the mileage traveled to impregnate a cow as affected by the number of first services in a year. The relation of mileage to shape of are serviced by a technician and the number of first services within a year were also studied.

In a previous paper, we analyzed accidents of pedelec riders in 2019 and examined possible changes over the past years. We found that pedelec accidents still essentially resemble the classic two-wheeler accident characteristics, with certain specifics (e.g., higher age of riders involved in an accident, higher proportion of single-bicycle accidents, higher proportion of out-of-town accidents). Even though the number of pedelecs and pedelec accidents has increased in recent years, no qualitative changes in the characteristics of accidents compared to previous years seem to have occurred. We now have a large data base of riders and accidents and new data sources that offer the possibility for calculating accident risks by mileage-based analyses. In addition to absolute accident numbers, relative accident parameters are of particular interest for accident research and prevention. Using the same amount of physical effort pedelecs can be used to cover longer distances than bicycles. At the same time, longer distances increase the probability of being involved in an accident. On average, pedelec users cover 1.8 times as many kilometers per day as bicycle users do. We now have nationally representative data on the mileage of pedelec riders, so we can calculate mileage-based accident risks and get new insight into pedelec accidents. For comparison the accident risks of bicycle riders are used.

Many companies have traveling salesmen that market and sell their products.This results in much traveling by car due to the daily customer visits. Thiscauses costs for the company, in form of travel expenses compensation, and environmentaleffects, in form of carbon dioxide pollution. As many companies arecertified according to environmental management systems, such as ISO 14001,the environmental work becomes more and more important as the environmentalconsciousness increases every day for companies, authorities and public.The main task of this thesis is to compute reasonable limits on the mileage ofthe salesmen; these limits are based on specific conditions for each salesman’sdistrict. The objective is to implement a heuristic algorithm that optimizes thecustomer tours for an arbitrary chosen month, which will represent a “standard”month. The output of the algorithm, the computed distances, will constitute amileage limit for the salesman.The algorithm consists of a constructive heuristic that builds an initial solution,which is modified if infeasible. This solution is then improved by a local searchalgorithm preceding a genetic algorithm, which task is to improve the toursseparately.This method for computing mileage limits for traveling salesmen generates goodsolutions in form of realistic tours. The mileage limits could be improved if theinput data were more accurate and adjusted to each district, but the suggestedmethod does what it is supposed to do.

<p>Many companies have traveling salesmen that market and sell their products.This results in much traveling by car due to the daily customer visits. Thiscauses costs for the company, in form of travel expenses compensation, and environmentaleffects, in form of carbon dioxide pollution. As many companies arecertified according to environmental management systems, such as ISO 14001,the environmental work becomes more and more important as the environmentalconsciousness increases every day for companies, authorities and public.The main task of this thesis is to compute reasonable limits on the mileage ofthe salesmen; these limits are based on specific conditions for each salesman’sdistrict. The objective is to implement a heuristic algorithm that optimizes thecustomer tours for an arbitrary chosen month, which will represent a “standard”month. The output of the algorithm, the computed distances, will constitute amileage limit for the salesman.The algorithm consists of a constructive heuristic that builds an initial solution,which is modified if infeasible. This solution is then improved by a local searchalgorithm preceding a genetic algorithm, which task is to improve the toursseparately.This method for computing mileage limits for traveling salesmen generates goodsolutions in form of realistic tours. The mileage limits could be improved if theinput data were more accurate and adjusted to each district, but the suggestedmethod does what it is supposed to do.</p>

Motor fuel taxes have been collected as a principal source of highway funding for close to a century. They account for approximately two thirds of all the highway user fees and about half of all highway expenditures. Federal fuel taxes have not kept pace with the inflation in general and increasing traffic demand and resulting construction, maintenance and operation costs of the transportation assets in particular. Lack of political will, combined with rising anti-tax sentiment among the populace, has kept the federal tax level not only well below its initial intents, but also at a unsustainable level in future. Mileage based user fees are possibly an alternative to the fuel taxes, which have been the main mechanism for funding the transportation system. Mileage based user fees have been successfully utilized in many parts of the world with glowing results. Germany‟s “TollCollect”, a quasi government enterprise has utilized GPS technology in collecting the users‟ fee from the truck operators. The system has been a financial engine providing much needed funding for many major transportation projects. Oregon Department of Transportation, in a federally co-funded pilot project, examined the practicality of the mileage based user fee collection at the fuel pumps. According to the Oregon study, there are not any major technical difficulties in mileage based user fee collection at the pump. Study participants (general motorist) did not express any objection to the mileage based user fee collection. This dissertation evaluates revenue impacts of several pricing policies including: Current per gallon fuel taxes, conversion to a mileage based user fee, time of day user fee application, iv area type user fee and congestion priced user fees. State of Florida‟s years 2015-2035 fuel revenue forecast is used as a case study. A model is constructed to estimate annual vehicle miles travelled for the analyses period. Fuel efficiencies, current per gallon fuel taxes and their corresponding mileage-based user fee equivalents are the input to a financial model developed for comparisons. Results demonstrate that decrease in fuel revenues due to vehicles fuel efficiency improvements can be offset by replacing current per gallon fuel taxes with a mileage-based user fee. Pricing the user fee according to area type, roadway classification, time of day and congestion level can not only generate more revenues but also assist in demand management.

The automotive market is one of the most highly sensitive spheres of business, which reacts sensitively to fluctuations in the external environment. Ekaterinburg presents all the leading leading automotive brands of Russian and foreign manufacturers, which leads to a high level of competition, both at the level of automobile brands and at the level of competition between dealer centers representing one brand, but belonging to different automobile holdings. The relevance of the research topic is conditioned by the possibility of diversifying the directions of the automobile enterprise, which allows to obtain a competitive advantage and, ultimately, to surpass similar companies on the market by opening a new specialized car showroom with mileage. Practical significance of the study Based on the results of a comprehensive marketing research of consumers' preferences and conducted sociological survey, the development trends of the Russian market of cars with mileage have been revealed and the necessity of opening a car dealership in Yekaterinburg has been proved. The method of forming the price of a car dealership for cars with a mileage is proposed, taking into account the cost of the following stages of preparing the car for sale: determining the input price, pre-sale preparation, determining the liquidity of the model / brand, having an extended warranty, carrying out transactions involving the programs of importers of authorized dealers. Structure of work The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used. The work contains 116 pages, 5 tables, 47 drawings and 1 appendix. The first chapter of the dissertation examines the main theoretical approaches to business planning, the proposed forms of business plans adopted for use in Russian and foreign practice, as well as examples of business planning in the automotive industry. In the second chapter, an analysis of the dynamics of the automotive market in Russia in 2014-2016, as well as an analysis of trends based on data on the sale of cars in 2017, presents the results of a marketing study of consumer preferences in the field of cars in Ekaterinburg. In the third chapter, the key characteristics for the organization of sales of cars with mileage are determined, the business plan of a new car showroom with mileage has been calculated, the analyst of the formation of prices for cars has been carried out, a method for the formation of prices for cars with a mileage for a motor show has been proposed. The structure of the work corresponds to the stated goal of the thesis. / Автомобильный рынок - одна из самых высокочувствительных сфер бизнеса, которая чутко реагирует на колебания внешней среды. В Екатеринбурге представлены все основные ведущие автомобильные бренды российских и зарубежных производителей, что ведет к высокому уровню конкуренции, как на уровне автомобильных брендов, так и на уровне конкуренции между дилерскими центрами, представляющими один бренд, но принадлежащими разным автомобильным холдингам. Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена возможностью диверсификации направлений автомобильного предприятия, которая позволяет получить конкурентное преимущество и, в конечном итоге, превзойти аналогичные компании на рынке при помощи открытия нового специализированного автосалона автомобилей с пробегом. Практическая значимость исследования По результатам комплексного маркетингового исследования предпочтений потребителей и проведенного социологического опроса, выявлены тенденции развития российского рынка автомобилей с пробегом и доказана необходимость открытия в Екатеринбурге автосалона автомобилей с пробегом. Предложен метод формирования цены автосалона на автомобили с пробегом, с учетом стоимости следующих этапов подготовки автомобиля к продаже: определение входной цены, проведение предпродажной подготовки, определение ликвидности модели/марки, наличие продленной гарантии, проведение сделки с участием программ импортеров официальных дилеров. Структура работы Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трёх глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. Работа содержит 116 страниц, 5 таблиц, 47 рисунков и 1 приложение. В первой главе диссертации рассматриваются основные теоретические подходы к бизнес-планированию, предлагаемые формы бизнес-планов, принятые к использованию в российской и зарубежной практике, а также рассмотрены примеры бизнес-планирования в предприятиях автомобильной отрасли. Во второй главе проведен анализ динамики автомобильного рынка России в 2014-2016 гг., а также представлен анализ тенденций на основе данных по реализации автомобилей в 2017 г., представлены результаты проведенного маркетингового исследования предпочтений потребителей в сфере легкового автотранспорта г. Екатеринбурга. В третьей главе определены ключевые характеристики для организации продаж автомобилей с пробегом, произведен расчет бизнес-плана нового автосалона автомобилей с пробегом, проведена аналитика формирования цен на автомобили пробегом, предложен метод формирования цены на автомобили с пробегом для автосалона. Структура работы соответствует заявленной цели диссертации.