Thesis (M.S. in Modeling, Virtual Environments, and Simulation)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Wolfgang Baer, David W. Laflam. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-63). Also available online.

World War II profoundly impacted Florida. The military geography of the State is essential to an understanding the war. The geostrategic concerns of place and space determined that Florida would become a statewide military base. Florida’s attributes of place such as climate and topography determined its use as a military academy hosting over two million soldiers, nearly 15 percent of the GI Army, the largest force theUS ever raised. One-in-eight Floridians went into uniform. Equally,Florida’s space on the planet made it central for both defensive and offensive strategies. The Second World War was a war of movement, and Florida was a major jump off point forUSforce projection world-wide, especially of air power. Florida’s demography facilitated its use as a base camp for the assembly and engagement of this military power. In 1940, less than two percent of the US population lived in Florida, a quiet, barely populated backwater of the United States.[1] But owing to its critical place and space, over the next few years it became a 65,000 square mile training ground, supply dump, and embarkation site vital to the US war effort. Because of its place astride some of the most important sea lanes in the Atlantic World,Florida was the scene of one of the few Western Hemisphere battles of the war. The militarization ofFloridabegan long before Pearl Harbor. The pre-war buildup conformed to theUSstrategy of the war. The strategy of theUS was then (and remains today) one of forward defense: harden the frontier, then take the battle to the enemy, rather than fight them inNorth America. The policy of “Europe First,” focused the main US war effort on the defeat of Hitler’sGermany, evaluated to be the most dangerous enemy. In Florida were established the military forces requiring the longest time to develop, and most needed to defeat the Axis. Those were a naval aviation force for sea-borne hostilities, a heavy bombing force for reducing enemy industrial states, and an aerial logistics train for overseas supply of expeditionary campaigns. The unique Florida coastline made possible the seaborne invasion training demanded for USvictory. The civilian population was employed assembling mass-produced first-generation container ships, while Floridahosted casualties, Prisoners-of-War, and transient personnel moving between the Atlantic and Pacific. By the end of hostilities and the lifting of Unlimited Emergency, officially on December 31, 1946, Floridahad become a transportation nexus. Florida accommodated a return of demobilized soldiers, a migration of displaced persons, and evolved into a modern veterans’ colonia. It was instrumental in fashioning the modern US military, while remaining a center of the active National Defense establishment. Those are the themes of this work. [1] US Census of Florida 1940. Table 4 – Race, By Nativity and Sex, For the State. 14.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2007. / Vita. Appendix: leaves 139-177. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-182).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2007. / Vita. Appendix: leaves 139-177. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-182).

O presente trabalho apresenta as questões a cerca da Geografia Militar e da Questão da Defesa do território nacional, estabelecendo uma profunda relação entre elas. Sobre o primeiro conceito, a Geografia Militar, construímos uma linha teórica que apresenta a ideia de que a necessidade de se defender ou de atacar passa pela questão do espaço geográfico e da história. A Geografia Militar no Brasil pode ser analisada a partir dos antigos relatos e documentos sobre batalhas se estruturando uma pequena história da geografia militar no Brasil. A influência da política portuguesa e ibérica nas movimentações do território colonial é um verdadeiro vertedouro de pequenos debates envolvendo a geografia geral e a geografia do teatro de operações de Guerra. No século XIX, nasce a Geografia Militar como disciplina e mais tarde como campo de estudo das ciências militares, sendo amplamente modernizada pelo desenvolvimento da Geografia Geral. Depois da Guerra do Paraguai, a Geografia aparece no currículo dos cursos de formação dos oficiais brasileiros. No começo do século XX, Euclides da Cunha escreve Os Sertões e a geografia, a antropologia, estratégia e tática aparecem em muitos casos como centrais nas análises da Guerra de Canudos, se tornando a obra prima da Geografia Militar brasileira. No início do século XX, Paula Cidade traz a questão da Geografia Militar na discussão da modernização do exército nacional, mas a disciplina é preterida diante das questões Geopolíticas. Atualmente, diante da luta contra o imperialismo crescente, a questão da Geografia Militar se apresenta novamente. / The current work shows questions about the military geography and the defense of the national territory, establishing a deep relationship among them. Concerning the first concept, the military geography, we built a theoretical line that depicts the idea that the need to defend or attack involves the question of geographical space and history. Military geography in Brazil can be analysed beginning with ancient descriptions and documents about battles structuring a small history of the military geography in Brazil. The influence of the portuguese and iberian politics in the colonial territory is a real source of small debates involving general geography and the geography of the war theater of operations. In the 19th century, the military geography becomes an academic subject and later on a study field for military sciences, being widely modernized by the development of general geography. After the Paraguay war, geography becomes part of the study program for the brazilian officer graduation. Early in the twentieth century, Euclides da Cunha writes Rebellion in the Backlands (Os Sertões) and geography, anthropology , strategy and tactics get an outstanding importance in the analyses of the Canudos War (Guerra de Canudos), becoming the masterpiece of the brazilian military geography. Early in the twentieth century, Paula Cidade brings the military geography to the discussion of the modernization of the National Army, but this subject is left aside because of geopolitical questions. Nowadays, due to the fight against the growing imperialism, questions involving the military geography rise again.

O presente trabalho tem como propósito estabelecer parâmetros de um campo pouco estudado pela ciência geográfica, a geografia militar. O conceito da geografia militar está relacionado com aspecto histórico de cada lugar e não está relacionado a uma escola de pensamento específica, não só a escola de pensamento geográfico, mas às escolas de pensamento marciais, portanto o propósito central é aprimorar e expandir o arcabouço teórico e metodológico da própria geografia. Não se trata aqui de realizar uma história da geografia militar, mas o presente trabalho tem como finalidade demonstrar o papel da geografia como aspecto mais concreto do fenômeno da guerra, da logística, da estratégia e da inteligência. Os temas estratégicos, embora pouco freqüentes na pesquisa geográfica brasileira ultimamente, são cada vez mais comuns em outras áreas do conhecimento, notadamente entre economistas, administradores, e claro, cientistas políticos. A importância de estudarmos a geografia sobre estes aspectos nos permite detectar se a evolução desta ciência influenciou nas concepções da tática e da estratégia; a correspondente relação entre geoestratégia e geopolítica; analisar conflitos específicos como a guerrilha, o terrorismo, a guerra nuclear, a guerra tática e confrontos de outras ordens. A geografia militar está relacionada com a condução das operações militares. Por outro lado, a geopolítica está mais relacionada às estratégias, por ser mais ideológica do que prática, portanto a geografia militar é a prática que viabiliza a estratégia. Por fim, será feita uma análise na nova geografia militar empregada pelo novo imperialismo mundial. / This research aims to establish parameters of an area that was little studied by the geographical science, the military geography. The concept of the military geography is related to the historic aspect of each place and it is not related to an specific school of thought, not only to the school of geographical thought, but to the schools of martial thoughts, thus the central proposal is to improve and expand the theoretical and methodological frame of reference of the proper geographical science. This research aims to demonstrate the role of geography as a more concrete aspect of the war phenomenon, of logistics, of strategy and intelligence. The strategic themes, although less frequent in the Brazilian geographical research lately, are increasingly common in other areas of knowledge, especially among economists, administrators and certainly among political scientists. The importance of studying geography under these aspects allows us to detect if the evolution of this science influenced in the conceptions of tactic and strategy; the corresponding relationship between geo strategy and geopolitics; to analyze specific conflicts such as guerrilla, terrorism, nuclear war, the tactic war and confrontations of other natures. The military geography is related to the conduct of the military operations. On the other hand, geopolitics is more related to strategies because it is more ideological than practical, therefore the military geography is the practice that enables the strategy. Finally, we will analyze the new military geography employed by the new worldwide imperialism.

The recent civil war in Sierra Leone (1991-2002) saw massive migrations amongst the civilian population and widespread damage to villages and towns. This study combines elements of military and cultural geography to ask the questions of how the events of the war changed the cultural landscape and how the cultural landscape influenced the course of the war. Fieldwork for this study was conducted during the summer of 2005 in the Eastern Province and included numerous semi-structured interviews regarding the landscape histories of villages, towns, and various temporary camps. These findings revealed that a clear relationship existed between the civil war and the cultural landscape. On the one hand, the war caused dramatic changes in the morphology of the cultural landscape, creating three distinct landscapes (pre-war, wartime, and post-war), while on the other hand the cultural landscape went far to structure the character of the war. In order to understand how the cultural landscape structured the war one must first consider how the landscape was perceived by each major faction (Revolutionary United Front, Sierra Leone Army, and Civil Defense Forces) as presenting a unique set of risks and opportunities. This perception was based in their strategic intentions and capabilities. Intentions can be understood as military objectives (derived from political goals), while capabilities can be understood as factors which constrain and enable action. Since each faction had different military objectives and capabilities they each perceived the landscape in a unique manner and this perception influenced their military operations. It is recommended that cultural geographers begin to study the impacts of war on the landscape and that military geographers expand their focus on the physical landscape by taking into account the role of the cultural landscape and environmental perception.

This dissertation argues that Homer's Iliad depicts the Trojan landscape as participant in or even victim of the Trojan War. This representation alludes to extra-Homeric accounts of the origins of the Trojan War in which Zeus plans the war to relieve the earth of the burden of human overpopulation. In these myths, overpopulation is the result of struggle among the gods for divine kingship. Through this allusion, the Iliad places itself within a framework of theogonic myth, depicting the Trojan War as an essential step in separating the world of gods and the world of men, and making Zeus’ position as the father of gods and men stable and secure. The Introduction covers the mythological background to which the Iliad alludes through an examination of extra-Homeric accounts of the Trojan War’s origins. Chapter One analyzes a pair of similes at Iliad 2.780-85 that compare the Akhaian army to Typhoeus, suggesting that the Trojan War is a conflict similar to Typhoeus’ attempt to usurp Zeus’ position as king of gods and men. Chapter Two demonstrates how Trojan characters are closely linked with the landscape in the poem’s first extended battle scene (4.422-6.35); the deaths of these men are a symbolic killing of the land they defend. Chapter Three discusses the aristeia of Diomedes in Book 5, where his confrontations with Aphrodite, Ares, and Apollo illustrate the heroic tendency to disrespect the status difference between gods and men. Athena’s authorization of Diomedes’ actions reveals the existence of strife among the Olympian gods, which threatens to destabilize the divine hierarchy. Chapter Four examines the Akhaian wall whose eventual destruction is recounted at the beginning of Book 12. The wall symbolizes human impiety and its destruction is a figurative fulfillment of Zeus’ plan to relieve the earth of the burden of unruly humanity. Finally, Chapter Five treats the flußkampf and Theomachy of Books 20 and 21, episodes adapting scenes of divine combat typically associated with the struggle for divine kingship. In the Iliad, these scenes show that Zeus’ power is unassailable. / text

No description available.

O presente trabalho tem como propósito estabelecer parâmetros de um campo pouco estudado pela ciência geográfica, a geografia militar. O conceito da geografia militar está relacionado com aspecto histórico de cada lugar e não está relacionado a uma escola de pensamento específica, não só a escola de pensamento geográfico, mas às escolas de pensamento marciais, portanto o propósito central é aprimorar e expandir o arcabouço teórico e metodológico da própria geografia. Não se trata aqui de realizar uma história da geografia militar, mas o presente trabalho tem como finalidade demonstrar o papel da geografia como aspecto mais concreto do fenômeno da guerra, da logística, da estratégia e da inteligência. Os temas estratégicos, embora pouco freqüentes na pesquisa geográfica brasileira ultimamente, são cada vez mais comuns em outras áreas do conhecimento, notadamente entre economistas, administradores, e claro, cientistas políticos. A importância de estudarmos a geografia sobre estes aspectos nos permite detectar se a evolução desta ciência influenciou nas concepções da tática e da estratégia; a correspondente relação entre geoestratégia e geopolítica; analisar conflitos específicos como a guerrilha, o terrorismo, a guerra nuclear, a guerra tática e confrontos de outras ordens. A geografia militar está relacionada com a condução das operações militares. Por outro lado, a geopolítica está mais relacionada às estratégias, por ser mais ideológica do que prática, portanto a geografia militar é a prática que viabiliza a estratégia. Por fim, será feita uma análise na nova geografia militar empregada pelo novo imperialismo mundial. / This research aims to establish parameters of an area that was little studied by the geographical science, the military geography. The concept of the military geography is related to the historic aspect of each place and it is not related to an specific school of thought, not only to the school of geographical thought, but to the schools of martial thoughts, thus the central proposal is to improve and expand the theoretical and methodological frame of reference of the proper geographical science. This research aims to demonstrate the role of geography as a more concrete aspect of the war phenomenon, of logistics, of strategy and intelligence. The strategic themes, although less frequent in the Brazilian geographical research lately, are increasingly common in other areas of knowledge, especially among economists, administrators and certainly among political scientists. The importance of studying geography under these aspects allows us to detect if the evolution of this science influenced in the conceptions of tactic and strategy; the corresponding relationship between geo strategy and geopolitics; to analyze specific conflicts such as guerrilla, terrorism, nuclear war, the tactic war and confrontations of other natures. The military geography is related to the conduct of the military operations. On the other hand, geopolitics is more related to strategies because it is more ideological than practical, therefore the military geography is the practice that enables the strategy. Finally, we will analyze the new military geography employed by the new worldwide imperialism.