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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Contribution à la mise en oeuvre de synthèse de filtres accordables simultanément en fréquence et bande passante. : Application aux fréquences millimétriques et submillimétriques en technologie BiCMOS. / Contribution to the implementation of a synthesis of both frequency and bandwidth tunable filters : Application to millimeter and submillimeter wave in BiCMOS technology

Rynkiewicz, Pedro 21 September 2018 (has links)
Le but de la thèse est de réaliser des filtres accordable en technologie planaire multi-niveaux proposé par l'entreprise allemande IHP. Les filtres sont réalisés aux ondes millimétriques,principalement autour de 60 GHz et 140 GHz. Nous étudions l'accordabilité en fréquence mais aussi l'accordabilité en bande passante ne utilisant un concept nouveau établie au cours de cette thèse. Les premiers résultats concernant les filtres accordables en fréquence ont permit la rédaction de plusieurs articles. Maintenant, nous venons de recevoir les mesures prouvant notre nouveau concept permettant l'accord en fréquence et en bande passante des filtres planaires à base de résonateurs en anneau / The thesis aim is to realize tunable filters using the BiCMOS planar technologie provided by thegerman company IHP. We are working on millimeterwaves, mainly 60 GHz and 140 GHz. Westudy the frequency tunability but also the bandwidth tunability using a new concept provided bythe study carried during this thesis. The first study about frequency tunability aimed to severalconference articles. Now, we just have the measurements proving the new concept of frequencycontrol while maintening a bandwidth control of planar ring filters
12

Desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos para avaliação da remoção de sulfonamidas no tratamento de águas residuárias em reatores biológicos de leito fixo / Development and validation of analytical methods for assessing the removal of sulfonamides in the treatment of wastewater in fixed bed biological reactors

Lucas Sponton de Carvalho 10 January 2014 (has links)
A presença de antibióticos no ambiente evidencia o problema do descarte inadequado de resíduos farmacêuticos e da ineficiência dos atuais sistemas de tratamento de resíduos. Como consequência a essa contaminação há a possibilidade de resistência microbiana e de outros efeitos nocivos, ainda não completamente compreendidos, sobre a fauna e flora aquática. O presente trabalho teve como um dos objetivos desenvolver métodos de preparo de amostra e análise para avaliar o potencial de um reator anaeróbio de leito fixo para a remoção de sulfonamidas de matrizes complexas, além de investigar possíveis resíduos dessa classe em diversos compartimentos ambientais da cidade de São Carlos. Para isso, métodos utilizando extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia líquida (LC) foram desenvolvidos em associação à análise por espectrometria de massas. Os resultados mostraram que o reator utilizado consegue remover satisfatoriamente o composto investigado, podendo ser, futuramente, uma alternativa aos tratamentos convencionais. Tais resultados foram obtidos a partir do desenvolvimento e validação de um método utilizando detecção por um analisador híbrido do tipo quadrupolo-tempo de voo (SPE-LC-QTOF). Outro método, baseado em SPE-LC-QTRAP (analisador híbrido quadrupolo-aprisionador de íons linear), foi validado visando mostrar que existe contaminação por sulfonamidas e trimetoprima em águas de córregos coletadas em algumas regiões da cidade. Tal objetivo foi atingindo, permitindo inclusive a comparação entre as figuras de mérito obtidas durante a validação dos métodos, que indicou que os analisadores (e os sistemas utilizados, em geral) possuem diferenças significativas que influem em parâmetros como o efeito de matriz, os limites de quantificação e a sensibilidade.<br/> Paralelamente aos métodos convencionais, alternativas de preparo e análise que reduziam a necessidade de grandes volumes de amostra e solventes também foram desenvolvidos. A associação de técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostra e análise permitiu que limites de detecção comparáveis aos dos métodos utilizando SPE fossem atingidos, utilizando, inclusive, o analisador do tipo tempo de voo. Dessa forma, um novo escopo de aplicações usufruindo das características deste último analisador poderá ser desenvolvido a partir da melhor pré-concentração proporcionada pelas estratégias de miniaturização estudadas. / The presence of antibiotics in the environment demonstrates the problem of improper drug disposal and inefficiency of the current water treatment systems. As a result of this contamination, there is the possibility of microbial resistance and other harmful effects, not totally understood, on the aquatic flora and fauna. The present study aimed to develop methods for sample preparation and analysis in order to evaluate the potential of an anaerobic fixed bed reactor for removing sulfonamides from complex matrices and, in addiction, to investigate the presence of this class of contaminants in various environmental compartments of São Carlos. For this, methods using solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography (LC), were developed in association with the analysis by mass spectrometry . The results showed that the reactor used can satisfactorily remove the compound investigated and may be, in future, an alternative to conventional treatments. These results were obtained from the development and validation of a method based on solid phase extraction associated with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using a hybrid quadrupole-time of flight (SPE-LC-QTOF) analyzer. Another method that was also developed and validated, based on SPE-LC-QTRAP (hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap), was useful to show that there is contamination by sulfonamides and trimethoprim in water collected from rivers in some areas of the town. This objective was achieved, inclusive allowing the comparison between the figures of merit obtained during the methods validation, which indicated that the analyzers (and the systems used, in general) have significant differences which that affect parameters as matrix effect and quantification limits.<br/> In parallel with the conventional methods, alternatives of sample preparation and analysis that reduced the need of large volumes of sample and solvent were also developed.<br/> The association of miniaturized techniques of sample preparation and analysis allowed detection limits comparable to that of methods using SPE, even using small volumes of sample and solvent and a less sensitive mass analyzer. Thus, a new scope of applications, taking advantage of the characteristics of the QTOF, can be developed from the higher pre-concentration provided by the strategies studied in this work.
13

Avaliação de novos sistemas eletroforéticos miniaturizados para teste de paternidade / \"Evaluation of new miniaturized electrophoretic systems for paternity testing\"

Karina Fraige 20 April 2007 (has links)
Nos últimos anos a eletroforese capilar tem substituído a eletroforese em gel e está sendo usada para uma ampla variedade de aplicações forenses, incluindo tipagem de DNA. A fim de superar as desvantagens com relação à análise simultânea de amostras que a eletroforese em gel oferece, equipamentos com arranjos de capilares foram idealizados, assim como a possibilidade de análises multiplexadas em um único capilar por meio da utilização de corantes intercaladores. Neste trabalho foi otimizada a metodologia para amplificação de DNA pela reação em cadeia da polimerase para sete primers correspondentes a sete regiões padronizadas e legalmente aceitas para testes de paternidade. Três casos foram avaliados por eletroforese em microchip, indicando que um método mais reprodutível e de maior resolução deveria ser utilizado, fato que levou ao desenvolvimento de um método para separação de um padrão de tamanho de DNA de 25 pares de base por eletroforese capilar em soluções poliméricas em um equipamento comercial. Este método foi aplicado à separação do mesmo padrão intercalado a um corante dimérico em um equipamento de eletroforese capilar lab-made miniaturizado, com detecção espectrofotométrica na região visível, sugerindo a possibilidade de o equipamento desenvolvido ser utilizado para análises genéticas multiplexadas com custo e tempo minimizados. / In recent years capillary electrophoresis has substituted slab gel electrophoresis and has been used in a variety of forensic applications, such as DNA typing. In order to overcome the disavantages regarding the simultaneous samples analysis that slab gel offers, equipments with capillary arrays were developed, as well as the possibility of multiplex analysis in a single capillary by using intercalating dyes. In this work the metodology to amplify DNA by polimerase chain reaction was studied to seven primers corresponding to seven standardized and legaly accepted regions in paternity tests. Three cases were evaluated by microchip electrophoresis, indicating the need for a more reproductive and with better resolution method has to be used. This fact lead to the development of a method to separate a 25 base pairs DNA ladder by gel capillary electrophoresis in a comercial equipment. In the sequence, this method was apllied to the separation of the same ladder intercalated to a dimeric dye in a lab-made miniaturized capillary electrophoresis system with spectrophotometric detection at visible region, suggesting that the developed equipment can be used for multiplexed genetic analysis with reduced cost and time.
14

Stacked Package MIMO Antenna and Isolator Design of MIMO Antenna

Lee, Cheng-Han 30 July 2012 (has links)
This thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, the antenna is integrated into the stacked package. The antenna and the semiconductor chip are co-designed together. We utilize the advantage of IPD manufacturing to develop strong capacitively coupled-fed miniaturization technology and fractal slots miniaturization technology. We design a miniaturized antenna operating at WLAN 2.4GHz band. The size of the antenna is only 4 mm¡Ñ8.625 mm (0.0327£f¡Ñ0.0707£f). The operating bandwidth is over 100 MHz. The radiation efficiency is over 60%. In the second part, we design a stacked structure using FR4 substrate. The MIMO antenna is miniaturized by strong capacitively coupled-fed miniaturization technique, and we propose an S-shaped isolator which has wider isolation bandwidth to improve the isolation problem. The separation of both antennas is only 12 mm. The size of the isolator is only 10 mm¡Ñ10 mm. The measured operating bandwidth is 200 MHz, and the radiation efficiency is over 60%. We also design a 10 mm¡Ñ10 mm size of MIMO antenna with 2 mm¡Ñ8 mm isolator on the stacked package structure. The antenna is operating at WLAN 2.45 GHz band, and the operating bandwidth is over 100 MHz. the radiation efficiency is over 40%. Finally, we propose two different stacked package antenna applications. The first one is a dual-frequency design. The proposed antenna is operating at GPS (1.57 GHz) band and WLAN 2.4 GHz band. Another is a broadband design. The size of IPD is only 3 mm¡Ñ3 mm. The operating bandwidth is 40% (from 4.8 GHz to 7.2 GHz).
15

Antennes agiles pour la miniaturisation d’antenne large bande / Frequency agility technique for wideband antenna miniaturization

Kaddour, Abdul sattar 27 February 2018 (has links)
Ces dernières années, le secteur spatial connait des évolutions rapides (nouveaux acteurs, nouvelles technologies) qui tendent à réduire le coût des applications télécom et d’observation via des satellites défilants de plus petite taille. En particulier la réduction de la taille et du poids des antennes large bande à polarisation circulaire aux fréquences VHF-UHF constitue un enjeu majeur. Cependant la miniaturisation d’une antenne s’accompagne généralement d’une dégradation de son efficacité et de sa bande passante. Afin de contourner ce compromis, la technique d’agilité fréquentielle constitue une solution intéressante qui permet de maintenir les performances de l’antenne miniaturisée sur une sous bande qui peut être pilotée sur une excursion en fréquence plus large.L’antenne « dipôles magnéto-électriques croisées » DMEC basée sur le concept de la source de Huygens est retenue pour ces travaux. En effet, cette antenne fait partie des antennes large bande les plus compactes dont le rayonnement est uni-directionnel. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier et de développer des techniques de miniaturisation originales de l’antenne. Le deuxième axe de recherche s’intéresse à l’agilité fréquentielle de l’antenne miniature initialement développée afin de couvrir plusieurs octaves.Plusieurs techniques de miniaturisation (repliement géométrique, ajout d’éléments discrets) se sont appuyées sur des simulations électromagnétiques, de la modélisation théorique et des expérimentations. Un prototype d’antenne compact actif dans la bande VHF est développé. L’épaisseur de l’antenne est réduite à 0,1λ. L’antenne couvre une bande passante de 94 MHz à 366 MHz avec de bande passante instantanée de 60%. Le gain maximal varie entre 5 et 10 dBic avec un taux d’ellipticité toujours inférieur à 2 dB. / These past years, the space sector is experiencing rapid growth (new players, new technologies) that tend to reduce the cost of telecom and observation applications via smaller satellites. In particular, reducing the size and weight of circularly polarized broadband antennas at VHF-UHF frequencies is a major challenge. However the miniaturization of an antenna is generally accompanied by a degradation of its efficiency and its bandwidth. In order to overcome this problem, the frequency agility technique constitutes an interesting solution to maintain the performance of the miniaturized antenna on a sub-band that can be driven on a wider frequency tuning range.The "crossed magneto-electric dipole" antenna based on the Huygens source concept is chosen for this work. Indeed, this antenna is part of the most compact broadband antennas with excellent unidirectional radiation. The first objective of this thesis is to study and develop original miniaturization techniques of the antenna. The second area of research focuses on the frequency agility of the miniature antenna initially developed to cover several octaves.Several miniaturization techniques such as geometric folding and capacitive loading were developed based on electromagnetic simulations, theoretical modeling and experiments. A frequency-reconfigurable compact VHF antenna is developed and realized. The thickness of the antenna is reduced to 0.09λ. The antenna covers a band from 94 MHz to 366 MHz thanks to only two tuning states (60% instant bandwidth for each). The broadside gain varies between 5 and 10 dBic over frequency with an axial ratio always lower than 2 dB.
16

OPTIMAL ANTENNA DESIGNS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

AL-AZZA, ALI ABDULHADI NOAMAN 01 December 2016 (has links)
Antennas design procedure, especially in portable devices, has been influenced by the growing demand for development of modern wireless communications. Hence, antennas that are wideband, compact, low profile, low cost, and easy to integrate into printed circuits are required. The research described in this dissertation focuses on optimally design and analysis of compact, low profile, and planar wideband patch antennas for modern wireless communications, namely, an open slot wideband planar antenna, a dielectric loaded wideband antenna, a planar antenna with ultra-wideband performance, and an E-shaped patch antenna. A novel very compact planar antenna with wideband performance is proposed and investigated. The proposed antenna has a size of only 9.2 mm x 9.8 mm x 1.52 mm. The size miniaturization is achieved by inserting an open slot in the ground plane to reduce the phase velocity. The antenna has achieved an impedance bandwidth of 52.16% and a stable radiation patterns over a wider bandwidth with a size reduction about 88%. Optimization of a dielectric loaded antenna by using Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy (CMA-ES) technique to achieve wideband and ii symmetrical broadside radiation performance is presented. Simulation is used to investigate the frequency-domain performance, regarding return loss, gain, and radiation pattern. Experimental measurements have also been performed to validate the performance of the proposed antenna. The obtained results show that the proposed dielectric loaded antenna achieves a good impedance matching and radiation characteristics in the entire band of WLAN IEEE 802.11a. A new ultra-wideband low profile microstrip antenna is presented for wireless applications. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 20x16 mm2 and an impedance bandwidth of 134.88% (3.5 GHz to 18 GHz). With the compact, ultra-wideband, and low profile, the proposed antenna can be a very good candidate for a wide range of communication applications. Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO) method is introduced for the first time for solving electromagnetic problems. The SMO is a new swarm intelligence technique which models the foraging behavior of spider monkeys. To show the efficiency of the SMO, different examples are presented and the results are compared with the results obtained using other popular optimization techniques. The optimization procedure is used to synthesis the array factor of a linear antenna array and to optimally design a rectangular and an E-shaped patch antenna for wireless applications. By comparing to traditional optimization techniques that reported in the literature, it is evident that SMO is efficient in reaching the optimum solutions with less number of experiments. The performance results obtained from study of these antennas show that these antennas can be an excellent choice for a wide range of wireless communication applications.
17

"Fabricação e avaliação de microdispositivos para eletroforese com detecção eletroquímica" / "Fabrication and Evaluation of Electrophoresis Microdevices coupled with Electrochemical Detection"

Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro 03 September 2004 (has links)
Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de microchips para eletroforese a partir dos processos de impressão direta e fotolitográfico. A estrutura dos microcanais fabricados pelo processo de impressão direta são definidos por filmes de poliéster (base e tampa) e por uma camada de toner (paredes). A caracterização da superfície e da composição do toner foram necessárias para um melhor entendimento da composição química da estrutura dos microcanais e para este propósito foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas como análise elementar de CHN-O, AFM, EDX e MEV. Além da química do toner as dimensões limites para os canais, como largura e altura, também foram estudadas. A aplicação de um efeito de cinza nos microcanais foi avaliado de modo a desenvolver um dispositivo de pré-concentração usando as partículas de toner como obstáculos para o fluxo. Os microdispositivos fabricados em poliéster-toner foram integrados com detecção amperométrica no final do canal de separação usando eletrodos produzidos a partir da combinação das tecnologias da produção de máscaras de toner e CDs, como fonte de ouro. O desempenho destes microchips foi avaliado com detecção amperométrica da separação eletroforética de iodeto e ascorbato. Os limites de detecção obtidos foram de 500 nmol L-1 (135 amol) e 1,2 mmol L-1 (486 amol) para o iodeto e ascorbato, respectivamente. Além do processo de impressão direta, o processo fotolitográfico também foi utilizado para a mesma finalidade. Neste processo foi utilizado o fotorresiste negativo SU-8 e microdispositivos com área de 1 cm2 foram fabricados usando diferentes substratos como vidro, silício e alumina. A alumina apresentou muitas irregularidades para os microdispositivos fabricados. Problemas com a absorção e dispersão da radiação ultravioleta foram observados. No entanto, a alumina foi um excelente material para as etapas de produção de dois moldes metálicos para a rápida produção de dispositivos poliméricos. Um molde com uma geometria complexa foi obtido para estudar um novo sistema de injeção e um segundo molde foi preparado para avaliar o uso de uma borracha de silicone como material moldante. Além disso, este trabalho também apresenta o desenvolvimento de um dispositivo microfabricado com eletrodos completamente integrados para separação e detecção eletroquímica. Eletrodos de ouro ou de titânio/platina foram obtidos através da técnica lift-off. As máscaras para a fabricação de moldes metálicos e dos dispositivos integrados foram preparadas em fotolito de alta resolução. / This work describes the development of electrophoresis microchip fabricated by direct-printing and photolithographic processes. The channel structures of the devices fabricated by direct-printing process are defined by polyester films (base and cover) and by a toner layer (walls). The characterization of toner surface and composition were necessary for a better understanding of the chemistry composition and for this purpose we have used different techniques such as CHN-O elemental analysis, AFM, EDX and SEM. Besides the chemistry of toner, the possible dimensions for the channels as the depth and the width were also studied. The application of a gray-scale effect in the channels was evaluated in order to create a preconcentration device using the toner particles as obstacles for the flow. The polyester-toner microdevices were coupled with end-channel amperometric detection using electrodes produced by combination of the toner masks laser-printing and compact discs as a gold source. The performance of this electrophoresis microchip was evaluated by amperometric detection of iodide and ascorbate. The detection limits found were 500 nmol L-1 (135 amol) and 1.2 mmol L-1 (486 amol) for iodide and ascorbate, respectively. Besides the direct-printing process, the photolithographic process was also used for this purpose. In this process it was used the SU-8 negative photoresist and microdevices with 1-cm2 area were fabricated using different substrates such as glass, silicon and alumina. The alumina presented several irregularities for the microdevices fabricated. Problems with the absorption and dispersion of ultraviolet radiation were observed. However, the alumina was an excellent material for the steps in the production of two metallic molds for fast production of PDMS devices. One mold with complex geometry was obtained in order to study a new injection system and a second mold was prepared to evaluate the use of silicon rubber as molding material. Furthermore, in this work it was also reported the development of a microfabricated device with fully integrated electrodes for separation and electrochemical detection. The gold or titanium/platinum electrodes were obtained by lift-off technique. The masks for fabrication of the metallic molds and of the integrated microdevices were prepared in transparency films with high resolution.
18

[en] MINIATURIZATION AND REDUCTION OF THE SOCIALLY REGUIRED WORK / [pt] MINIATURIZAÇÃO E REDUÇÃO DA NECESSIDADE DE TRABALHO

LUIZ ANTONIO MEIRELLES 29 May 2006 (has links)
[pt] Estudamos a relação entre mudanças técnicas e efeitos na produtividade do trabalho social. O problema selecionado foi o efeito da miniaturização de produtos na eliminação de trabalho. Detectamos que a miniaturização do produtos é tendência de mudança técnica comprovada, através de análises de patentes recentes em equipamentos eletrônicos de processamento de dados. Consideramos que a eliminação de trabalho é tendência de mudança técnica comprovada, através de análises de patentes recentes em equipamentos eletrônicos de processamento de dados. Consideramos que a eliminação de trabalho altera máximos de produtividade. A miniaturização de produtos foi tratada como uma expressão do que denominamos por compactação de processos de trabalho. A tese é uma proposta teórica sobre a relação entre compactação de processos de trabalho e a eliminação de trabalho socialmente necessário. Mostramos a verificabilidade da tese através de cinco casos. A tese contribui com elementos de análises para a engenharia de produtividade. / [en] We study the relation between technical changes and changes in the productivity of social work. The selection problem was the effect of products miniaturization is a tendency of technical change in electronic data processing equipment, through the analysis of recent patents. We consider that work elimination alters productivity maximus. Products` miniaturization was considered an expression of what we denominate work processes compaction. The thesis is a theoretical proposition about the relation between work processes compaction and the elimination of socially necessary work. We present the thesis verificability through five cases. The thesis contributes with analysis elements to productivity engineering.
19

Caractérisation et réalisation d'instruments de détection de gaz par spectrométrie laser photoacoustique / Characterization and conception of photoacoustic gas detectors

Risser, Christophe 05 February 2015 (has links)
Ce travail présente le développement de spectromètres photoacoustiques pour la mesure de traces de gaz avec des résonateurs de Helmholtz différentiels.La cuve représente le coeur de l'instrument, le laser qui la traverse va créer une onde de pression stationnaire qui sera mesurée par des microphones. Le signal photoacoustique est fonction de la concentration du gaz et la manière dont il sera amplifié va dépendre en grande partie de la géométrie de la cuve. Une méthode aux éléments finis est utilisée pour exprimer cette caractéristique selon les modes et les fréquences propres calculées de la cuve. Les paramètres clés de la cuve sont ainsi calculés, comme la fréquence de résonance, le facteur de qualité et la constante de la cuve. Contrairement à d'autres méthodes de spectroscopie infrarouge, la sensibilité des spectromètres photoacoustiques augmente alors que la cuve se miniaturise. Cette particularité est vérifiée expérimentalement avec un bon accord avec la simulation. La modélisation prouve une nouvelle fois être suffisamment robuste pour être utilisée dans un processus d'ingénierie du spectromètre. Cet outil va en effet permettre d'optimiser les dimensions du résonateur selon les besoins de l'application, soit en privilégiant le maximum de signal, la plus haute fréquence de travail ou encore le plus faible encombrement. De nombreuses cuves ont été développés avec l'aide de la simulation, l'écart observé avec les paramètres expérimentaux est de l'ordre de 15 %. Enfin, les applications actuelles en mesure de traces de gaz demandent de mesurer la concentration d'au moins deux gaz, de façon simultanée, avec des niveaux de détection proche du ppb. Un mode de résonance de Helmholtz particulier est trouvé afin de proposer une mesure multi-gaz. Enfin, la sensibilité est augmentée grâce à un système multi-passages. / This work presents the conception of a photoacoustic spectrometer dedicated to trace gas measurements using a differential Helmholtz resonator. The main component of the instrument is the cell, where a standing wave is produced by a laser excitation and is measured with microphones. The photoacoustic signal is proportional to the gas concentration and the cell shape mainly affects its amplification. A finite element method is used to find this characteristic by calculating the cell eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies.Key parameters of the cell are then calculated, including cell frequency, quality factor and cell constant. Unlike other infrared spectroscopy methods, sensitivity of photoacoustic spectrometers increases by miniaturization process. This particular phenomenon is experimentally verified and is in good agreement with the simulation.Modelization proves again its robustness to be used on an engineering process of the spectrometer. This tool allows to optimize resonator dimensions according to the application, favouring maximum signal, higher working frequency or reduced size. Many cells designed with the help of the simulation are presented, where the observed error with experiments is of the order of 15 %. Finally, today's trace gas applications need the measurement of at least two concentrations, simultaneously with detection limits down to the ppb level. A novel Helmholtz resonance mode is then found to allow multi-gas sensing.Finally, sensitivity is increased by multi-pass systems.
20

Antenas impressas compactas para sistemas WIMAX. / Small patch antennas for WIMAX systems.

Moraes, Leonardo Bastos 13 September 2012 (has links)
Alcançar altas taxas de dados em comunicações sem fio é difícil. Altas taxas de dados para redes locais sem fio tornou-se comercialmente um sucesso por volta do ano de 2000. Redes de longa distância sem fio ainda são projetados e utilizados principalmente para serviços de voz em baixas taxas. Apesar de muitas tecnologias promissoras, a realidade de uma rede de área ampla que atenda muitos usuários com altas taxas de dados e largura de banda e consumo de energia razoáveis, além de uma boa cobertura e qualidade no serviço ainda é um desafio. O objetivo do IEEE 802.16 é projetar um sistema de comunicação sem fio para obter uma internet de banda larga para usuários móveis em uma área metropolitana. É importante perceber que o sistema WIMAX tem que enfrentar desafios semelhantes aos existentes sistemas celulares e seu desempenho eventual será delimitado pelas mesmas leis da física e da teoria da informação. Em muitas áreas da engenharia elétrica, tem-se direcionado atenção à miniaturização de componentes e equipamentos. Em particular, antenas não são exceções. Desde que Wheeler iniciou estudos sobre os limites fundamentais de miniaturização de antenas, o assunto tem sido discutido por muitos estudiosos e várias contribuições nesse sentido foram feitas desde então. Os avanços das últimas décadas na área de microeletrônica permitiram a miniaturização dos demais componentes empregados no desenvolvimento de equipamentos eletrônicos e disponibilizaram o uso de aparelhos compactos, leves e com diversas funcionalidades e aplicações comerciais. No entanto, ainda que a integração de circuitos seja uma realidade, a integração completa de um sistema de comunicação sem fio, incluindo a antena, é ainda um dos grandes desafios tecnológicos. No caso de antenas impressas procura-se continuamente desenvolver antenas que, além de compactas, apresentem maior largura de banda, ou operação em múltiplas bandas dada sua inerente característica de banda estreita em projetos convencionais. Neste trabalho, o foco está na miniaturização de antenas impressas através da aplicação de fractais. São apresentadas comparações entre antenas fractais quadradas de Minkowski e fractais triangulares de Koch. Inicialmente, antenas 6 impressas com geometrias convencionais quadradas e triangulares foram projetadas para ter a mesma frequência de ressonância. Depois disso, as estruturas fractais de Minkowski Island e Koch Loop foram implementadas nas antenas quadrada e triangular, respectivamente, até a terceira iteração. As frequências escolhidas foram as de 2,4 GHz, 3,5 GHz, 5,0 GHz e 5,8 GHz. Diversos protótipos foram construídos em dois substratos de permissividade diferentes, o FR-4 e o DUROID 5870. Para validar os resultados foram construídas antenas na frequência de 3,5 GHz para as geometrias quadrada e triangular e suas iterações fractais. A contribuição deste trabalho está na análise sobre as vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma das estruturas propostas. Dependendo dos requisitos de um projeto, a opção pode ser por antenas miniaturizadas com maior largura de banda, como normalmente acontece em alguns projetos comerciais. Entretanto, o interesse por bandas estreitas muitas vezes pode ser um requisito, principalmente para emprego militar, onde por vezes a máxima discrição na transmissão é uma exigência. Além disso, também foi feita uma análise sobre as geometrias que atingiram maior miniaturização. / Achieving high data rates in wireless communication is difficult. High data rates for wireless local area networks became commercially successful only around 2000. Wide area wireless networks are still designed and used primarily for low rate voice services. Despite many promising technologies, the reality of a wide area network that services many users at high data rates with reasonable bandwidth and power consumption, while maintaining high coverage and quality of service has not been achieved. The goal of the IEEE 802.16 was to design a wireless communication system processing to achieve a broadband internet for mobile users over a wide or metropolitan area. It is important to realize that WIMAX system have to confront similar challenges as existing cellular systems and their eventual performance will be bounded by the same laws of physics and information theory. In many areas of electrical engineering, miniaturization has been an important issue. Antennas are not an exception. After Wheeler initiated studies on the fundamental limits for miniaturization of antennas, this subject has been extensively discussed by several scholars and many contributions have been made. The advances of recent decades in the field of microelectronics enabled the miniaturization of components and provided the use of compact, lightweight, equipments with many features in commercial applications. Although circuit integration is a reality, the integration of a complete system, including its antenna, is still one of the major technological challenges. In the case of patch antennas, the search is for compact structures with increased bandwidth, due to the inherent narrowband characteristic of this type of antenna. In this work the focus is on a comparison between the Minkowski and the Koch Fractal Patch Antennas. Initially, patch antennas with conventional square and triangular geometries were simulated to present the same resonance frequency. After that, fractal Minkowski and Koch Island Loop antennas were implemented in the square and triangular geometries, respectively, to the third iteration. A comparison was made for two substrates of different permittivities FR-4 and DUROID 5870 at the frequencies of 2,4 GHz; 3,5 GHz; 5,0 GHz and 5,8 GHz. 8 Prototype antennas were built using FR-4 and DUROID 5870 to resonate at a frequency of 3,5 GHz to validate simulation results. The contribution of this work is the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each proposed fractal structure. According to the project requirements, the best option can be use a miniaturized antenna with a wider band, as in commercial projects. Particularly in military applications, a narrow band antenna can be a requirement, as sometimes maximum discretion in transmission is a paramount. An additional analysis was performed to verify which of the geometries fulfilled the miniaturization criteria of Hansen.

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