New one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques were used to elucidate the solution structures of these complex mixtures. The system, lithium tert-butoxide/tert-butyllithium, was studied as a model system with O/Li ratios varying from 0/1 to 1/1. It was found that at low O/Li ratios, a single mixed tetrameric aggregate was formed. At higher O/Li ratios, mixed hexameric species were formed. Two other systems, lithium isopropoxide/iso-propyllithium and lithium n-propoxide/n-propyllithium were also studied at low O/Li ratios.

Inom stadsplaneringen har man förstått vikten av en blandad och varierad stad. Istället för att tänka skola här, bostäder här och jobb där, försöker man nu integrera allt till en helhet. Jag har i detta projekt undersökt vad händer om tänker byggnaden som en stad, som används av olika människor under dygnet, veckan och året. Det är en studie i hur olika verksamheter kan samverka inom en byggnad. Och på så sätt skapa en byggnad som utnyttjas effektiv, används dygnet runt och av olika människor och verksamheter. Projektet tar utgångspunkt i en existerande miljö. Nämligen kvarteret Domherren där den nuvarande arkitekturskolan står. Med en ny arkitekturskola under uppbyggnad kommer den nuvarande byggnaden snart förlora sin funktion. Vad ska hända med strukturen då? Och hur ska man förhålla sig till den när de kommer nya verksamheter. Vad är viktigast. De kulturella värdena, miljöaspekten eller vad de nya verksamheterna behöver? Dessa frågor ligger till grund för det här kandidatprojektet.

Mitt mål var att skapa västra söders identitet och samlingsplats, vilken helt saknas idag. Utmaningen var också att transformera Hornsbruksgatan från en baksida till en tillgänglig plats. Högalidsparken förlängs ner till gatunivå - Hornsbruksgatan blir en blandning av park/ torg genom ett specifikt grönt plattsystem. Nya stråk och ramper binder ihop nuvarande gatu- och parknivån. Bebyggelsen är småskalig och nätt, ändå är programmet större än förslagit proram. Siktlinjer från omkingliggande bebyggelse och ankomstpunkter till platsen mot Högalidskyrkan och parken bevaras. Kommersiell verksamhet, såsom flertalet gallerier och restauranger får klättra uppåt från gatunivå till parknivå och tvärtom. Det idag påbörjade projektet, stadsodling tas till vara på. Ett växthus bebyggs samt två odlingsplättar i parken förläggs. Den nya platsen är en grön kulturplats med många exponerade utställningar, utsällningar utomhus samt många uteserveringar.

The spatial legacy in South Africa has resulted in fragmented urban environments and development in peri-urban areas, such as Mamelodi, is often implemented with a top-down approach. The focus of development tends to be on connecting these hinterlands to the cities with affordable transportation and trying to satisfy needs for basic services and amenities as quickly as possible. This has resulted in the implementation of solutions that are not place specific but instead tend to be generic models implemented on a large scale. The danger therein lies that projects implemented might not be appropriate to communities and could become dysfunctional and underutilised. Part of the process of developing a solution should be the acknowledgement of the everyday in a specific community; the way in which space is produced, appropriated and the everyday rituals. The intention of this dissertation is to re-conceptualise what an art centre could be in the context of Mamelodi West, the historic centre of Mamelodi. Through an understanding of the everyday, what is generally considered a mono-functional program is re-imagined as a diverse intervention integrated into everyday life and ritual. The dissertation proposes one possible means of connecting isolated communities using the commonality of the need for both individual and collective expression of identity to cultivate gemeinschaft; address misconceptions of the value of the Arts and propose a way in which the spatial legacy can be redressed. / Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

This is a bachelor thesis which handles a balancing problem in a manual assembly line for mixed models. Many product variations that are assembled in an assembly line have different cycle times in each operation in the process. The products that are assembled in the line have also large variations in their lead times. This leads to large balancing losses leading to reduced productivity and efficiency. Many balancing losses occur due to the inefficient time that one of the products causes. Other balancing losses occur due to bottlenecks that occur in some operations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the balancing losses in a manual assembly line with mixed models. The goal is to develop a proposal for a balanced layout, as well as to minimize balancing losses and waste and maximize productivity as much as possible. Two research questions have been developed as guidelines for the study: RQ1: What factors can lead to balancing losses in a mixed-model assembly line? RQ2: How can a mixed-model assembly line be balanced without leading to other types of losses? The study is a case study that looks for problems in one case company. It is based on a literature study and the collection of real-world data, which has been collected at the case company by observations, interviews and documents that include data about production times and balancing reports.  A proposal on how balancing losses can be reduced in the best possible way has been developed. The inefficient time has been reduced and the assembly line has become more efficient and productive. With help of this improvement proposal, other types of losses could be avoided, such as losses of human resources and financial resources. This study aimed to reduce the balancing losses that one product causes in the assembly line. No rebalancing of the other products was done, but other products were considered so that the balancing of the product does not lead to extra imbalance on the other products in the line. It was important for the fall company to be able to implement a solution that does not lead to a lot of other losses. Based on the three solutions proposed, this solution was the most suitable for what the company wants. A new layout for the product’s stations has been proposed. With this layout, efficiency will increase, and downtime will decrease, thus increasing productivity. Proposal three shows that it is possible to balance a mixed-model assembly line, by terminating a product and removing it earlier from the assembly line.   Keywords: Line balancing, manual assembly, balancing loss, mixed products, mixed-model assembly / Det här är ett examensarbete på grundnivå, som behandlar ett balanseringsproblem i en manuell monteringslinje för mixade modeller. Det monteras många produktkonfigurationer som har olika cykeltider i varje station i processen. Produkterna som monteras i linan har även stora variationer i deras ledtider. Detta medför stora balanseringsförluster som leder till minskad produktivitet och effektivitet. Många balanseringsförluster uppstår på grund av den ineffektiva tiden som en av produkterna orsakar. Andra balanseringsförluster uppstår på grund av flaskhalsar som förekommer i vissa stationer.  Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka balansringsförlusterna i en manuell monteringslinje med mixade modeller. Målet är att ta fram ett förslag på en balanserad layout, samt att minimera balanseringsförlusterna och slöseri och maximera produktiviteten så mycket som möjligt.   Två forskningsfrågor har tagits fram som riktlinjer för studien: F1: Vilka faktorer kan leda till balanseringsförluster i en mixad-modellmonteringslinje?  F2: Hur kan en mixad-modellmonteringslina balanseras utan att leda till andra typer av förluster? Studien är en fallstudie som undersöker problem hos ett fallföretag. Studien är baserad på en initial litteraturstudie och insamlad data, som har samlats in från fallföretaget via observationer, intervjuer samt dokument med data om produktionstider och balansrapporter.  Ett förslag på hur balanseringsförlusterna kan minskas på bästa möjliga sätt har tagits fram. Den ineffektiva tiden har minskats och monteringslinan har blivit effektivare och produktivare. Med hjälp av det här förbättringsförslaget, kunde andra typer av förluster undvikas, som exempelvis förluster av mänskliga resurser och ekonomiska resurser.   Denna studie är gjord för att minska balanseringsförlusterna som en av produkterna orsakar i monteringslinjen. Ingen ombalansering på de andra produkterna gjordes, men det togs hänsyn till andra produkter så att balanseringen av den produkten inte leder till extra obalans på de andra produkter i linan. Det var viktigt för fallföretaget att kunna implementera en lösning som inte leder till massa andra förluster. Utifrån de tre lösningarna som föreslagits var denna lösning den mest lämplig för vad företaget önskar sig. En ny layout på produktens stationer har tagits fram. Med denna layout kommer effektiviteten att öka och dötiden minska, och därmed ökas produktiviteten. Förslag tre visar sig att det är möjligt att kunna balansera en mixad-modellmonteringslina, genom att avsluta en produkt och ta ut den tidigare ur monteringslinan.   Nyckelord: Line balancing, manuell montering, balanseringsförluster, mixed products, mixed-model assembly line.

We introduce a new pure integer rounding heuristic, ZI Round, and compare this heuristic to recent extremely fast pure integer rounding heuristic Simple Rounding. Simple Rounding was introduced in the non-commercial code SCIP. ZI Round attempts to round each fractional variable while using row slacks to maintain primal feasibility. We use the MIPLIB 2003 library for the test set. The average time in our run per instance for both Simple Rounding and ZI Round was 0.8 milliseconds, but ZI Round found more feasible solutions with a the same or better objective value. Also the average time to solve the lp relaxation per instance was 2.2 seconds, so these two rounding heuristics are several magnitudes faster than other heuristics which must use the lp solver, including diving heuristics.We also show that ZI Round performs well on a set covering class and a railway crew scheduling class.

Recent decades have seen many localities revisiting traditional town center-style development as a response to problems caused by sprawl. In some cases, these more compact developments occur in areas that are otherwise primarily suburban in character. Of the many facets of these developments, parking has one of the largest impacts on the compactness, walkability, and accessibility of those developments, but little information, academic or otherwise, exists to inform the planning of parking for mixed-use projects in an otherwise suburban environment. Many localities rely on zoning-based parking minimums, but a lack of situational parking strategies may limit the benefits of these suburban mixed-use projects. In an effort to ascertain trends or best practices in a suburban context, information on eleven mixed-use developments was collected from planners and developers. In addition, quantitative data related to the mix of uses and amount of parking in similar developments was obtained from Urban Land Institute case studies. The analysis revealed that in general, suburban municipalities do not capitalize on potential parking reductions created by mixing uses, do not truly share parking between uses, and do not implement parking regulation in the form of time limits or pricing. In a few cases, there were exceptions to these general trends, with some developments implementing detailed shared parking plans that have thus far been successful in balancing demand and supply. The related quantitative analysis suggests that the most important strategy as it relates to parking is to have a varied mix of uses in the development, with attention to those that have opposite peak times. Based on the case studies and shared parking analyses, recommendations for effective parking strategies for suburban, mixed-use development include: development of a shared parking plan, the use of ULI\'s Shared Parking as a starting point but not a final determinant in those shared parking plans, the use of proffers to require periodic checks on the shared parking supply, and ongoing local parking studies to better understand local need. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

The design of a chilled water plant involves selecting the size and type of chillers to be employed and determining the operating strategy. The types may include both gas engine and electric motor driven chillers. The issues that have to be considered in the selection problem are to incorporate external and internal factors into the decision making. External factors may include the utility rate schedules, the cooling load profile, and the outdoor temperature profile. Internal factors may include the chiller performance characteristics, initial and maintenance costs, and the chiller(s) operating strategy. A mathematical model representing the chilled water plant design problem is developed. The problem is approached as a mixed integer linear programming problem where non-linear chiller performance curves are transformed into linear constraints through the use of integer variables. The optimization task is to select the best cooling plant configuration and operating strategy to minimize life cycle cost. A solution procedure is developed which decomposes the optimization problem to reduce extensive computation time. Two case studies are provided to investigate the implementation of the mathematical model. / Master of Science

The gas transport and separation properties of polymers have been successfully exploited in commercial ventures. Industrial applications employing membrane processes range from production of pure gases to barrier coatings for protection against environmental elements. Membrane separations are simple, energy efficient processes, which can be economically competitive with traditional separation technologies. Membrane separation and permeation characteristics for a particular mixed gas system is typically calculated from single-component transport parameters, namely, diffusion coefficients and solubility constants. In certain gas systems involving gaseous or vapor mixtures, where mass transport is affected by coupling effects or competition between penetrants for unrelaxed free volume, such calculations can lead to erroneous estimates of the membrane separation efficiency. Attempts to study the true transport phenomena effective during mixed gas permeation through membranes have been restricted due to experimental limitations. Also, the absence of rigorous theoretical models hinders the complete understanding of the transport phenomena. The current research involved design and development of an experimental set-up for observing mixed gas permeation through non-porous membranes with real time resolution. The technique employs a gas chromatograph as the selective detector for monitoring the variation in gas concentration, as the gases permeate through the membrane. The same set-up can also be used for conducting single gas permeation experiments. The novelty in the experimental set-up is the In-line sampling interface, used for injection of permeate gases in the GC without introducing any leaks in the permeate volume. Also, a novel data cropping technique is used to elucidate the transport properties of gases through membranes under mixed gas permeation conditions. Mixed gas feed concentration studies performed on a rubbery polymer (PDMS: poly dimethyl siloxane) showed no coupling effects. However, with a glassy polymer (NEW TPI: thermoplastic polyimide), the synergistic effects of gases is observed to play a major role in altering the gas transport and separation properties of the membrane. / Ph. D.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Todd D. Sigler, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Education Administration Higher Education, presented on October 28, 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND CAMPUS PUBLIC ORDER POLICING: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF MIXED-ISSUE CAMPUS DISTURBANCES AT THREE MIDWEST PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Kathryn Ann Hytten The purpose of this qualitative study analyzed mixed-issue campus disturbance events at three similar public universities located in the Midwest region of the United States. Using a case study research design, the analysis draws from interviews conducted with campus police officers employed at the selected institutions assigned to work one or more disturbances during the last decade. A related purpose analyzed the element of space/location and territoriality where these disturbances occurred, including an assessment of the value and meaning of space to the police and how police use space to achieve public order maintenance objectives. As the primary social control agent, the police - through their interface with crowd participants - can influence positive or negative relationships that subsequently impact disturbance outcomes. The research methodology incorporated naturalistic qualitative methods including: (1) one-on-one interviews of 15 campus police officers - both front-line police officers and command officers divided among three campuses; (2) open source public documents such as task force reports and newspaper articles; and (3) closed-source documents, such as unpublished pre- and post-action reports completed by law enforcement or campus administration. Finally, I conducted field research observations of the disturbance locations combined with my own experience in campus law enforcement. Among some of the important findings are the importance of officer experience, consistent and recent training for officers in both traditional crowd control tactics, as well as crowd management skills, especially communication (accomplished through techniques such as dialogue policing and social media technology to recognize and mitigate triggering behaviors on both sides. Additional public order policing tactics include recognizing the importance of territoriality and the value of mitigating tactics such as crowd combing, and controlling space to reduce density. This study will support law enforcement officials in higher education with planning, developing and responding proactively to disturbances using public order policing strategies suitable for campus communities. Special emphasis is placed on the elaborated social identity model and the negotiated management model to explain police and crowd behaviors. Of value to crowd management practitioners is the critical need to interface crowd theory with practical public order policing techniques to develop an effective response.