Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Economics. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-109). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29317

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 2001. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 310-329).

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

O Estado no Brasil exerce a função de empresário e controla diversas empresas que têm capital negociado em bolsa. Seu comportamento é apontado como fraco em relação ao controle dos executivos e omisso em relação aos minoritários. Essa situação abre a possibilidade de ocorrer o aumento dos benefícios pecuniários dos gestores sem relação com o desempenho. Por isso, o objetivo geral da pesquisa é investigar a relação entre o pacote de remuneração dos executivos nas Sociedades de Economia Mista (SEM) brasileiras e o seu desempenho financeiro ou de mercado. No alcance ao primeiro objetivo específico foi realizada uma revisão da literatura que apontou para essa possível relação em empresas privadas, como também foi sugerida a necessidade de essa relação ser controlada pelo tamanho da empresa, alavancagem, tipo de controle acionário, qualidade da governança corporativa e pelo setor de atuação, mas essa revisão encontrou poucos estudos sobre remuneração em SEM. O segundo objetivo específico foi descrever a política salarial das SEM brasileiras, cuja remuneração média do grupo de executivos por empresa aumentou 179,61%, de R$ 3.119.601,88 para R$ 8.722.635,66. A remuneração individual mensal média dos executivos aumentou no período e alcançou R$ 93.748,03, sendo R$ 62.554,28 da parte fixa e o restante da parte variável, enquanto o desempenho financeiro e de mercado diminuíram. O terceiro objetivo específico foi estudar o comportamento da remuneração dos executivos enquanto mecanismo de governança corporativa. Esse intento foi observado em uma amostra com 31 SEM brasileiras, com informações de 2009 a 2016, que foram utilizadas em quatro diferentes técnicas de regressão: Pooled, dados em painel com efeito fixo, com efeito aleatório e o método dos momentos generalizados. A primeira parte do terceiro objetivo verificou se o pacote de remuneração dos executivos explica o desempenho financeiro, porém nenhum dos modelos testados apresentou resultados robustos. A segunda parte verificou a possibilidade de o pacote de remuneração dos executivos explicar o desempenho de mercado, e com base nestes resultados aponta-se uma relação positiva entre a remuneração variável dos executivos e o desempenho de mercado e uma relação negativa quando comparada ao salário mensal médio dos executivos. No período, 11 empresas da amostra utilizaram a remuneração variável de forma permanente, fato que aliado ao ambiente de decréscimo do desempenho financeiro e de mercado aponta para a necessidade de reformulação do pacote de remuneração dos executivos nas SEM. A contribuição da pesquisa foi apresentar as variáveis capazes de controlar a relação entre o pacote de remuneração dos executivos e o desempenho financeiro e de mercado das SEM brasileiras, a descrição da política salarial e do pacote de remuneração, bem como a sua desconexão com o desempenho devido à contribuição negativa da remuneração mensal média para o desempenho de mercado, fato que evidencia a falha desse mecanismo de governança corporativa na proteção aos acionistas não controladores. / The State in Brazil performs the function of entrepreneur and controls several companies that have publicly traded capital. Its behavior is pointed out as weak in relation to the control of the executives and omission in relation to the minority ones. This situation opens the possibility of increasing the pecuniary benefits of managers that are not related to performance. Therefore, the general objective of the research is to investigate the relationship between the executive compensation package in Brazilian Mixed Economy (SEM) and its financial or market performance. In reaching the first specific objective, a literature review was conducted that pointed to this possible relationship in private companies, but also suggests the need for this relationship to be controlled by the size of the company, leverage, type of shareholder control, quality of corporate governance and by the sector but this review found few studies on remuneration in SEM. The second specific objective of the research was to describe the salary policy of Brazilian SEMs, whose average compensation of the group of executives per company increased by 179.61%, from R$ 3,199,601.88 to R$ 8,722,635.66. The average monthly individual compensation of executives increased in the period reached R$ 93,748.03, being R$ 62,554.28 of the fixed part and the remainder of the variable part, while financial and market performance decreased. The third specific objective was to study the behavior of executive compensation as a mechanism of corporate governance. This attempt was observed in a sample with 31 Brazilian SEMs, with information from 2009 to 2016, which were used in four different regression techniques: Pooled, panel data with fixed effect, with random effect and the generalized moments method. The first part of the third objective verified whether the executive compensation package explains the financial performance, but none of the models tested presented robust results. The second part verified the possibility of the executive compensation package explaining market performance, and based on these results, a positive relationship is found between executive variable compensation and market performance and a negative relation when compared to the monthly salary of executives. In the period, 11 companies in the sample used variable remuneration on a permanent basis, a fact that together with the environment of decreasing financial and market performance points to the need to reformulate the executive compensation package in the SEM. The contribution of the research was to present the variables capable of controlling the relationship between the executive remuneration package and the financial and market performance of the Brazilian SEM, the description of the salary policy and the remuneration package, as well as its disconnection with the performance due to the negative contribution of the average monthly remuneration to market performance, a fact that evidences the failure of this mechanism of corporate governance in the protection of non-controlling shareholders.

Contemporary resource use on Indigenous lands is not often well understood by the general public. In particular, there is a perception that traditional and commercial resource use are mutually exclusive, and therefore there is often an assumption that Indigenous communities are abandoning their traditional economy when they participate in the commercial sector of the larger regional economy. This perceived tension between traditional and commercial resource use is caused in part by a limited understanding of the participation of Indigenous peoples in commercial industries historically and the subsequent process of the commercialization of some aspects of Indigenous peoples pre-contact economies. This dissertation examines the seasonal cycle of activities and the patterns of consumption and production of the Indigenous peoples who participated in the fur trade at Ile a la Crosse in northwestern Saskatchewan and the whaling industry at the Otakou shore station in southern New Zealand. A systematic analysis of the daily journals and accounting records kept by company employees in these two regions demonstrate that participation in these industries allowed the Indigenous economies to be transformed from pre-contact times. While this participation did not completely subsume the Indigenous economies, the changes that were made created a need for the Indigenous people to continue accessing the European-style goods that had been incorporated into their livelihoods, a need that was exacerbated as local resources declined as a result of over-use. Thus, there is a need to re-conceptualize what is generally thought of as the traditional economy. The traditional economy in contemporary Indigenous communities is often perceived as an Indigenous approach to resource use that has changed little, except perhaps in the technology used, from pre-contact times. This dissertation, however, clearly demonstrates that participation in commercial industries historically encouraged the adaptation of Indigenous economies in response to changing opportunities and circumstances. It becomes clear then that the so-called traditional economy of today, is an Indigenous economy that has already been shaped and influenced by participation in historical commercial economies. Understanding the adaptability of Indigenous economies has important implications for economic development initiatives in Indigenous communities today. / Comparative Indigenous Economic History

Mixed economies gradually emerge in many countries. China is no exception. China's traditional planned economy system is limited to state-owned enterprises, which are undergoing reform. In the private sector, the market system has begun to play a dominant role. The coexistence of the planned system and the market system, as well as governmental intervention and regulated policies, constitute China's mixed economy. In this thesis, I try to evaluate Deng Xiaoping's speeches through rhetorical analysis in order to justify China's economic policies. In addition, I illustrate some historical and cultural factors that would affect Chinese ideas towards the market economy.

Mixed economies gradually emerge in many countries. China is no exception. China's traditional planned economy system is limited to state-owned enterprises, which are undergoing reform. In the private sector, the market system has begun to play a dominant role. The coexistence of the planned system and the market system, as well as governmental intervention and regulated policies, constitute China's mixed economy. In this thesis, I try to evaluate Deng Xiaoping's speeches through rhetorical analysis in order to justify China's economic policies. In addition, I illustrate some historical and cultural factors that would affect Chinese ideas towards the market economy.

No description available.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study identifies the way in which Brazil was able to achieve significant economic and social development during the Presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva from 2003 to 2010. The element which makes the achievement of this development extremely interesting is the fact that it was engineered by a traditionally radical Leftist party, the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT – Workers’ Party) within the context of the globalized world economy. Throughout much of its existence, the PT has called for a radical socialist transformation of Brazilian society. However, once it came to power, it not only rejected radical positions, but acquiesced fully with the constraints placed upon it by global capital. Thus, in addition to describing the process of development in Brazil, this study also attempts to account for the way in which it was achieved. This is done by postulating that the Lula (as he is commonly referred to) administration was successful in solidifying Brazilian economic fundamentals, as well as in significantly reducing poverty and inequality in one of the most unequal societies in the world, because it adopted Third Way economic and social policies. It is argued that, even though there were few clear indications from the government that it regarded itself as following the Third Way, a practical examination of Lula’s economic and social policies indicate that they overwhelmingly conform to the prescripts of the Third Way. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie identifiseer die manier waarop noemenswaardige ekonomiese en sosiale ontwikkeling in Brasilië plaasgevind het gedurende 2003 tot 2010, onder leiding van President Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva. ‘n Faktor wat hierdie ontwikkeling besonder interessant maak, is die feit dat dit plaasgevind het binne die konteks van die globaliseerde wêreldekonomie, onder die bewind van ‘n tradisionele radikale Linkse party, die Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT – Arbeiders Party). Die PT het tradisioneel gestreef na ‘n radikale sosialistiese transformasie van die Brasiliaanse samelewing. Teen die tyd dat dit egter aan bewind gekom het, het dit radikale beleide verwerp en ten volle saamgewerk met globale kapitalisme. Hierdie studie beskyf dus nie slegs die proses van Brasiliaanse ontwikkeling nie, maar poog ook om te verklaar waarom hierdie ontwikkeling plaasgevind het. Daar word aangevoer dat Lula (soos hy algemeen bekend staan) se bewind suksesvol was in pogings om die fundamentele aspekte van die Brasiliaanse ekonomie te versterk, en terselfdertyd armoede en ongelykheid aansienlik te verlaag in een van die mees ongelyke samelewings ter wêreld. Die rede vir hierdie sukses is te vinde in die feit dat die PT regering “Third Way” ekonomiese en sosiale beleide toegepas het. Die studie voer aan dat, alhoewel daar weinig verwysing gemaak is na die “Third Way” deur Lula se regering, ‘n praktiese ontleding van hul ekonomiese en sosiale beleide toon dat Brasilië ‘n geval verteenwoordig van ‘n ontwikkelende land wat die “Third Way” prakties geïmplementeer het.

The factor determinants of industry and investment location patterns in transition economies can be expected to differ from those frequently observed in developed countries. Historically, centrally planned economies have suffered from inefficient industrial policies that are generally assumed to have had distortive effects on spatial location of industry. The process of economic transition and regional integration that followed the demise of socialist structures is assumed to have subsequently affected the geographical distribution of economic activities within and between countries of the region. Given the above this thesis capitalises on the quasi-natural experiment setting to further explore industry and investment location decisions in transition economies. In particular, the research presented here follows three main objectives. First, it intends to provide a comprehensive picture of changes in industry location patterns over time. Second, it aims to contribute to the debate on factor determinants of industry location at various levels of spatial aggregation. Third, it seeks to explore location determinants of foreign direct investors in particular, given their pivotal role for economic development of transition economies. In all instances, the research is geared towards a better understanding of the role of institutional factors, such as reforms and policies, in affecting distribution of economic activity across space. Thus, the work conducted qualifies as a further contribution to the analysis of structural changes that have affected the economies under examination. In broad terms, the findings presented here point towards significant changes in spatial location patterns of industry and investments that are leading to increased polarisation of economic landscape over time. Nonetheless, we find evidence that certain institutional factors qualify as viable policy levers, thereby providing ample scope for policy makers to impact existing location patterns of economic activity.