The globalized world is acknowledged by increased competition, and since competition today is between supply chains there is an importance of controlling the supply chain. The globalization is one of the reasons for the increasing need for organizational change, and the process of implementing strategic change is affected by skills for effective leadership; conceptual, interpersonal and technical skills. The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the middle manager’s skillset and how it differs through the phases of organizational change in supply chain. By focusing on middle managers, we put emphasis on the individuals involved in putting the plan for organizational change into practice. A model is developed to explain the utilization of skills in the phases of transition. For this study we used a qualitative research method with a single case study design, by interviewing seven middle managers in an international organization. The empirical data were based on semistructured interviews with respondents in middle managerial positions in supply chain. An abductive approach was applied through the process of writing the thesis. Environmental factors as a reason for organizational changes in supply chain were initially described in the theoretical framework. Change and the phases in change processes as well as the middle manager's role in the change process were further explained. Required skills for effective leadership when presenting, implementing and embedding organizational change initiatives were further described. This thesis shows that a middle manager who faces an organizational change in supply chain are required to focus on specific skills at different points of time, when operating in the different phases of transition.

As organizações da sociedade civil possuem diversos papéis na sociedade sejam por meio da provisão de serviços, da promoção do desenvolvimento e, até mesmo, pela manifestação do pluralismo e da expressão da diversidade. O cumprimento destes papéis está diretamente relacionado à capacidade que essas organizações possuem em mobilizar recursos, haja vista, que, em geral, elas não controlam as fontes de geração de suas receitas e, por essa razão, tendem a sofrer muito mais os efeitos da dependência externa. Com isso, as organizações da sociedade civil devem alinhar, constantemente, o desenvolvimento de estratégias para lidarem com a dependência externa e viabilizar o cumprimento da sua missão organizacional. Nesse sentido, este estudo busca entender as dependências geradas pelos recursos captados ou pelas estratégias definidas para a mobilização de recursos que influenciaram o cumprimento da missão organizacional definida pelas organizações da sociedade civil: Comércio Justo México (CJM) e Fórum de Articulação do Comércio Ético e Solidário do Brasil (Faces do Brasil), mexicana e brasileira, respectivamente. Para tanto, foi realizada uma ampla revisão de literatura, entrevistas e análises de documentos. Este processo permitiu um maior entendimento sobre os desafios enfrentados pelas organizações da sociedade civil para mobilizar e gerir recursos que permitem o cumprimento da missão organizacional e garantem a existência dessas instituições, bem como, a contribuiu para a expansão da pesquisa sobre a dinâmica das organizações da sociedade civil, ainda incipiente, no México e no Brasil. / Nonprofit organizations fill different roles in society through the provision of services, the promotion of development, and the expression of pluralism and diversity. Accomplishing these roles is directly related to the ability of these nonprofits to mobilize resources. However, in general, they do not control the generation of their income and therefore tend to suffer the affects of this external dependence. The nonprofits must therefore constantly realign strategies dealing with this external dependence in order to achieve their organizational missions. This study seeks to understand these dependencies and how they affect the strategies that influence the implementation of the organizations missions. The two nonprofits are Comercio Justo México (CJM) y Fórum de Articulação do Comércio Ético e Solidário do Brasil (Faces do Brasil), Mexican and Brazilian respectively. There was extensive review of the literature, document analyses, and interviews. This process allowed greater understanding of the challenges faced by nonprofits to mobilize and manage resources, enable compliance with their mission, ensure the continued existence of the nonprofit, as well as contribute to the expansion of research on the dynamics of nonprofits emerging in Mexico and Brazil.

As organizações da sociedade civil possuem diversos papéis na sociedade sejam por meio da provisão de serviços, da promoção do desenvolvimento e, até mesmo, pela manifestação do pluralismo e da expressão da diversidade. O cumprimento destes papéis está diretamente relacionado à capacidade que essas organizações possuem em mobilizar recursos, haja vista, que, em geral, elas não controlam as fontes de geração de suas receitas e, por essa razão, tendem a sofrer muito mais os efeitos da dependência externa. Com isso, as organizações da sociedade civil devem alinhar, constantemente, o desenvolvimento de estratégias para lidarem com a dependência externa e viabilizar o cumprimento da sua missão organizacional. Nesse sentido, este estudo busca entender as dependências geradas pelos recursos captados ou pelas estratégias definidas para a mobilização de recursos que influenciaram o cumprimento da missão organizacional definida pelas organizações da sociedade civil: Comércio Justo México (CJM) e Fórum de Articulação do Comércio Ético e Solidário do Brasil (Faces do Brasil), mexicana e brasileira, respectivamente. Para tanto, foi realizada uma ampla revisão de literatura, entrevistas e análises de documentos. Este processo permitiu um maior entendimento sobre os desafios enfrentados pelas organizações da sociedade civil para mobilizar e gerir recursos que permitem o cumprimento da missão organizacional e garantem a existência dessas instituições, bem como, a contribuiu para a expansão da pesquisa sobre a dinâmica das organizações da sociedade civil, ainda incipiente, no México e no Brasil. / Nonprofit organizations fill different roles in society through the provision of services, the promotion of development, and the expression of pluralism and diversity. Accomplishing these roles is directly related to the ability of these nonprofits to mobilize resources. However, in general, they do not control the generation of their income and therefore tend to suffer the affects of this external dependence. The nonprofits must therefore constantly realign strategies dealing with this external dependence in order to achieve their organizational missions. This study seeks to understand these dependencies and how they affect the strategies that influence the implementation of the organizations missions. The two nonprofits are Comercio Justo México (CJM) y Fórum de Articulação do Comércio Ético e Solidário do Brasil (Faces do Brasil), Mexican and Brazilian respectively. There was extensive review of the literature, document analyses, and interviews. This process allowed greater understanding of the challenges faced by nonprofits to mobilize and manage resources, enable compliance with their mission, ensure the continued existence of the nonprofit, as well as contribute to the expansion of research on the dynamics of nonprofits emerging in Mexico and Brazil.

The stakes are high in the Arctic region in terms of economic opportunities, environmental challenges and political interests, not least considering the fact that stakeholders include the most powerful nations in the world. This study departs from the notion that sub-national levels of government, in areas most affected by developments in the Arctic; risk being put in the background in favor of high-level and high-tension politics. Using theories on paradiplomacy and marginality, this study makes a comparative analysis of why and how northern sub-national regions in two non-littoral Arctic states mobilize in the context.

當前我國國防政策的基本目標為「預防戰爭、國土防衛、反恐制變」，為確保目標之達成，現階段之各項國防整備措施及建軍備戰作為，須仰賴國軍推動必要的轉型，建立一支彈性快速、高作戰性能，以及能夠滿足多元國防任務的現代化軍隊，以期能「以革新提升實力，以實力確保和平」，有效保障國家安全與國民福祉。自國軍推行「精實案」、「精進案」後，兵力結構改變，台澎防衛作戰仍以三軍聯合作戰為主要型態，但最後成敗關鍵，動員整備工作的落實與否成了很重要的因素；現行組織之編組與做法，仍有若干問題存在，亟應朝法制化、常軌化發展，建立全民防衛動員工作之正常體制與良好運作環境，方能切合時代潮流，有效發揮全民防衛戰力。 全民防衛動員成功關鍵，必須以「全民國防」的意識及作為支撐，才能夠將「有效嚇阻、防衛固守」的戰略構想賦予具體內容。其所追求的目標是：「全民關注、全民支持、全民參與」，平時透過「全民國防教育法」的各項積極作為教育民眾，支持政府從事各項國防建設，喚起民眾憂患意識，落實全民心防，端正社會風氣；進入戰時狀態即依據「全民防衛動員準備法」，整合軍民之力量，建構生命共同體，擴展愛鄉、愛國之心胸，消弭統獨族群爭議，建立正確敵情觀念，以因應威脅國家安全的各種狀況。這些重點工作，個人期望能在全民防衛動員戰略規劃中，具體將國家整體資源及社會民物力運用，做深入探討，以試圖提出今後對建軍備戰的具體建議。 / At this time point, the fundamental goal of our policies of National Defense is “Prevent the war from, the national territory defends, anti- perhaps system changes”. In order to accompolish this goal,two transitions need take place: The national defense reorganizes and outfits the measure and sets up the armament war conduct and actions.To meet the expecfation of " Promote the strength with the innovation, insure the peace with the strength" a modern troop with high flexibility and high performance,which cancomplete National Defensive mission is requined. Although the army Structure has slightly changed after the national army started “Solid case, aggressive case of the main form of Taiwan Pon Hoo Denfensive war is The armed forces consociation battles.The key to success still depends on the execution of Mobilize to reorganize and outfit the work in order to demonstrate National Defensive Force. The key to the success of All the people defends to mobilize must be supported by the concept of Civil national defense in order to materialize the strategy of Deter, defend to keep without change effectively.The aim is All the people pays attention to, all the people support, all the people participates,the Bureau of National Defense edvcates the citizens to support National Dofease and rectify social trend. Arouse the people the disaster realizes, carrying out the civil mental defence.When at war, All the people defends to mobilize to prepare the method will be activated to integrate forces of soldiers and people,construct Common body of life,demonstrate patriotism,solve the dispute of The is only the ethnicity controversy,and develop the cornect Condition of the enemy idea,in order to cope with any condition that could thneateu national security.These issues will be discussed in my All the people mobilizes the strategy programming and I will also discuss about how to fully utilize National Resources and social Force Social people's material resources in order to give specifiz suggestions on Set up the soldier general quarter .

Strengthening civil society participation in development is a prerequisite to enhance access to opportunities and political influence by the poor. An active civil society can improve development accountability. In fact, Africa cannot improve its governance without investing in the role of civil society. This study examines the problem of resource mobilization for NECs in four Africa countries; assessing factors and strategies, which influence their ability to mobilize resources. Utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, the study found that effective NECs exist in all four countries. The success of these NECs depended on “being strategic” about resource mobilization. The lack of resources mobilization strategies was a key factor in all four NECs. This often meant lack of proactiveness in resource mobilization. In its recommendations, the study presents a model aimed to encourage CSOs to organize and manage resource mobilization in ways that generate income for today, tomorrow and the future in order to sustain their watchdog role in educational development process. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Strengthening civil society participation in development is a prerequisite to enhance access to opportunities and political influence by the poor. An active civil society can improve development accountability. In fact, Africa cannot improve its governance without investing in the role of civil society. This study examines the problem of resource mobilization for NECs in four Africa countries; assessing factors and strategies, which influence their ability to mobilize resources. Utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, the study found that effective NECs exist in all four countries. The success of these NECs depended on “being strategic” about resource mobilization. The lack of resources mobilization strategies was a key factor in all four NECs. This often meant lack of proactiveness in resource mobilization. In its recommendations, the study presents a model aimed to encourage CSOs to organize and manage resource mobilization in ways that generate income for today, tomorrow and the future in order to sustain their watchdog role in educational development process. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)